Giant anteater,

Myrmecophaga tridactyla

Compiler: Vinicius Alberici

Contributors: Arnaud L.J. Desbiez, Adriano G. Chiarello, Davi Teles.

Suggested citation: Alberici, V. et al. (2020). Survival Blueprint for the conservation
of the giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, in the Brazilian Cerrado. An output
from the Anteaters & Highways Project, Brazil, and EDGE of Existence fellowship,
Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
1. STATUS REVIEW

1.1 Taxonomy:

Class: Mammalia
Order: Pilosa
Suborder: Vermilingua
Family: Myrmecophagidae
Genus: Myrmecophaga
Species: Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758

There are three sub-species recognized by Gardner (2007):

Myrmecophaga tridactyla artata Osgood, 1912
Myrmecophaga tridactyla centralis Lyon, 1906
Myrmecophaga tridactyla tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758

Common name(s):
Giant Anteater (English)
Oso Hormiguero (Spanish)
Tamanduá-bandeira (Portuguese)

1.2 Distribution and population status:

1.2.1 Global distribution:

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is endemic to the Neotropical region,

occurring throughout South and Central America, but absent from North America (Wetzel 1985;
Emmons and Feer 1997; Einsenberg and Redord 1999; Gardner 2005). According to Shaw and
McDonald (1987), the species was more widely distributed in the early Pleistocene – a fossil
found in Sonora (Mexico) indicates that the giant anteater participated in the Great American
Exchange, after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, which allowed the migration of
numerous species between North and South America, previously isolated. Subsequently, there
was a reduction in the species’ range, probably due to climate and habitat changes associated
with the retraction of glaciers (McCain, 2001). Currently, records of giant anteaters in Central
America are historical, rare, or anecdotal and it is more likely that the species is extinct from
most of its original extent. While occurring throughout most part of South America, the giant
anteater has also been suffering from local extinctions, especially in the southern limits of its
range.
Population estimate Population trend
Country Distribution Notes
(plus references) (plus references)
There is a successful
reintroduction program
Formosa, in Iberá Natural
Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Reserve, in Corrientes
Possibly extinct in
Santa Fé, Santiago del (Di Blanco et al 2015)
Chaco, Córdoba,
Argentina Estero, Tucumán (Miranda Decreasing
Corrientes, Entre Ríos
et al 2014); Mostly open See also: Jimeno,
(Miranda et al 2014)
areas, but also found in Amaya (2009);
forests (Gallo et al 2017) Fonseca, Aguiar
(2004); Bauni et al
(2013)
 Possibly extinct
Belize - - -
(Miranda et al 2014)
Pando, Beni, northern
Cochabamba, Santa Cruz
and eastern Tarija and
probably eastern
Chuquisaca (Anderson
1997), Chiquitano forests,
Pantanal (Brooks et al
2001), Chiquitan and
Bolivia Unknown Decreasing -
Chaco transition zones
(Koysdar et al 2014), Noël
Kempff National Park
(Emmons et al 2014), Gran
Chacho Kaa-Iya National
Park in Santa Cruz, Madidi
National Park in La Paz
(Quiroga et al 2016)
Acre, Alagoas, Amapá,
Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará,
Goiás, Maranhão,
Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso
Possibly extinct in
do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará,
Espírito Santo, Rio de
Paraíba, Paraná,
Brazil Janeiro, Rio Grande Decreasing -
Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio
do Sul, Santa Catarina
Grande do Norte,
(Miranda et al 2014)
Rondônia, Roraima,
São Paulo, Sergipe,
Tocantins (Miranda et al
2014)
Mainland (Miranda et al Figel et al (2015)
2014), mainly present in documented an
the east of Andes expansion of c. 430
(Orinoquía and Amazonia km in the species’
regions), but also in the distribution limits,
Colombia Unknown Caribe, Pacífica and Decreasing including populations
Andina regions (Sandoval- that inhabit the
Gomez et al 2012; López et Magdalena river
al 2013; Rojano-Bolaño et valley, between the
al 2015; Pacheco et al central and eastern
2017) Andes
Sighting reports are
from the late 1970s
and early 1980s, all in
Mainland (Miranda et al
protected and forested
2014); Corcovado National
areas (Timm et al
Park, Rincón de La Vieja
Costa Rica Unknown Decreasing 2009). Martínez et al
National Park, La Selva
(2017) documents that
Biological Station (Timm et
the species was never
al 2009)
common in the
country, with isolated
records
Mainland (Miranda et al
Ecuador Unknown 2014); Yasuni Biosphere Decreasing -
Reserve (Blake et al 2012)
Not included in the
Possibly extinct latest checklist of land
El Salvador - -
(Miranda et al 2014) mammals (Owen,
Girón 2012).
 Paracou Research Station
in Cayenne (Voss et al
French
Unknown 2001); forested areas in Decreasing -
Guiana
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
(De Thoisy et al 2008)
Possibly extinct
Guatemala - - -
(Miranda et al 2014)
Rupununi river region
Guiana Unknown Decreasing -
(Fragoso et al 2016)
First known record is
Mainland (Miranda et al
from 1996, when an
2014); Río Plátano
adult giant anteater
Biosphere Reserve (RBRP)
was captured by
(McCain, 2011; Gonthier,
Honduras Unknown Decreasing Miskitos in RBRP to
Castañeda, 2013; Martinez
be sold in Asia, but
et al 2020), Colón, Gracias
then was released
a Dios, Olancho (Reyes et
back into the wild
al 2010)
(McCain 2001)
Miskito people do not
Mainland (Miranda et al consume giant
2014); Forests (Genoways, anteaters, but some
Nicaragua Unknown Timm 2003); Bosawas Decreasing animals are killed
Biosphere Reserve (Koster because they
et al 2008) represent a threat to
domestic hunting dogs
Although it is present
in Goldman’s
Mammals of Panama
(1920), the giant
Panama Unknown Unknow Decreasing
anteater was
considered rare by
Handley’s checklist
(1966)
Historically, the giant
anteater was present
throughout the
country, but according
to Smith (2007), it has
suffered local
extinctions due to
Chaco and Pantanal
Paraguay Unknown Decreasing hunting pressure
regions (Smith 2007)
mainly in the east.
Abba and Vizcaíno
(2008) list eight
specimens in
Paraguay, but all of
them with imprecise
locations
Amazon region (Grimwood
1968); Tambopata
(Naughton-Treves et al
2003); Manu Biosphere
Peru Unknown Reserve, Madre de Dios Decreasing -
(Boddicker & Amanzo
2002); San Martin and
Amazonas (Allgas et al
2015)
Kwamalasamutu region See Husson (1978)
Suriname Unknown Decreasing
(Gajapersad et al 2012)
 First record is from
late 1990s, in Cerro
Largo, followed by
others in Rivera and
Tacuarembó, all in the
Possibly extinct
Uruguay - - north of the country. It
(Miranda et al 2014)
is now considered
extinct (Fallabrino,
Castiñeira 2006). See
also: Ameneiros et al
(2015)
See Allen (1904) and
Mainland (Miranda et al
Venezuela Unknown Decreasing Montgomery and
2014); Llanos
Lubin (1977)
Figure 1. Global distribution of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), according to the latest assessment
by IUCN (Miranda et al 2014).
Figure 2. Presence records (in red) of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) throughout Central and South
America (Santos et al 2019).
 1.2.2 Local distribution:

Although historically the giant anteater occurred in all Brazilian biomes (Paglia et al.,
2012), today the taxon is considered possibly extinct in the Pampas and almost extinct in the
Atlantic Forest and Caatinga (Miranda et al 2015). Although relatively stable in the Pantanal and
Amazon, their population has been drastically reduced in the Cerrado, one of the strongholds
for giant anteaters.

Figure 3. Local distribution of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in Brazil (Miranda et al 2015).

The table below indicate some strictly protected areas (IUCN categories I-III) in the
Brazilian states within the Cerrado, where the presence of the giant anteater has been
confirmed. It is important to note, however, that the species is also present outside protected
areas, where information about its occurrence and abundance is very scarce.

Country Region / Population

Site Level of Protection Reference(s) Notes
/Region province size
Boqueirão da
Onça, Chapada
Diamantina
National Park, Campos et al
Brazil / Grande Sertao Strictly protected areas 2019; Dias et
Bahia Unknown
Cerrado Veredas (IUCN categories I-III) al 2019
National Park,
Serra das
Confusões
National Park
 Diniz, Brito
Distrito Brasilia National Strictly protected area 2013;
Unknown
Federal Park (IUCN category III) Lacerda et al
2009.
Bechara et
al., 2002;
Collevatti et Density of 0.2
al., 2007; ind. / km²
Emas National Redford, (Miranda et al
Park, Chapada Strictly protected area 1985; Silveira 2006) and 0.64
Goiás Unknown
dos Veadeiros (IUCN category III) et al., 1999; ind. / km²
National Park Silveira et al, (Silveira et al
2003; Vynne 1999) in Emas
et al., 2009; National Park
Zimbres et
al., 2012.

Gurupi
Biological
Reserve,
Elildo
Chapada das
Strictly protected area Carvalho-
Maranhão Mesas National Unknown
(IUCN category I-III) Junior 2015
Park,
Pers. Comm.
Nascentes do
Rio Parnaíba
National Park

Rio das Mortes

Xavante Leeuwenberg
Mato Reserve, Strictly protected area 1997; Prada,
Unknown
Grosso Chapada dos (IUCN category I-III) Marinho-
Guimarães Filho 2004.
National Park

Nascimento,
Campos
2011;
Emas National Rodrigues et
Mato
Park, Serra da Strictly protected area al 2002;
Grosso Unknown
Bodoquena (IUCN category III) Anteaters
do Sul
National Park, and
Highways
Project;
Ascensão
2017; 2019
Serra da
Canastra
National Park,
Schneider et
Grande Sertão Density of 1-2
al 2000;
Veredas ind./km² for
Shaw et al
Minas National Park, Strictly protected area Serra da
Unknown 1987; Young,
Gerais Sempre-Vivas (IUCN category I-III) Canastra
Coelho 2003;
National Park, National Park
Nascimento,
Rio Preto State (Saw et al
Campos
Park, Veredas 1987)
2011
do Peruaçu
State Park
 Passos et al
Lauráceas
2016;
State Park,
Strictly protected area Hack &
Paraná Guartela State Unknow
(IUCN category I-III) Kruger 2013;
Park, Iguaçu
Silva et al
National Park
2018

Serra da Nascimento,
Strictly protected area
Piauí Capivara Unknow Campos
(IUCN category III)
National Park 2011

Jatai Ecologica
Station, Santa
Barbara
Ecological
Station,
Angatuba Paolino
São Ecological Strictly protected area 2016;
Unknow
Paulo Station, (IUCN category I-III) Bertassoni,
Vassununga 2017; 2019
State Park,
Carlos Botelho
State Park,
Morro do Diabo
State Park

Serra Geral do
Tocantis
Nascimento,
Ecological Strictly protected area
Tocantins Unknow Campos
Station, (IUCN category I-III)
2011
Araguaia
National Park

1.3 Protection status:

Giant anteaters are currently listed as vulnerable to extinction (VU A2c) by the IUCN
(Miranda et al 2014) because despite being widely distributed, they are facing local extinctions
in the northern and southern limits of their distribution. According to the latest assessment by
the IUCN, it is likely that the population has suffered an overall reduction in size of >30% over
the last three generations (~ 21 years) (Miranda et al 2014). The species is also listed on
Appendix II of CITES.

In Brazil, the giant anteater is listed as vulnerable (VU A2c) by the National Red List
(Portaria MMA No. 444/2014) and by the Brazil Red Book of Threatened Species of Fauna
(ICMBio, 2018). The species is listed as critically endangered (CR) in Paraná and vulnerable
(VU) in Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Pará states, and it is probably extinct in Espírito Santo,
Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and Rio de Janeiro states (Miranda et al 2014).

For the Cerrado and Pantanal biomes, a recent gap analysis indicates that only 9.25% of
the total distribution area (~ 1,799,255 km²) for the species is covered by protected areas (but
this value drops to 3.27% if we consider only strictly protected areas, i.e., IUCN categories I-III).
When the same analysis is performed only for areas of high environmental suitability (> 0.75%
of probability of presence), the scenario is more positive. Of the 19,376.72 km² of highly suitable
area, 30.18% are located within protected areas in Cerrado and Pantanal, with 8.43% within
strictly protected areas (Alberici 2018).

1.4 Ecology, behaviour and habitat requirements:

The giant anteater belongs to the Xenarthra magna-order, which includes the orders
Cingulata (armadillos) and Pilosa (anteaters and sloths), the latter characterized for presenting
the lowest basal metabolic rates among placental mammals (Lovegrove, 2000; McNab, 1985).
Due to this peculiarity, giant anteaters can be active during the day or at night, depending on
the temperature (Camilo-Alves; Mourão, 2005; Mourão; Medri, 2007). They are terrestrial
animals, but can swim and even climb trees, and they feed strictly on ants and termites
(Emmons and Feer, 1997), which they dig up using their powerful forelegs and sharp front
claws and capture with a long, sticky tongue.

Across its range, the giant anteater can be found inhabiting a diversity of native habitats,
including grasslands, savannas and humid or dry forests (Miranda et al 2014). Although
preferring natural habitats, their presence in agricultural landscapes (e.g. pasturelands,
managed forests, and sugarcane fields) has been documented (e.g. Paolino et al., 2016;
Versiani, 2016). Home range sizes of giant anteaters vary greatly among studies in various
sites, with different monitoring protocols (Bertassoni et al 2019). In the Cerrado, data from c. 40
animals monitored by GPS-collars by the ‘Anteaters and Highways’ project indicates that their
home-range is about 500 ha. While there can be a lot of overlap between giant anteaters’
home-ranges, they are solitary animals, only pairing when mating.

Gestation occurs once a year and lasts approximately 180 days; the female gives birth to
a single calf and carries it on her back for approximately six to nine months. Data on longevity,
survival rates and reproductive rates of free animals are scarce, with most studies focusing on
captive animals; it is assumed that the generation length is seven years (Miranda et al 2014).

1.5 Threat analysis:

Despite being a charismatic species, there are few ecological studies with giant anteaters
in Brazil. In fact, there is a huge gap in knowledge, especially regarding populational studies
(density estimates, reproductive dynamics, genetic viability, etc.). The table below list main
threats for the conservation of the giant anteater that have been identified so far (based upon
Miranda et al 2014, 2015).
 Intensity of
threat
Threat Description of how this threat impacts the species (low, medium,
high, critical or
unknown)

Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main causes of populational decline
for giant anteaters. Large monocultures, mainly of soy and sugarcane,
together with pasturelands, are important drivers of deforestation in the
Cerrado, in a two-step process – first, native vegetation is converted to
Habitat loss and pasture and, over time, pastures are converted to croplands (Zalles et al
critical
fragmentation 2019). Another source of habitat loss and fragmentation is urbanization and
the development of infrastructure (e.g. roads). Since giant anteaters need
forested habitats for thermoregulation and protection against predators,
habitat loss and fragmentation are key threats to the conservation of the
species, but are not receiving much conservation attention.

Giant anteaters are very vulnerable to fires due to their slow movement and
flammable coat. As in other tropical savannas, fires are frequent in the
Cerrado, and most plant species have adaptations for surviving under a
regime of periodic burns (Colli et al 2020). Human provoked fires, however,
are traditionally used as an agricultural method, occuring with greater
intensity and frequency late in the dry season, when fuel availability and
Fires wind speed are highest, and environmental moisture is lowest (Pivello high
2011). These fires can quickly spread and are difficult to control, and can
lead to devastating consequences for the fauna. Fires inside protected
areas are particularly threatening for giant anteaters in the Cerrado (see
Silveira et al 1999), and the implementation of effective fire management
programmes inside those areas is urgently necessary (Mistry and Bizerril
2011).

Giant anteaters can be poached for food or killed for being seen as a threat
to domestic dogs or for being associated with negative superstitions
Poaching
(Catapani, pers. comm.) In Brazil, there is poor law enforcement, particularly low/medium
/Persecution
in rural areas. While this threat is becoming better understood, there is still
insufficient research conducted by social scientists on the subject.

Giant anteaters are very vulnerable to roadkill due to their slow movement
and poor eyesight. Despite this threat there is scarce information about the
effects of roads on their populations. The Cerrado is undergoing rapid
agricultural development and is fragmented by an ever-increasing network
Roadkill high
of roads. Giant anteaters are among the most frequently killed animals on
these roads, and road mortalities now pose a serious threat to species
survival. The Anteaters & Highways Project has been focusing on bettter
understanding this threat and implemeting mitigation strategies.

Giant anteaters can be poisoned by pesticides used for controlling ants and
Pesticides and termites’ populations in Eucalyptus plantations (see Braga 2014). This
unknown
other chemicals threath has not been assessed and we still do not know what are the
impacts of pesticides and other chemicals on the health of giant anteaters.
1.6 Stakeholder analysis:

Intensity of
Impact impact
Stakeholder’s interest in
(positive, (low,
Country Stakeholder the species’ Current activities
negative medium,
conservation
or both) high or
critical)
Landowners can acquire
knowledge about the
wildlife that can be found in
Landowners can
their properties. By
either prevent or
partnering up with
mitigate
conservation projects, they
deforestation,
can adverstise their
fires, and
Landowners businesses as Both Critical
poaching/
environmentally friendly
persecution of
and potentially develop
giant anteaters
ecotourism activities.They
inside their
can also get certification of
properties
agricultural practices that
are sustainable and protect
giant anteaters.
Rural people can
poach and/ or
persecute giant
anteaters and can
Rural people can acquire spread
knowledge about the misconceptions
wildlife that can be found in about the species.
Rural workers and
the properties where they They can also kill Negative Low
their families
Brazil / Mato live and/or work; or be giant anteaters
Grosso do benefited from ecotourism due to conflicts
Sul state activities. with domestic
dogs. Human-
provoked fires are
also a threat to
giant anteaters.
Teachers can
reduce
misconceptions
Teachers and
Teachers can acquire and about the species
children in rural and Positive Medium
pass knowledge to children and children can
small urban schools
influence their
parents to change
their behaviour
Roadkills damage the road
users vehicles and put
their safety at risk. By not driving
Understanding how to cautiously, they
Road users avoid roadkills of large increase the Negative High
animals can reduce chance of of
personal cost to vehicles roadkill
and promote conservation

Road By implementing mitigation Roadkill

concessionaires and measures to prevent road monitoring Positive Critical
road public agencies accidents, they can
 improve the safety of road Implementation of
users and reduce mitigation
operational costs measures
Improve safety of road Road fiscalization
Federal Highway
users and reduce and law Positive Medium
Police
operational costs enforcement
Propose and
approve laws to
mitigate the main
threats to giant
Political visibility
Government / anteaters (habitat
Positive Critical
Politicians protection, fire
Self and public interest
control, pesticide
regulation, road
mitigation
measures, etc.)
Produce
knowledge about
Universities Resarch and education the species and Positive High
guide conservation
actions
Conservation
actions (e.g.
monitoring of
NGOs Conservation of wildlife Positive Critical
populations,
dealing with
stakeholders, etc.)
1.7 Context and background information that will affect the success of any conservation
action for this species:

Opportunities for
Description Barriers to conservation
conservation
It is a very appealing species
for people in general, but it can It could be used as a
be persecuted or killed for flagship species for
being seen as a threat to conservation and help
Negative superstitions
Socio-cultural domestic dogs or for being develop ecotourism in
effects and associated with negative protected areas (e.g.
Poor law enforcement in rural
cultural superstitions,with some people National Parks) or rural
areas against poaching
attitudes believing that it brings bad areas (farms, like in the
and/or persecution
luck. It is poached for food in Pantanal)
indigenous communities
(Amazon) or “medicinal” use in
rural areas (Caatinga)
It does not have any direct
monetary value, but it provides
important ecosystem services, Private road concessionaires
being part of the Jaguar’s Agriculture (cash crops) and are legally obliged to
(Panthera onca) diet and also linear infrastructure (i.e. implement measures to
controlling insect’s populations roads) are the main threats prevent and mitigate road
(ants and termites) to the conservation of the impacts.
Economic
species, but are essential to
implications
It can attract people for the economical development Cost-benefit analysis can
ecotourism activitites (mammal in the Cerrado, which is a convince the government to
watching) stronghold for populations of direct resources to
the giant anteater implement conservation
Considering it is a large measures
mammal, roadkill can cause
serious economic impacts
Anteatears and Highways
Anteaters and Highways is
Project (ICAS) focusing on Lack of financial and human
collaborating with
roadkill in the Cerrado of Mato resources
TamanduASAS, by
Grosso do Sul state
monitoring giant anteaters
Political situation in Brazil is
that were rescued and now
Instituto Tamanduá working worrying, with funding for
are being released back into
with all species of anteaters in science increasingly at risk.
Existing the wild
Brazil
conservation
Lack of collaboration
measures The Brazilian government
Instituto Jurumi working with between Conservation
(ICMBio) developed a
giant anteaters in Brasília projects
National Action Plan (2019-
National Forest
2024) for the conservation of
Challenge working on private
the giant anteater, involving
TamanduASAS working with lands when government is
all NGOs currently working
giant anteaters that are victim speaking against NGOs.
with the species
of roadkill in Minas Gerais
The current government of Recent changes in the
Brazil’s environmental policies Brazilian Forest code may
The giant anteater is an
actively work against lead to more deforestation in
appealing species for the
environmental conservation. private properties
public in general. Roadkill
We are dealing with historic
Administrative/ has been receiving more
rates of deforestation in the Road concessionaries and
political set-up attention by the media,
Amazon, Pantanal and public agencies are not
which could help NGOs
Cerrado, which are a implementing effective
pressure the government
consequence of lack of mitigation measures for
and politicians for change.
fiscalization and poor law preventing roadkill
enforcement.
 The current government
agenda in Brazil is very much
anti-science and
environment.

Research conducted in
universities (University of Sao Lack of scholarships for
Paulo, Federal University of students from Universities
Mato Grosso do Sul) The Cerrado is the second
Lack of funding for NGOs largest biome in the country
NGOs working for the and is also a biodiversity
Local expertise
conservation of the species Challenge to retain qualified hotspot. It attracts many
and interest
(listed above) staff in projects universities and research
centres.
Rural people (Landowners, Rural people often have a
rural workers) trained by negative view of
NGOs and engaged in conservationists and NGOs
conservation actions
Resources for the
Lack of local/regional
conservation of the species Collaboration between
/national resources for a
Resources often come from international NGOs can increase
long-term conservation
Zoos and NGOs and may vary opportuniites for funding
program
depending on multiple factors
2. ACTION PROGRAMME

This action programme was adapted from Brazil’s National Action Plan for the conservation of the giant anteater (2019-2024).

Vision (30-50 years)

Viable populations of giant anteaters throughout their original distribution
Goal(s) (5-10 years)
Understand and mitigate the main threats that affect the species persistence in the Brazilian Cerrado
Prioritisation
Objectives (low, medium, high or
critical)
Develop strategies for landscape conservation and management to maintain viable populations critical
Decrease the impact of fire on the species high
Reduce vehicle collisions with the species on highways and roads critical
Reduce the loss of individuals as a result of poaching low
Improve integrated management for conservation (ex situ and in situ), considering the genetic and health viability of the
medium
populations
Reduce the loss of individuals through socio-cultural and economic conflicts low
Expand knowledge of the presence and effects of pesticides and heavy metals on the species medium
Expand scientific knowledge about natural history, ecology, health, genetics and conservation of populations in different
high
biomes
 Priority
(low, Associated
Country Responsible Activity
Activities medium, costs Time scale Indicators Risks
/ region stakeholders type
high or (currency)
critical)
Objective 1: Develop strategies for landscape conservation and management to maintain viable populations

Technical reports and Gaps of

Classify habitat suitability and
Universities, scientific papers widely knowledge on Improving
identify key areas for the Cerrado Critical Irrelevant 2019-2024
NGOs disseminated and results the distribution knowledge
conservation of the species
presented at events of the species

Hold meetings to promote

Unfavorable
coordination between
political
environmental agencies and the Documents indicating
Cerrado scenario
private sector, to encourage the Universities, agreement and commitment Land
(key critical Irrelevant 2020-2024
creation of protected areas and the NGOs between parts protection
areas) Resistance
recovery of degraded areas, to
from private
promote the conservation and
sector
connectivity of populations

Number of education and Unfavorable

Promote the awareness of different awareness activities political
stakeholders regarding the NGOs, promoted and number of scenario Education &
Cerrado critical GBP8,000 2019-2024
importance of conservation and Educators people involved in those Awareness
restoration of natural areas activities. Economical
crisis
Objective 2: Decrease the impact of fire on the species
List and/or number of people
(or groups of people) that
Analyze, compile and disseminate Universities,
have received technical Lack of high Improving
technical information on fire Cerrado high Irrelevant 2019-2020 environmental
information on fire quality data knowledge
management agencies
management

Unfavorable
Organize events and hold meetings
Number of events and political
to promote dialogue between
meetings scenario
researchers and NGOs focused on Environmental
Species
biodiversity conservation with rural Cerrado high GBP1,500 2019-2024 agencies,
Documents indicating Resistance management
producers and the rural community, NGOs
agreement and commitment from rural
aiming at the use of good practices
between parts communities
in fire management

Deliver courses and training on fire

Human Education &
management for rural landowners Cerrado high GBP1,500 2019-2024 2019-2024 Conducted trainings
resources Awareness
and managers

Objective 3: Reduce vehicle collisions with the species on highways and roads
Environmental Hotspots
agencies, identified only
Define roadkill hotspots for the giant Threat
Cerrado critical GBP5,000 2019-2020 Federal Maps, reports for a few
anteater mitigation
Police, NGOs, roads within
Universities the Cerrado
Mitigation
Environmental
measures are
agencies,
Define and propose mitigation Action Plans, meetings, not Threat
Cerrado critical GBP1,500 2019-2024 Federal
measures manuals, guidelines implemented mitigation
Police, NGOs,
or not
Universities
effective
Objective 4: Reduce the loss of individuals as a result of poaching
Technical reports and
Diagnose what type of poaching is Universities, scientific papers widely Improving
Cerrado low GBP5,000 2019-2024 Sensitive data
affecting the species NGOs disseminated and results knowledge
presented at events

Make a diagnosis about the

Technical reports and
motivations and barriers (internal
Universities, scientific papers widely Improving
and external) of the actors involved Cerrado low GBP5,000 2019-2024 Sensitive data
NGOs disseminated and results knowledge
in the poaching activity (buyers,
presented at events
poachers, fiscalization agents).

Measures are
Cerrado
Propose measures to minimize Universities, not effective Threat
(keylow GBP1,500 2022-2024 Action Plan
poaching activity NGOs for changing mitigation
areas)
behaviour
Objective 5: Improve integrated management for conservation (ex situ and in situ), considering the genetic and health viability of the populations

Establish protocols for the genetic

and demographic management of Zoos, Collaboration Species
Brazil medium GBP3,000 2019-2024 Studbook
the captive population of giant Universities between Zoos management
anteaters

Establish (minimum) protocols for

receiving, maintaining and
disposing of rescued individuals Zoos not
Zoos,
and distribute to the environmental adopting Species
Brazil medium GBP3,000 2019-2024 Universities, Protocols
police, veterinary hospitals and minimum management
NGOs
other institutions that receive these protocols
animals.
Objective 6: Reduce the loss of individuals through socio-cultural and economic conflicts

Analyse scientific available data

and conduct household socio-
Technical reports and
economic surveys in key Universities, Improving
Cerrado low GBP1,500 2019-2024 scientific papers Lack of data
communities within the Cerrado to NGOs knowledge
identify and map economic and / or
socio-cultural conflicts

Identify possible / potential Technical reports with

Lack of
mitigation measures Universities, mitigation measures, Threat
Cerrado low GBP1,500 2019-2024 human
for the conflicts identified and NGOs coexistence manual mitigation
resources
propose a coexistence manual.

Implement an environmental Network implemented and

Universities, Lack of
education and communication functional, reports with list of Education &
Cerrado low GBP1,500 2019-2024 NGOs, human
network with an emphasis on activities developed Awareness
Educators resources
conflict resolution.

Objective 7: Expand knowledge of the presence and effects of pesticides and heavy metals on the species
Low
Identify the presence of pesticides Zoos, Georeferenced database;
concentrations Improving
and heavy metals in wild giant Cerrado medium GBP8,000 2019-2024 Universities, Biological samples;Techniical
may be hard knowledge
anteaters NGOs reports and scientific papers
to detect
Database shared with the
Diagnose and monitor the presence Zoos, studbook containing reference
Improving
of pesticides, heavy metals and Cerrado medium GBP30,000 2019-2024 Universities, values for the concentration of High cost
knowledge
health in captive giant anteaters NGOs substances in animals over
time
Objective 8: Expand scientific knowledge about natural history, ecology, health, genetics and conservation of populations in different biomes
Direct resources and stimulate
research projects in areas lacking
Environmental Lack of
information (i.e. outside protected Capacity
Cerrado high Irrelevant 2019-2024 agencies, Projects initiated funding
areas, mainly in the north and south building
NGOs opportunities
regions of the Cerrado)

Zoos,
Characterize the reproductive and Scientific papers, thesis, More time Improving
Cerrado high GBP8,000 2019-2024 Universities,
social biology of the target species dissertations needed knowledge
NGOs
Identify environmental factors that
Lack of
drive the current distribution of the Universities, Scientific papers, thesis, Improving
Cerrado high Irrelevant 2019-2024 ecological
species NGOs dissertations knowledge
studies
Characterize the genetic variability
Lack of
of individuals throughout the Universities, Scientific papers, thesis, Improving
Cerrado high GBP30,000 2019-2024 biological
species distribution Zoos dissertations knowledge
samples
Lack of
Identify pathogens relevant to the Universities, Scientific papers, thesis, Improving
Cerrado high GBP8,000 2019-2024 biological
health of the target species NGOs, Zoos dissertations knowledge
samples
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