PHILIPPINE HISTORY REVIEWER - Only a subset of the past

- A study of the past, but it will only

reveal a portion of the past, and
OBJECTIVES should be done so as objectively as
possible.
- Evaluate primary source for their
credibility, authenticity, and
provenance.
APPROCHES OF HISTORY
- Analyze the context, content, and
perspective of different kinds of 1. IDEALISM
primary sources. - Belief that history can be
- Develop critical and analytical skills described in terms of ideas.
with exposure to primary sources. 2. HISTORICSM
- Each age has its own values,
• Students will be guided to reach their and events should be
full potential as a person. described within the
• The course aims to expose students to context of those values.
different facets of Philippine history 3. RELATIVISM
through the lens of eyewitness - The belief that there is no
absolute truth and that all
views of history are valid.
HISTORY

- Recitation of unrelated facts that

NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT
do not contribute to a larger story.
- Simple acceptance of what is - When a certain necessary factors
written about a historical topic, are in place, additional factors are
event, or person. sufficient to cause the event to
- Strict reliance solely on the past occur.
with no examination of how the
EXAMPLE:
past influenced the present, or
how it may influence the future. ➢ It was necessary for Iraq,
under Saddam Hussein’s
megalomaniacal
DEFINITION OF HISTORY dictatorship, to have
weapons of mass
- Chronological storytelling in its
destruction in the past that
finest form
were actually used on
- Sequentially weaves together
thousands of Iraqi citizens.
many related historical and
➢ It was sufficient for the USA
contemporary events and ideas
to believe that he still had
that are linked to a larger story.
those weapons for the
 invasion to have been communities that have preserved a
deemed necessary. strong sense of historical identity
and character.

6 QUESTIONS OF HISTORIANS
TO OUR FUTURE
• What
• Who ➢ ENGAGED CITIZENS
• Where - History helps people craft better
• When solutions.
• How ➢ LEADERSHIP
• Why - History inspires local and global
leaders

WHY STUDY HISTORY?

HISTORY
1. FOR OURSELVES
2. TO OUR COMMUNITIES - Process of interpreting evidence or
3. TO OUR FUTURE records from the past in a
thoughtful and informed way.
- Narrative account used to examine
FOR OURSELVES and analyze past events.
- From Greek word iOTOPiA
➢ IDENTITY
o iOTOPiA: Historia
- History nurtures personal identity
- “Inquiry”
in an intercultural world.
- Knowledge
- History enables people to discover
acquired by
their own place in the stories of investigation
their families, communities, and
nation. PAST VS. PREHISTORY
➢ CRITICAL SKILLS ➢ PAST
- History teaches 21st century skills - Not the same as history.
and independent thinking. - Involves everything that ever
happened since the dawn of
time.
TO OUR COMMUNITIES
➢ PREHISTORY
➢ VITAL PLACES TO LIVE AND WORK - Period of human activity
- History lays the groundwork for prior to the invention of
strong, resilient communities. writing systems.
➢ ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
- History is a catalyst for economic
growth. People are drawn to
HISTORICITY,HISTORIOGRAPHY,HERSTORY DEFINING HISTORICAL RESEARCH

➢ HISTORICITY ➢ CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORICAL

- Authentication of characters RESEARCH
in history, as opposed to - Historical research is not a
legend or myth. mere accumulation of facts
and data, or even a portrayal
➢ HISTORIOGRAPHY of past events.
- Is the study of history itself ➢ ADVANTAGES
- The writing of history • Permits the investigation of
- Lets the students have a topics
better understanding of • Historical method is well
history suited for trend analysis
- The understanding of how • The research is not physically
the interpretations of involved in the situation under
historians change over time. study
• No danger of experimenter-
➢ HERSTORY subject interaction
- History written from a • Documents are located by the
feminist perspective, researcher, data is gathered,
emphasizing the role of and conclusions are drawn of
women sight.
- History told from a woman’s
point of view.
SOURCES OF HISTORY

FAMOUS QUOTES FROM PROMINENT ➢ PRIMARY SOURCES

PERSONALITIES: - Should be used whenever
available
➢ NAPOLEON BONAPARTE - Original item such as images,
- “History is written by winners” document, map, artifact, or
➢ CONFUCIUS recording that provides evidence
- “Study the past if you want to about the past.
define the future”
➢ MAHATMA GANDHI • ADVANTAGES
- “If we are to make progress, - Directly address your
we must not repeat history, topic and often provide
but make new history.” information that is
unavailable elsewhere.
• DISADVANTAGES
- Some primary sources,
such as eyewitness
 accounts, may be too may have to dig to find
close to the subject, applicable information.
lacking a critical - Information may be
distance. colored by the writer’s
- Others, such as own bias or faulty
interviews, surveys, and approach.
experimentals, are time-
consuming to prepare, ➢ TERTIARY SOURCES
administer, and analyze. - Provide third-hand
information by reporting ideas
➢ SECONDARY SOURCE and details from secondary
- Through which a primary source source.
is presented - Does not mean that tertiary
- An article describing an original sources have no value, merely
document that they include the potential
- Written to present or include for an additional layer of bias.
information about the primary
source • ADVANTAGES
- Sometimes, an item can be either - Offer a quick, easy,
primary or secondary source, introduction to your
depending on how it is used. topic.
- They may point to high-
• ADVANTAGES quality primary and
- Provide a variety of secondary sources.
expert perspectives
and insights. • DISADVANTAGES
- Peer review usually - Because of their
ensures the quality of distance, tertiary
sources such as sources may
scholarly article. oversimplify or
- Researching secondary otherwise distort a
sources is more topic.
efficient than planning, - By rehashing secondary
conducting, and sources, they may miss
analyzing certain new insights into a
primary sources. topic.
• DISADVANTAGES
- Because secondary
sources are not
necessarily focused on
your specific topic, you
TYPES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 10. PAINTINGS
- Form of visual art where
1. AUTOBIOGRAPHIES
paint or in is in use on a
- An account of one’s own life
canvas
written by that person.
11. DRAWINGS
2. MEMOIRS
- Form of visual art where
- History or record compose
paint or ink is in use on a
from personal observation
canvas.
and experience.
12. LITERATURE
3. DIARIES
- Body of written works
- Form of autobiographical
13. SPEECHES AND ORAL HISTORIES
writing, a regularly kept
- A form of communication in
record of diarist activities
spoken language, made by a
and reflections.
speaker before an audience
4. PERSONAL LETTER
for a given purpose.
- Letter that concerns personal
matters and sent from one
individual.
TYPES OF SECONDARY SOURCES
5. CORRESPONDENCE
- A body of letters or 1. GENERAL REFERENCES
communications - Dictionaries, encyclopedias,
6. INTERVIEWS almanacs, and atlas
- Conversation where 2. CROWD SOURCES
questions are asked and - Wikipedia, youtube, message
answers are given boards, social media sites like
7. SURVEY twitter and facebook.
- List of questions aimed at
extracting specific data from
a particular group of people. REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
8. FIELDWORK 1. LIBRARY
- Collection of information
- Is a collection of sources of
outside a laboratory, library, information and similar
and workplace setting
resources, made accessible or
9. PHOTOGRAPHS AND POSTERS
a defined community for
- Considered primary source. reference or borrowing.
- Can illustrate past events as
2. ARCHIVE
they happened and people - Is an accumulation of historical
were in that particular time
records, or he physical place
they are located.
3. MUSEUM
 - Is an institution that cares
(conserves) a collection of
artifacts and other objects of
artistic, cultural, historical, and
scientific importance.
4. HISTORICAL SOCIETY
- In an organization dedicated to
preserving, collecting,
researching, and implementing
historical information or items.
5. DOCUMENT COLLECTION
- Is used in historical research
designs in combination with
other ways of data collection

CRITICISMS

➢ EXTERNAL CRITICISMS
- The genuineness of the
documents a researcher uses
in a historical study.

QUESTION TO ESTABLISH THE

GENUINENESS OF A DOCUMENT OR
RELIC:

• Does the language and writing

style conform to the period in
question and is typical of other
work done by the author?
• Is there evidence that the author
exhibits ignorance of things or
events that man of his training
and time should have known?
• Did he report about things,
events or places that could not
have been known during the
period?