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 1

Introductory Statistics Using SPSS 2nd Edition Knapp

Solutions Manual
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Chapter 2
Sampling
Solutions to All Exercises

Exercise Page
2.1 ..................... 2
2.2 ..................... 3
2.3 ..................... 4
2.4 ..................... 5
2.5 ..................... 6
2.6 ..................... 7
2.7 ..................... 8
2.8 ..................... 9
2.9 ................... 10
2.10 ................. 11

Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS, Second Edition. © 2017, SAGE Publications.
 2

NOTE: It is not expected that your answers will match the solutions below verbatim or
that your methods will be identical, but they should concur conceptually.

Exercise 2.1

(a)
In terms of time, gathering a sample of an entire population could take weeks, months,
or possibly years depending on the size of the population, geographical area involved,
and the complexity of the data to be gathered. The point of research is to get the
answer to a meaningful question, presumably, to solve a problem or improve a situation.
Such answers can be expedited by sampling, as opposed to gathering data on the
entire population. Attempting to sample the entire population would be so time-
consuming that by the time you had acquired your full data set, the nature of the initial
problem may have changed substantially, thereby making your findings virtually
irrelevant.

(b)
No matter what method of gathering data one uses (e.g., in-person surveys, phone
surveys, postal/e-mail contact, tests), costs are involved. When it comes to data
collection, subject participation fees are customary, data collection teams need to be
paid, additionally, there are administrative costs involved (photocopying, office space,
equipment, office supplies, etc.). Considering the volume of individuals that would be
involved in studying an entire population, the costs would be prohibitive.

(c)
Beyond the lengthy time and exorbitant costs that would be involved in studying an
entire population, it is seldom feasible to gather data on so many people. The
population may span a broad geographical region, requiring lengthy travel among the
research staff. Within a population, one would likely encounter a variety of languages; it
may not be possible to translate verbal/written instructions to engage everyone in the
population. Additionally, some studies may involve experiments that can only be
administered at a special facility; it would be impossible to arrange to round-trip-
commute every member of a population to that facility to participate.

(d)
Extrapolation involves working diligently to gather a representative sample in sufficient
quantities to facilitate stable statistical processing. If the data gathered constitute a
representative sample, then one could confidently extrapolate the findings, in order to
(better) comprehend the overall population that it was drawn from; this is also known as
external validity.

Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS, Second Edition. © 2017, SAGE Publications.
 3

Exercise 2.2

(a)
The population is the largest possible realm of sampling. For example, if we are
studying instructors in the school district, the population would be the full list of every
single instructor in the school district.

(b)
The sample frame is the available list of the population that could potentially be
sampled. For example, the sample frame of instructors would consist of only those
included on this list, but the list may not consist of the entire population—there may be
omissions (e.g., does not include substitutes, does not include those who opt not to be
on the list, does not include instructors who recently joined the school district or those
who are suspended or on sabbatical).

(c)
The sample is the portion of instructors that will be selected from the sample frame. For
example, you may decide to randomly select 100 instructors or some percentage of the
instructors to study.

(d)
A representative sample is a sample that is proportionally equivalent to the larger
population that it was drawn from. For example, if there are 40% men and 60% women
in the population, then the sample should consist of those same proportions. Also, the
sample shouldn’t all be drawn from any single school—the sample should be evenly
drawn from across the school district.

Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS, Second Edition. © 2017, SAGE Publications.
 4

Exercise 2.3

(a)
The population is the entire student body currently enrolled (e.g., 22,000 students).

(b)
The sample frame is the available list of students currently enrolled (e.g., 16,000
students).

(c)
Fortunately, the list of participants in the sample frame were already numbered from 1
to 16,000. I would want to gather data on 2% of the sample frame (16,000 x .02 = 320);
I would use SPSS to generate 320 random numbers between 1 and 16,000—this list
would indicate which students on the sample frame to recruit. Actually, I would probably
generate more than 320 random numbers just in case SPSS produces some duplicates.

(d)
I would build (and test) an online survey. Next, I would send an e-mail to each of the
320 students in the sample set; the e-mail would concisely explain the nature of the
study, and courteously request that they voluntarily click on the link to the online survey.

Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS, Second Edition. © 2017, SAGE Publications.
 5

Exercise 2.4

(a)
The population is every single subscriber of this Internet service.

(b)
The sample frame is the list of subscribers who have agreed to be on their customer
contact list (they checked a box in their user profile that says “Yes, you may contact me
to engage in customer satisfaction surveys”).

(c)
Suppose the list consists of 500,000 subscribers and I want to sample 1,000
subscribers. I would begin by dividing the population size by the sample size to derive
the k (skip) term (500,000 ÷ 1,000 = 500). Next, I’d have the computer generate a
random number between 1 and 500; this number would be the start point (let’s say that
number is 42). The sample would then consist of the subscribers on the list who are at
positions 42, 542, 1,042, 1,542, 2,042, etc. (start at 42 and keep adding 500 to generate
the sample list).

(d)
First, I would build the survey using an online survey system, and test it (myself) to
make sure that it’s operating properly. Then I would send individual e-mails to each
recipient. Sending individual e-mails would preserve the anonymity among the
participants (nobody could see the e-mail addresses of the other participants). In the
body of the e-mail, I’d explain the nature of the research, explain that their participation
is voluntary (and appreciated), and provide the link to the survey website.

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 6

Exercise 2.5

(a)
The population is all of the people who enter the library.

(b)
The sample frame consists of those who enter the reference section.

(c)
I would approach each person in the reference section and ask if they would be willing
to spend a few minutes answering some simple questions about how they use the
library. In order to satisfy the strata (children/adult), the first question would be “How old
are you?” or “Are you 18 or older?” I’d want to get at least 30 in each stratum (at least
30 children, and at least 30 adults).

(d)
I would use a clipboard with a prepared questionnaire. Regarding the children, I would
presume that children at a library would be accompanied by an adult. It would be a good
idea to interview the adult with the child together to gather more complete information
and to make sure that the adult (parent) is okay with their child participating in the
survey process.

Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS, Second Edition. © 2017, SAGE Publications.
 7

Exercise 2.6

(a)
The population is every single person who lives within the 300 blocks of Cityville.

(b)
The sample frame would be the (partial) list of all of those who reside in Cityville, but
that list may not exist or not be accessible.

(c)
To use area sampling, first we would need to label the 300 blocks (1-300). Next, we
would select some percentage of the blocks to sample; for example, 10%, which would
require selecting 30 blocks (300 x .10 = 30). We would randomly select the 30 blocks
using a random number generator generating numbers contained within 1 and 300.
Next, suppose that we’ve decided to survey five households per block, we’d need to
gather all of the addresses on each of those blocks and randomly select five of them to
survey.

(d)
Next we would assemble the list of targeted addresses (five per specified block) and
send out our survey teams to administer the survey(s).

Knapp, Introductory Statistics Using SPSS, Second Edition. © 2017, SAGE Publications.
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