THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
GAUTENG DIVISION, PRETORIA
Case Number: 61033/2021
(1) REPORTABLE: NO
(2) OF INTEREST TO OTHER JUDGES: NO
(3) REVISED
______________________
DATE
______________________
SIGNATURE
In the matter between:
DIANA NDARANGWA Plaintiff
and
MARIVATE ATTORNEYS INCORPORATED Defendant
Delivered: This judgment was prepared and authored by the Judge whose name is
reflected and is handed down electronically by circulation to the parties/their legal
representatives by e-mail and by uploading it to the electronic file of this matter on
Caselines. The date and time for hand-down is deemed to be 10:00 on 17 May 2024.
Summary: Exception – defendant alleging that particulars of claim is vague and
embarrassing and/or lacks averments necessary to sustain a cause of
action – ten grounds of exception raised – nine pertaining to the vague
and embarrassing element – two-fold consideration – (i) whether
pleading lacks particularity to the extent that it is vague; and (ii) whether
vagueness causes embarrassment of such a nature that it causes
prejudice – court finding neither of the considerations met – one ground
pertaining to lack of necessary averments to sustain cause of action
element – duty to persuade the court that upon every interpretation
which the particulars of claim, and the document on which it is based,
can reasonably bear, no cause of action is disclosed – court finding this
is not so in this case – none of the grounds of exception bears merit –
exception not upheld.
Application to strike out opposing affidavit in response to exception –
defendant alleging irregular step by plaintiff – test – whether opposing
affidavit is irrelevant and/or vexatious – court having to determine
whether opposing affidavit should be considered in determining the
exception – court finding opposing affidavit irrelevant – not vexatious –
prejudice – court finding the defendant would be prejudiced because the
rules don’t make provision for an opposing affidavit to exception – also
no opportunity for a reply – application to strike out succeeds – opposing
affidavit not taken into account in determining exception.
Punitive cost order – court finding plaintiff’s conduct not reprehensible
enough to warrant punitive cost order.
JUDGMENT
PG LOUW, AJ
Introduction
[1] What falls to be decided in this matter is an exception to the plaintiff’s
particulars of claim and an application to strike out the plaintiff’s opposing
affidavit filed in response to the exception.
[2] During December 2021, the plaintiff instituted an action against the defendant,
a firm of attorneys incorporated as a personal liability company. The plaintiff’s
claim is based on a written agreement in terms of which the plaintiff rendered
services to the defendant. A copy of the agreement relied upon is attached to
the particulars of claim.
[3] The plaintiff pleads inter alia as follows:
2
“4.1 On 12 June 2020 at or near Pretoria the parties entered into a
written agreement in terms of which the Plaintiff rendered services
to the Defendant. A copy of the agreement is attached hereto …
4.2 It was an implied term of the agreement that the Plaintiff would
render an invoice for the services rendered. It was a further implied
term of the agreement that the invoice, as rendered by the Plaintiff
would be paid within 30 days from date of same by the Defendant.
5.1 The Plaintiff rendered legal services to the Defendant in the amount
of R 840 000.00 (eight hundred and forty thousand rand). The
invoices are attached hereto …
5.2 The amounts as stated in the invoices are due and payable to the
Plaintiff by the Defendant.
6. Notwithstanding demand, the Defendant neglected/refused to
[make payment] to the Plaintiff in the amount of R 840 000.00 ….
The letter of demand is attached hereto …
7. The Defendant is indebted to the Plaintiff in the amount of
R 840 000.00.”
[4] The defendant delivered a notice in terms of rule 23(1) of the Uniform Rules of
Court during February 2022, and delivered its exception in March 2022.
During argument it was confirmed on behalf of both parties that the exception
was filed timeously and, if not, the plaintiff did not take issue with the timing of
the delivery of the exception. The matter was ripe for hearing.
[5] In response to the exception, the plaintiff delivered a notice of intention to
oppose the exception, as well as an opposing affidavit during March 2022.
[6] Clearly taken aback by this approach, the defendant, also in March 2022,
delivered a notice in terms of rule 30 stating that the plaintiff’s opposing
3
affidavit comprises an irregular step and/or a failure to comply with the rules.
The plaintiff disagreed that the opposing affidavit constituted an irregular step
and/or non-compliance with the rules on the grounds set out in a notice
labelled “plaintiff’s reply under rule 30(2)(b) of the Uniform Rules of Court”
delivered in April 2022.
[7] During March 2023, the defendant delivered an application to strike out the
plaintiff’s opposing affidavit. The plaintiff served a notice of intention to oppose
the striking-out application the next day, but did not deliver an answering
affidavit to the application to strike out.
[8] The defendant withdrew its notice in terms of rule 30 during February 2024, a
few weeks prior to the hearing of the matter before me.
The exception
[9] The exception is brought on the basis that the particulars of claim is vague
and embarrassing and/or lacks averments which are necessary to sustain a
cause of action. The defendant relies on ten grounds in support of the
exception.
[10] Mr Mboweni appeared for the defendant and submitted that all the grounds of
exception, except the fourth ground, should be read in context and not in
insolation. He submitted that the fourth ground renders the particulars of claim
excipiable on the basis that it does not sustain a cause of action. The other
grounds of exception, he submitted, pertain to allegations which render the
particulars of claim vague and embarrassing. Mr Mboweni also submitted that
if I uphold one of the grounds of exception, I need not deal with the others.
[11] The crux of the fourth ground of exception is the following:
4
“4.2 To the extent that the Plaintiff relies on the attached written
agreement;
4.2.1 the agreement attached to the particulars of claim is not
signed by the Defendant and not legally binding.
4.2.2 the Plaintiff failed to plead whether the Defendant agreed
to her rendering the services that she alleges to have
rendered to the Defendant.”
[12] The second ground of exception is aimed at the plaintiff’s failure to plead that
a true copy of the agreement is attached to the particulars of claim. The third
ground of exception is aimed at the plaintiff’s failure to plead the type of
services, and in which capacity she rendered the services. Closely related is
the first ground of exception, which is aimed at the plaintiff’s failure to plead
her occupation in support of the allegation that she rendered legal services to
the defendant.
[13] The seventh and tenth grounds of exception also relate to the agreement and
the copy thereof attached to the particulars of claim. It essentially pertains to
the period of the agreement, the terms of the agreement in respect of which
the defendant is alleged to be in breach, and whether the agreement is still in
force. According to the defendant, the agreement is invalid in law because it is
not signed by the defendant.
[14] The remaining grounds of exception (fifth, sixth, eighth and ninth grounds of
exception), essentially, pertain to the calculation of the quantum and the
copies of the invoices attached to the particulars of claim. The defendant
objects inter alia thereto that the plaintiff fails to plead how the claimed amount
was calculated, when and how the invoices were submitted to the defendant,
and that the plaintiff fails to attach a list of the bills allegedly drawn by the
plaintiff.
5
The opposing affidavit and the striking-out application
[15] In the plaintiff’s opposing affidavit, she sets out “an outline of the facts and
circumstances that occasioned the claim against the [defendant] and which
are contained in the particulars of claim”. The plaintiff states that:
“3.10 [I]t is apposite at this juncture for me to bring to the attention of this
Honourable Court that prior to the Independent Contractor Agreement,
I had been employed as a full-time employee of the [plaintiff]
performing the same services as I was now called upon to do under
the new agreement.
3.10.1. on the 15th of May 2020, the [defendant] amongst many
other reasons, the other being the one stated below, wrote
a letter of termination of service to me and stated therein
that my contract of employment was aligned to the Service
Level Agreement signed between the [defendant] and the
Road Accident Fund and that as a result of the termination
of that service level agreement, the termination thereof
would mutatis mutandis affect my own contract of
employment with the [defendant]. I annex the letter as …”
[16] The plaintiff annexed her previous employment contract, a letter of
confirmation of employment, proof of payment by the defendant to the plaintiff
and other annexures to the opposing affidavit.
[17] The plaintiff states that the agreement “was initially made orally with an
understanding that it would be reduced to writing and signed by both parties
… I signed the finalised agreement and submitted the same to the [defendant]
6
for his signature while I had already started performing my duties in providing
the services described in exhibit A annexed to the Independent Contractor
Agreement”. She further states that the agreement was not subsequently
signed by the defendant.
[18] In the opposing affidavit, the plaintiff deals with the grounds of exception and
sets out argument in respect thereof. Evidence pertaining to the rendering of
services by the plaintiff is also set out.
[19] The plaintiff also raises a point in limine in the opposing affidavit that the
defendant delivered its rule 23(1) notice without having filed a notice of
intention to defend, which constitutes an irregular step. The plaintiff did not
persist with the point in limine. I was referred to the defendant’s notice of
intention to defend served on 1 February 2022. Nothing more needs to be said
about the point in limine.
[20] Before I deal with the grounds of exception, it is necessary to decide whether
the opposing affidavit should be taken into consideration in determining the
exception. Ms Sono, who appeared on behalf of the plaintiff, could not refer
me to any judgment where an affidavit filed in opposition to an exception was
accepted by the court in determining the exception.
[21] As I understood the argument advanced in support of the plaintiff’s entitlement
to file the opposing affidavit to the exception, Ms Sono submitted that the
exception is an application incidental to the action between the parties. Ms
Sono submitted that an exception is a pleading and that the opposing party
may elect to respond thereto under rule 6(11). She further submitted that the
provisions of rule 23(4) do not prevent the defendant from filing an opposing
affidavit to the exception. Reliance was placed on Skjelbreds Rederi A/S and
Others v Hartless (Pty) Ltd;1 International Executive Communications Ltd t/a
1
1982 (2) SA 739 (W) at 742.
7
Institute for International Research v Turnley and Another;2 and National
Director of Public Prosecutions v Phillips and Others.3
[22] These judgments are not authority for the proposition that an opposing
affidavit may be filed in response to an exception. These judgments deal inter
alia with the trite position that in application proceedings, the affidavits
constitute not only the evidence but also the pleadings.
[23] The application to strike out is brought on the basis that the opposing affidavit
is irrelevant and/or vexatious. The defendant alleges that the opposing
affidavit is not only irregular but also irrelevant. The defendant alleges
prejudice because additional allegations are set out in the opposing affidavit
which are not contained in the particulars of claim, and the defendant does not
have a right of reply thereto.
[24] In the application to strike out, the defendant relies on the provisions of rule
6(15). The provisions of rule 23(4) are also referred to in support of the
contention that the opposing affidavit is unnecessary and/or irrelevant where
an exception has been raised.
[25] In the defendant’s heads of argument, reliance is placed on the provisions of
rule 23(2) which empowers the court on application to strike out a matter inter
alia on the grounds that it is irrelevant or vexatious.
[26] I was referred to Du Toit v Du Toit and Another4 where Retief J stated that:5
“To confuse the issues yet further, Jacobus set the second rule 30 notice
down by notice on affidavit in terms of rule 6(11), now an opposed
interlocutory application. This is when it is procedurally trite that the
determination of any rule 30 need not be supported by an affidavit. All that the
2
1996 (3) SA 1043 (W) at 1050.
3
2002 (4) SA 60 (W) at 106.
4
[2023] ZAGPPHC 1923.
5
At para 22.
8
subrule requires is that the notice must specify the particulars of the
irregularity or impropriety complained of. The procedure is analogous to an
exception and does not provide for a reply.” [Underlining added.]
[27] In Du Toit this court held that:6
“An exception is a legal objection to a pleading. It complains of a defect
inherent in a specific pleading at that time. It therefore follows why, when an
exception is taken, a court must look at that pleading excepted to as its stands
at the time the exception is taken: no facts outside those stated in the
pleading can be brought into issue and no reference may be made to any
other document.” [Footnote omitted.]
[28] Interestingly, counsel for the plaintiff also referred me to authority for the
propositions that where an exception is taken, the court must look at the
pleading excepted to as it stands and no facts outside those stated in the
pleading can be brought into issue, except in the case of inconsistency – and
no reference may be made to any other document.
[29] According to the defendant, the opposing affidavit is vexatious because the
course adopted by the plaintiff in filing the opposing affidavit in response to the
exception is prohibited by the rules, in particular rule 23(4), which provides
that no further plea, replication or pleading over shall be necessary when an
exception has been taken to a particular pleading or an application to strike
out is made.
[30] Apart from the authorities referred to herein above, the principle that a court is
confined to the pleading against which the exception was taken and that no
reference may be made to any other document, is legion. 7
6
At para 25.
7
See, for instance, the authorities cited by Van Loggerenberg in Erasmus: Superior Court
Practice Volume 2, Second Edition at D1 Rule 23-3 note 2 and D1 Rule 23-4 note 2.
9
[31] In the circumstances, I am compelled to hold that the novel approach adopted
by the plaintiff in delivering an opposing affidavit in response to the exception
cannot be sustained. Simply put, in determining the exception I am bound to
the particulars of claim (and, of course, the exception) only.
[32] In light of such a finding, it follows that the opposing affidavit is irrelevant, i.e.,
the allegations contained in the opposing affidavit do not apply to the matter at
hand and do not contribute in one way or the other to decide the exception. 8
[33] In light of this finding it is not necessary for me to decide whether the opposing
affidavit is vexatious. Vexatious matter refers to allegations which may or may
not be relevant but are so worded as to convey an intention to harass or
annoy.9 I do not think that the opposing affidavit is so worded as to convey an
intention to harass or annoy the defendant. However, I make no finding in this
regard because I have already found that the opposing affidavit is irrelevant.
[34] The first requirement of a striking-out application being met, the next question
is whether the court is satisfied that if the opposing affidavit is not struck out,
the defendant would be prejudiced. 10
[35] In my view, allowing the opposing affidavit to stand will be prejudicial to the
defendant even if I do not take the contents of the opposing affidavit into
account in determining the exception, because no provision is made in the
rules for an opposing affidavit to be filed to an exception, and because the
defendant does not have an opportunity to reply to the opposing affidavit.
[36] The application to strike out the opposing affidavit must therefore succeed.
8
Helen Suzman Foundation v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others 2015 (2) SA
1 (CC) at para 28.
9
Id at para 28.
10
Id at para 27.
10
Costs (application to strike out)
[37] The defendant seeks a punitive cost order against the plaintiff if the
application to strike out succeeds.
[38] In Treatment Action Campaign v Minister of Health 11 the court granted an
attorney and client cost order against the respondent where an application
was needlessly caused by the conduct of the respondent. The plaintiff’s
conduct in this matter, especially if compared to the respondent’s conduct in
Treatment Action Campaign, is not so reprehensible to justify a punitive cost
order.
[39] Although the novel approach adopted by the plaintiff is not sustainable, there
are no special considerations why I consider it just to grant a punitive cost
order.
[40] I now deal with the exception.
Analysis of the exception
[41] In Pillay and Another v Shaik and Others 12 the purchase agreements allegedly
concluded by the appellants with the developers of a sectional title
development had not been signed on the developers’ behalf. Applying the
doctrine of quasi- mutual assent, the High Court found the agreements to be
binding. On appeal, the Full Court reversed the decision of the trial court,
finding that, because the agreements had not been signed on behalf of the
developers, they were not binding. The Supreme Court of Appeal disagreed
with the Full Court and held that:13
11
2005 (6) SA 363 (T).
12
2009 (4) SA 74 (SCA).
13
At para 50.
11
“I do not agree with the court a quo’s conclusion that there could be no
binding contracts between the parties unless each was signed by or on behalf
of the buyers and the sellers. In my opinion it is clear from Goldblatt v
Freemantle, supra, and the authorities cited therein that, in the absence of a
statute which prescribes writing signed by the parties or their authorised
representatives as an essential requisite for the creation of a contractual
obligation (something that does not apply here), an agreement between
parties which satisfies all the other requirements for contractual validity will be
held not to have given rise to contractual obligations only if there is a pre-
existing contract between the parties which prescribes compliance with a
formality or formalities before a binding contract can come into existence.”
[42] The purchase agreement in Pillay contained inter alia a so-called whole
agreement clause and a non-variation clause. 14 At the end of the purchase
agreement, there was provision for the parties and their witnesses to sign,
separately demarcated positions being made available for the signatures of
the purchaser and the seller.15
[43] The agreement relied upon by the plaintiff also contains a so-called whole
agreement clause as well as a non-variation clause. Provision is also made at
the end of the agreement for the parties and their witnesses to sign. The name
of the plaintiff appears in manuscript in this portion with a signature appended
below. The agreement is not signed by or behalf of the defendant or any
witnesses.
[44] Mr Mboweni referred me to the judgment of Mokose J in Government
Employees Medical Scheme v Mazibuko.16 In Mazibuko the plaintiff relied on a
written agreement, and attached an unsigned copy thereof to the particulars of
claim. The agreement attached to the particulars of claim only contained the
signature of the defendant. Mokose J held that: 17
14
At para 19.
15
At para 20.
16
[2019] ZAGPPHC 136.
17
At para 14.
12
“I am of the considered view that it is not evident ex facie the agreement that
the plaintiff is the ‘Participating Family Practitioner’ and that the defendant did
appoint the plaintiff in such a position. The plaintiff’s particulars of claim do not
comply with the rules of court and are therefore vague and embarrassing.
Accordingly, the attachment of the particulars of claim do not support the
averments and the exception is upheld.”
[45] A distinguishing factor in the present matter from Mazibuko is that the
agreement in Mazibuko provided that:18
“The appointment of the Participating Family Practitioner shall commence
once this agreement has [been] signed by both parties …”. [Underlining
added.]
[46] In my view, the agreement in Mazibuko was of the kind referred to by the
Supreme Court of Appeal in Pillay where compliance with a formality is
required before a binding contract can come into existence. The agreement in
this matter does not contain a similar clause to the effect that the agreement
would only come into existence upon the compliance of a formality such as it
being signed by both parties.
[47] Even if I am wrong in this regard, the fact that the agreement is not signed by
both parties would not render the particulars of claim excipiable on the basis
that it does not sustain a cause of action.
[48] In order to succeed with an exception on the basis that no cause of action is
disclosed, the defendant has a duty to persuade the court that upon every
interpretation which the particulars of claim, and the document on which it is
based, can reasonably bear, no cause of action is disclosed, failing which the
exception ought not to be upheld. 19 It is “only if the court can conclude that it is
18
At para 10.
19
Theunissen en Andere v Transvaalse Lewendehawe Koöp Bpk 1988 (2) SA 493 (A) at 500E -
F; First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Perry NO and Others 2001 (3) SA 960 (SCA) at
para 6. See also Van Loggerenberg at D1 Rule 23-4.
13
impossible to recognise the claim, irrespective of the facts as they might
emerge at the trial, that the exception can and should be upheld”.20
[49] I cannot exclude at this juncture the possibility that evidence to be led at the
trial in this matter can sustain the agreement relied upon by the plaintiff.
[50] In Mazibuko, the exception was upheld on the basis that the particulars of
claim is vague and embarrassing. The ultimate test in determining whether an
exception should be upheld on the basis that it is vague and embarrassing, is
prejudice.21 An exception to a pleading on the ground that it is vague and
embarrassing requires a two-fold consideration: (i) whether the pleading lacks
particularity to the extent that it is vague; and (ii) whether the vagueness
causes embarrassment of such a nature that the excipient is prejudiced in the
sense that he/she cannot plead or properly prepare for trial. 22
[51] I can think of no plausible reason why the defendant is not in a position to
plead to paragraph 4 of the particulars of claim. The defendant has not
discharged its onus to show both vagueness amounting to embarrassment
and embarrassment amounting to prejudice. The defendant has not satisfied
me that it would be “seriously prejudiced” if the particulars of claim were
allowed to stand and the defendant did not make out a “very clear, strong
case” for the exception to succeed.23
[52] The same applies to the second part of the fourth ground of exception, namely
that the plaintiff fails to plead whether the defendant agreed to the plaintiff
rendering the services she alleges to have rendered to the defendant. The
plaintiff pleads that an agreement was entered into between the parties, and
relies on a copy of the agreement attached to the particulars of claim, in which
the services agreed upon are described in “Exhibit A” attached thereto.
20
Tembani and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa and Another 2023 (1) SA 432
(SCA) at para 16; Shopfitters Studio (Pty) Ltd v Dynamic Design Upholstery (Pty) Ltd [2022]
ZAGPPHC 926 at para 10.
21
Quinlan v Macgregor 1960 (4) SA 383 (D) at 393G.
22
Trope v South African Reserve Bank and Another and Two Other Cases 1992 (3) SA 208 (T)
at 211A-B; Merb (Pty) Ltd and Others v Matthews and Others [2021] ZAGPJHC 693 at para 13.
23
Merb Id at para 10.
14
“Exhibit A" is not attached to the summons which is before me, but this was
not raised in the exception. I am limited to the grounds of exception raised in
the exception.
[53] The defendant has not persuaded me that the second part of the fourth
ground of exception is sufficient to show that the particulars of claim is
excipiable on the basis that it does not disclose a cause of action or that it is
vague and embarrassing.
[54] In the circumstances, the fourth ground of exception cannot be upheld.
[55] The first ground of exception raises the issue that the plaintiff does not
disclose her occupation, which is necessary to support the allegation that she
rendered legal services to the defendant. According to the defendant, such
failure renders the particulars of claim vague and embarrassing. The point is
also raised that the provisions of rule 17(4) are not complied with.
[56] Rule 17(4) provides that every summons shall set forth inter alia the plaintiff’s
occupation. Although the plaintiff does not plead her occupation, I do not
consider the plaintiff’s failure to disclose this in the particulars of claim as fatal.
The exception does not set out the reason why the plaintiff has to plead her
occupation to support the allegation that she rendered legal services to the
defendant. Put differently, as the exception currently reads, it does not draw a
nexus between the failure to plead the plaintiff’s occupation and vagueness
amounting to embarrassment and embarrassment amounting to prejudice.
[57] The second ground of exception, namely that the plaintiff fails to plead that the
agreement attached to the particulars of claim is a true copy of the agreement
upon which the plaintiff relies, does not render the particulars of claim vague
and embarrassing. Rule 18(6) requires that a true copy of the written
agreement must be annexed to the particulars of claim. The rule does not
require that it be pleaded that the copy attached is a true copy. The plaintiff
pleads that a copy of the agreement (which she relies on) is attached to the
15
particulars of claim. If the defendant is of the view that the copy of the
agreement attached to the particulars of claim is not a true copy, it can raise it
in its plea and it can be dealt with by means of the machinery provided for in
terms of rule 35 at the appropriate time.
[58] The third ground of exception, namely that the plaintiff fails to plead the type of
services she rendered and in what capacity she rendered the services to the
defendant, cannot be sustained either. In paragraph 5.1 of the particulars of
claim, it is alleged that the plaintiff “rendered legal services” to the defendant.
Even if I accept, to the defendant’s benefit, that legal services may only be
rendered by certain (qualified and/or registered) individuals, the exception is
silent as to why the plaintiff’s failure to plead the capacity in which she
rendered the services would render the particulars of claim vague and
embarrassing. I can think of no plausible reason, and none was presented to
me, why the defendant cannot plead to this allegation.
[59] In the fifth ground of exception, the defendant contends that it is unable to
ascertain the exact amount being claimed by the plaintiff and how that amount
was “arrived at”. This ground of exception is misconceived because the
amounts set out in the invoices attached to the particulars of claim add up to
the claim amount of R840,000.00. The defendant can clearly plead to this
allegation.
[60] The complaint raised in the sixth ground of exception is that the plaintiff fails to
plead when and how the invoices, of which copies are attached to the
particulars of claim, were submitted to the defendant and the plaintiff failed to
attach proof of service of the invoices to the defendant. According to the
defendant, this renders the particulars of claim vague and embarrassing and
lacking averments necessary to sustain the cause of action.
[61] Ex facie the agreement, it is indeed a term of the agreement that the plaintiff
would submit invoices to the defendant for payment on a weekly basis and
16
that the defendant would pay the plaintiff within thirty days after receiving an
invoice.
[62] Although the plaintiff does not plead that it submitted invoices to the
defendant, the plaintiff pleads that it rendered services to the defendant, that
the invoices are attached to the particulars of claim and that the amounts
stated therein are due and payable. The particulars of claim is neither vague,
nor embarrassing in this regard. By virtue of the fact that the invoices are
attached to the particulars of claim, which has been served on the defendant,
the cause of action pleaded has, to my mind, been completed.
[63] The seventh ground of exception reads thus:
“7.1 To the extent that the Plaintiff relies on annexure ‘AA’ [the
agreement attached to the particulars of claim];
7.1.1 annexure ‘AA’ does not contain the period of the alleged
agreement
7.1.2 the Defendant is unable to ascertain the period within
which the alleged agreement was applicable.
7.1.3 the Plaintiff, although not specifically pleaded, seems to
suggest that the Defendant is in breach of the agreement,
however the Plaintiff fails to plead which terms of the
agreement did the Defendant breach.
7.1.4 annexure ‘AA’ is not signed by the Defendant and is in
law invalid.
7.1.5 the Plaintiff fails to plead whether there is another valid
agreement that she will rely on in support of her claim
against the Defendant.
17
7.2 The Plaintiff’s particulars of claim is vague and embarrassing and/or
lacks averment (sic) necessary to sustain the Plaintiff’s cause of
action and the Defendant is unable to plead thereto.”
[64] I have already dealt with the issue that the agreement is not signed by the
defendant herein above. That fact does not, in itself, render the agreement
invalid. I do not understand from the exception, the relevance of the duration
[“period”] of the agreement or why the defendant cannot plead to this
allegation. Insofar as the breach of the agreement is concerned, the plaintiff
pleads that the claim amount is due and payable to her by the defendant and
that the defendant has, notwithstanding demand, neglected or refused to
make payment thereof. The breach relied upon is self-evident in my view,
namely that the defendant is alleged not to have made payment of amounts
which are due and payable by it to the plaintiff.
[65] Finally, in respect of the seventh ground of exception, I can think of no reason
in this matter why it would be excipiable for the plaintiff not to plead “whether
there is another valid agreement that she will rely on”. The plaintiff pleads the
agreement she relies on. Nothing more is required in this regard.
[66] The eighth ground of exception is aimed at copies of the invoices attached to
the particulars of claim. They are alleged to be “blank”. The copies of the
invoices attached to the particulars of claim are simply not blank. They contain
inter alia a description “Bills Drawn …”, the number of bills drawn and the
amount claimed in respect thereof. They include dates, bank details and so
forth.
[67] The defendant further objects on the basis that a list of bills allegedly drawn is
not attached to the particulars of claim and that the defendant is unable to
ascertain which bills the plaintiff is referring to. To my mind, the bills relied
upon by the plaintiff would constitute facta probantia (evidence) as opposed to
the facta probanda (material facts) which need to be pleaded.24
24
See McKenzie v Farmers’ Co-operative Meat Industries Ltd 1922 AD 16 at 23; Makgae v
Sentraboer (Koöperatief) Bpk 1981 (4) SA 239 (T) at 245D.
18
[68] In the ninth ground of exception, the defendant states that the plaintiff ought to
have pleaded that the invoices were received and acknowledged by the
defendant, and that the amounts thereon were “settled” between the parties.
[69] Ex facie the agreement, it does not require the defendant to have
acknowledged receipt of the invoices. I have already held under the sixth
ground of exception that the plaintiff’s failure to plead that she submitted the
invoices to the defendant is not fatal and that the defendant indeed received
the invoices, copies of which are attached to the particulars of claim. It was
accordingly not necessary for the plaintiff to plead that the invoices were
received and acknowledged by the defendant. Insofar as the second leg of the
ninth ground of exception is concerned, it is not clear what it is aimed at. Does
it pertain to the liquidity of the claim? Does it pertain to whether or not the
claimed amount is due? The exception does not provide an answer to these
questions. It is not apparent from the exception why the plaintiff ought to plead
that the invoices and the amounts thereon were “settled” between the parties.
[70] Finally, the tenth ground of exception:
“10.1 To the extent that the Plaintiff relies on annexure ‘AA’ which does not
clearly state the contract and date;
10.1.1 the Plaintiff failed to plead whether the alleged agreement
still exists and/or is still in force;
10.1.2 the Plaintiff failed to plead what must happen to the
agreement in the event that the agreement is still in force.
10.2 The Defendant is unable to ascertain whether the contract relied on
by the Plaintiff is still ongoing or has been cancelled and as a result,
the Defendant is unable to ascertain whether the Plaintiff is entitled to
claim the amount claimed.
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10.3 The Plaintiff’s particulars of claim is vague and embarrassing and/or
lacks the averments necessary to sustain the cause of action against
the Defendant, the Defendant is unable to plead thereto.”
[71] Although the signature date of the agreement is not indicated thereon, the
commencement date thereof is indicated as 12 June 2020. In its terms, it
would terminate upon the completion of the services by the plaintiff or upon 30
days prior written notice.
[72] The plaintiff is not claiming cancellation and damages, but specific
performance in the form of payment of what she alleges she is owed in terms
of the agreement for services rendered. The plaintiff does not need to plead
facts to show the agreement is still in existence. She pleads that the
agreement was entered into and performance of the defendant’s obligation is
claimed, namely the obligation to pay. Continued existence of the agreement
is naturally implied.
[73] An exception should be dealt with sensibly and not in an over-technical
manner.25 As such, the court looks benevolently instead of over-critically at a
pleading.26
[74] Ultimately, the defendant must satisfy the court that it would be seriously
prejudiced if the particulars of claim is allowed to stand. 27
[75] I am not satisfied that the defendant will be “seriously prejudiced” if the
exception fails.
[76] For the reasons dealt with herein above, none of the grounds of exception
bears merit and the exception cannot succeed.
25
Telematrix (Pty) Ltd t/a Matrix Vehicle Tracking and Advertising Standards Authority SA 2006
(1) SA 461 (SCA) at para 3.
26
Merb above n 22 at para 9; First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd above n 19 at 972I.
27
Merb above n 22 at para 10; Francis v Sharp and Others 2004 (3) SA 230 (C) at 240E-F.
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Costs (exception)
[77] The action was instituted in December 2021. It is now more than two years
later and the defendant is yet to deliver a plea in this matter. I am not privy to
the reasons for the (on the face of it) delay in this matter progressing and I
make no finding in respect thereof, but I think it is appropriate to state, 28 that it
is in the interests of justice that this matter be adjudicated by the trial court.
[78] Insofar as the issue of costs is concerned, there is no reason why costs
should not follow the result in the exception. The plaintiff, correctly in my view,
seeks costs of the exception on the party and party scale.
[79] This matter was argued before me on 28 February 2024. Judgment was
reserved and the parties filed supplementary heads of argument on 4 and 5
March 2024, respectively.
[80] On 12 April 2024, rule 67A came into effect. Rule 67A(3)(a) requires that party
and party costs be awarded on one of three scales. There is no indication in
the rule that its provisions are applicable retrospectively. Wilson J had
occasion to deal with this aspect in Mashavha v Enaex Africa (Pty) Ltd 29 and
held the view that the provisions of rule 67A can only apply prospectively. 30
With this statement, I respectfully agree. It is therefore not necessary for me to
request submissions from the parties pertaining to the appropriate scale of
party and party costs in this matter.
Order
[81] In the premises the following order is granted:
28
As I have done elsewhere, see N.W.M v N.Q.M and Another [2023] ZAGPJHC 956.
29
[2024] ZAGPJHC 387.
30
At para 12.
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1. The plaintiff’s opposing affidavit to the defendant’s exception (dated 22 March
2022) is struck out in its entirety.
2. The plaintiff is ordered to pay the costs of the striking-out application.
3. The defendant’s exception dated 7 March 2022 is dismissed.
4. The defendant is ordered to pay the costs of the exception.
_____________________________________
PG LOUW
ACTING JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT
GAUTENG DIVISION, PRETORIA
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Appearances
Counsel for Plaintiff : Adv MM Sono
Instructed by: Samalenge Attorneys
Counsel for Defendant : Mr N Mboweni
Instructed by: Marivate Attorneys
Date of hearing: 28 February 2024
Date of judgment: 17 May 2024
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