Engineering Mechanics

Shaikh Mohammed Shahid I

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pillai College of Engineering
 OBJECTIVES

1. To develop the capacity to predict the effects of force and

motion and to acquaint the concept of static and dynamic
equilibrium.
2. Ability to visualize physical configurations in terms of
actual systems and its constraints, and able to formulate the
mathematical function of the system.
3. To study, analyze and formulate the motion of moving
particles/bodies.
 What is mechanics?
Engineering Mechanics is the branch
of physical science that deals with
the effect of force or force system on
a point or rigid body when the body
is at rest or in motion.
Mechanics ? Engineering Mechanics is the branch of
physical science that deals with the study
of effect of force or force system on a
Mechanics particle or rigid body when the body is at
rest or in motion.

Statics:
It is the branch of mechanics which
Statics deals with the study of effect of force
or force system on particles or rigid
Dynamics bodies which are at rest.

Dynamics:
It is the branch of mechanics which
deals with the study of effect of force
Kinematics Kinetics
or force system on particles or rigid
It is the study of It is the study of
bodies which are in motion.
motion of particle motion of particle
or Rigid Bodies or Rigid Bodies
without while considering
considering the the effect of
forces. forces.
Basic Concept - Definition

Particle: Body of negligible dimensions

Rigid body: Body with negligible deformations

Non-rigid body: Body which can deform

Before considering
whether the body can be
assumed rigid-body or not,

you need to estimate the

relevant force first.
In Statics, bodies are considered rigid
unless stated otherwise.
PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS

Some principles that governs the world of Mechanics:

1. Newton’s First Law

2. Newton’s Second Law
3. Newton’s Third Law
4. The Principle of Transmissibility
5. The Parallelogram Law
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (1st Law)

The study of rigid body mechanics is

formulated on the basis of Newton’s laws of
motion.

First Law:
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion
tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

F = 0
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (2nd Law)

Second Law:
The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of
a body over time is directly proportional to the force applied, and
occurs in the same direction as the applied force.

 m
F a

 
F = ma
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Third Law:
Every action has equal and opposite reaction.

Forces always occur in pairs – equal and

opposite action-reaction force pairs.

F −F F −F

Point: Isolate the body

Confusing? Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)

Vector’s Point of Application

Vectors: “Magnitude”, “Direction” “Point of Application”

 External
effect
F   The external
 F F consequenc
Internal
Effect –
F ? e of these
stress
= two forces
will be the
same if ….
- Rigid Body
Fixed Vector Free Vector Sliding Vector

E.g.) Force on rotating motion, couple E.g.) Force on

Principle of
rotation Transmissibility
non- rigid body vector
rigid-body
F
Rigid Body

F
F
Rotational motion occurs at
point of action every point in the object. line of action
 The Principle of Transmissibility
“It states that the condition of equilibrium or uniform
motion of rigid body will remain unchanged if the
point of application of a force acting on a rigid body is
transmitted to act at any other point along its line of
action. ”

Refer to Fig. A force F acting on the rigid body at point A can be replaced by
the same force F at the point B provided points A and B lie on the same line
of action of the force. Though the nature changes, as shown from PUSH to
PULL, but the external effect remains unchanged due to the principle of
transmissibility of force.
Resolution of forces
• Splitting the forces into their component is
called as resolution of forces.
• Forces acting at some angle from the the
coordinate axes can be resolved into mutually
perpendicular forces called components.
• The component of a force parallel to the x-axis
is called the x-component, parallel to y-axis
the y-component, and so on.
Resolution of forces
• Components of a Force in XY Plane
Resolution of forces
• Problem 1
• Determine the x and y components of the forces shown below in Fig P-001
Resolution of forces
12
tan−1 = 67.38
5
𝐹𝑥1 = 58 cos30 = 50.23 kN
𝐹𝑦1 = 58 sin30 = 29 kN
𝐹𝑥2 = -50 cos45 = -35.36 kN
𝐹𝑦2 = 50 sin45 = 35.36 kN
𝐹𝑥3 = -45 cos67.38 = -17.31 kN
𝐹𝑦3 = -45 sin 67.38 = -41.54 kN
𝐹𝑥4 = 40 kN
𝐹𝑦4 = 0
• Resultant of a force system is a force or a
couple that will have the same effect to the
body, both in translation and rotation, if all
the forces are removed and replaced by the
resultant.
1. The x-component of the resultant is equal to the
summation of forces in the x-direction.

2. The y-component of the resultant is equal to the

summation of forces in the y-direction.

3. The magnitude and direction of Resultant force is

Magnitude

Direction
 Resultant of Two concurrent force
system
• Two tugboats are towing a cargo ship as shown below.
Tugboat A exerts a force of 15 kN at a 30° angle while tugboat
B exerts a force of 20 kN at a 50° angle. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the
cargo ship.
 Resultant of Two concurrent force
system
• Solution:
• Magnitude of Resultant :
• By Law of Parallelogram of Forces:
• R = 𝐹𝐴2 + 𝐹𝐵2 + 2 𝐹𝐴 𝐹𝐵 cos 80

• R = 152 + 202 + 2x 15 x 20 cos 80

• R = 27.003 KN
• Direction:
20 sin 80
• Θ = tan−1
15+20 cos 80
• Θ = 46.83°
• Angle of Resultant from x-axis will be 46.83 – 30 = 16.83°
 Resultant of Two concurrent force
system
• Resultant force acting on Cargo ship will be as shown in fig.
When more than two forces are acting at a point.

1. The x-component of the resultant is equal to the

summation of forces in the x-direction.

2. The y-component of the resultant is equal to the

summation of forces in the y-direction.

3. The magnitude and direction of Resultant force is

Magnitude

Direction
Problem 1:
Find the resultant force acting on the particle P as shown in
figure
• Solution:
• Rx = ∑Fx = 450 – 250 cos36.87 – 300cos30
= -9.81 N = 9.81 N (←)
• Ry = ∑Fy = 500 + 250sin36.87 – 300sin30
= 500 N(↑)
Magnitude of Resultant :
R = 9.812 + 5002
R = 500.096 N
Direction:
𝑅𝑦 500
Θ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 88.76
𝑅𝑥 9.81
Θ = 88.76
Problem 2
Determine the force F in the cable shown in figure. So that the
resultant of three concurrent forces acting at A is vertical. Also
find the resultant.
Since Resultant is vertical
Therefore Rx = 0 & R = Ry
Rx = ∑Fx = 0
= 20cos12 – 30cos45 + F cos60= 0
F = 3.31 KN (→)
Magnitude of Resultant :
R = Ry = ∑Fy
= - 30 sin45 – 20 sin 12 – 5.35 sin 60
= - 30
R = 30 kN (↓)
Determine the magnitude and direction of forces 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 ,
shown in Fig. when the resultant of the given force system is
found to be 800 N along positive x-axis.
Problem 3
Find the force F4 completely so as to give the resultant of the
system of forces as shown in figure
Resultant is 800N (Given)
Rx = R cos50 = 800 cos50
Ry = R sin 50 = - 800 sin50
Assume Force 𝐹4 in First quadrant at an angle θ4
Rx = ∑Fx
800cos50 = 400cos45 – 300cos30 – 500cos60 + 𝐹4 cos θ4
𝐹4 cos θ4 = 741.2 …………………………………. (1)
Ry = ∑Fy
- 800 sin50 = 400sin45 + 300sin30 – 500sin60 + 𝐹4 sin θ4
𝐹4 sin 𝜃4 = -612.67 ………………………………. (2)
Solving equation 1 and 2, we get
𝐹4 sin 𝜃4 612.67
=
𝐹4 cos θ4 741.2
𝜽𝟒 = 39.57
Sub this value in equation 1, we get
𝑭𝟒 = 962.11N
• Determine the resultant of the following
system of parallel forces.
• Magnitude of Resultant
• R=∑F
• = 500 + 150 + 200 – 200 -350
• R = 300N
• Position of Resultant can be calculated by Applying Varignon’s Theorem
∑𝑀
• d=
R
• ∑ M = 500 x 3 – 350 x 7.5 + 150 x 10 + 200 x 12
• ∑ M = 2775 Nm
2775
• d=
300
• d = 9.25 m
• Find analytically the resultant of parallel forces
shown in Fig.
• Magnitude of Resultant
• R=∑F
• R = 100 + 200 – 100 – 200
• R=0
• Since R = 0
• Hence system may be reduced to a couple or system is in equilibrium.
• ∑ M = -200 x 2 + 100 x 4 + 200 x 6
• ∑ M = 1200 Nm
• ∑ M ≠ 0, hence the system is reduced to a resultant couple.
• Hence the resultant of the system is a couple of magnitude 1200 Nm
anticlockwise.
• Determine resultant of the following parallel
forces take diameter as 10m.
• 𝑑1 = 5 cos30, 𝑑2 = 5 cos60, 𝑑3 = 5 cos60, 𝑑4 = 5 cos45
• Magnitude of Resultant
• R = ∑ F = 150 – 100 – 80 -50 = -80
• R = 80 N (←)
• Position of Resultant can be calculated by Applying Varignon’s Theorem
• ∑ M = 100 x 5 cos30 + 80 x 5 cos60 + 150 x 5 cos60 - 50 x 5 cos45
• ∑ M = 831.25 Nm
∑𝑀 831.25
• d= =
R 80
• d = 10.39 m
• The x-component of the resultant is equal to the summation of forces in
the x-direction.
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥1 + 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑥3 + ……
• The y-component of the resultant is equal to the summation of forces in
the y-direction.
𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦1 + 𝐹𝑦2 + 𝐹𝑦3 + ……
• The magnitude and direction of Resultant force is
𝑅𝑦
Magnitude R = 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 Direction tan 𝜃 =
𝑅𝑥

• The position of the resultant can be determined according to the

Varignon’s Theorem
∑𝑀 ∑𝑀 ∑𝑀
d= , x= , y=
R 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑥
• Find the resultant of the force system acting on a body OABC as shown in
fig (7). Also find the point where resultant will cut the x-axis and y-axis.
What is the distance of resultant from point O.
 4
• tan α = =53.13°
3
• 𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 = 20cos53.13 – 20 = -8
• 𝑹𝒙 = 8 kN (←)
• 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 = 20 – 10 – 20sin53.13 = -6
• 𝑹𝒚 = 6 kN (↓)
• Magnitude of Resultant is

• R = 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 = 82 + 62
R = 10 kN
Direction of Resultant is
𝑅𝑦 6
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = =
𝑅𝑥 8
𝜽 = 36.87°
• ∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 40 + 20 x 4 – 5 x 20
• ∑ 𝑴𝒐 = 20 kN.m
• Position of Resultant :
• By Varignon’s Theorem
∑𝑀 20
• x= = = 3.33m
𝑅𝑦 6

∑𝑀 20
• y= = = 2.5m
𝑅𝑥 8
• Find the resultant of the forces and locate it about point B.
• 𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 = 50cos60 + 120
• 𝑹𝒙 = 145 N (→)
• 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 = – 100 – 50sin60 = -143.3
• 𝑹𝒚 = 143.3 N (↓)
• Magnitude of Resultant is

• R = 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 = 1452 + 143.32

R = 203.86 N
Direction of Resultant is
𝑅𝑦 143.3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = =
𝑅𝑥 145
𝜽 = 44.66°
• BX = 40cos30 = 34.64cm
• ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 50sin60 x 40 +100 x 20 - 120 x 34.64
• ∑ 𝑴𝑩 = -424.75 N.cm = 424.75 clockwise
• Position of Resultant :
• By Varignon’s Theorem
∑𝑀 424.75
• x= = = 2.96cm
𝑅𝑦 143.3

∑𝑀 424.75
• y= = = 2.93cm
𝑅𝑥 145
Find the resultant of coplanar force system given and locate the
same on AB.

Solution:
160
tan θ = = 53.13°
120
120
tan α = = 36.87°
160
120
tan β = = 36.87°
160
• 𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 = 400cos53.13 + 50cos36.87 – 320 – 200cos36.87 = -200
• 𝑹𝒙 = 200 N (←)
• 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 = 300 + 400sin53.13 – 50sin36.87 – 200sin36.87
• 𝑹𝒚 = 470 N (↑)
• Magnitude of Resultant is

• R = 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 = 2002 + 4702

R = 510.78 N
Direction of Resultant is
𝑅𝑦 470
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = =
𝑅𝑥 200
𝜽 = 66.95°
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 320 x 120 + 400sin53.13 x 120 – 400cos53.13 x 280 – 50sin36.87 x 160
- 4800
∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 0
Position of Resultant :
By Varignon’s Theorem
∑𝑀 0
x= = = 0 mm
𝑅𝑦 470
Hence the Resultant will pass through point A.