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 Since the mid-nineteenth century, Americans have known the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York
as a site of industrial production, a place to heal from disease, and a sprawling outdoor playground that must
be preserved in its wild state. Less well known, however, has been the area’s role in hosting a network of state
and federal prisons. A Prison in the Woods traces the planning, construction, and operation of penitentiaries
in five Adirondack Park communities from the 1840s through the early 2000s to demonstrate that the
histories of mass incarceration and environmental consciousness are interconnected.
Clarence Jefferson Hall Jr. reveals that the introduction of correctional facilities—especially in the last
three decades of the twentieth century—unearthed long-standing conflicts over the proper uses of Adirondack
nature, particularly since these sites have contributed to deforestation, pollution, and habitat decline, even as
they’ve provided jobs and spurred economic growth. Additionally, prison plans have challenged individuals’
commitment to environmental protection, tested the strength of environmental regulations, endangered
environmental and public health, and exposed tensions around race, class, place, and belonging in the
isolated prison towns of America’s largest state park.

“This is a pivotal study in the history of carceral systems in the United States.
Hall brings together two seemingly dissimilar developments in the Adirondack
region—prison development and the rise of environmental consciousness—and
in the process adds significantly to our understanding of prison history.”
— R I C H A R D W. J U D D, author of Second Nature: An Environmental History of New England

“With an engaging narrative, Hall draws on important scholarship from the

field of carceral history as well as relevant environmental literature to make a
persuasive case that two topics that might seem unrelated—prison construction
and operation and the environment—are actually inextricably intertwined.”
— DAV I D S O L L , author of Empire of Water: An Environmental and
Political History of the New York City Water Supply

CLARENCE JEFFERSON HALL JR. is assistant professor of history at Queensborough Community College.

A volume in the series Environmental History of the Northeast

Cover design by
Derek Thornton / Notch Design

Cover art by
UNIVERSITY OF (front and back) Collection of Pine Forests by

massachusetts Grop; detail from Silhouette of Watch Tower by

Champ 008; (bottom front) Barbed Wire by

press AMHERST AND BOSTON Baur; (background) Old Paper Canvas Texture
Grunge by Abstractor. All art used under
www.umasspress.com license from Shutterstock.com.

MASSACHUSETTS

9781625345363_pc.indd 1 10/15/20 11:04 AM

This page intentionally left blank
 A
PRISON
IN THE
WOODS
 A Volume in the Series
Environmental History of the Northeast
Edited by
Anthony N. Penna and Richard W. Judd
Environment and Incarceration
in New York’s North Country

A
PRISON
IN THE
WOODS
CLARENCE JEFFERSON HALL JR.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS PRESS

Amherst and Boston
 Copyright © 2020 by University of Massachusetts Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 978-­1-­62534-­536-­3 (paper); 535-­6 (hardcover)
Designed by Sally Nichols
Set in Adode Garamond Pro and D-Day Stencil
Printed and bound by Books International, Inc.
Cover design by Notch Design
Cover art: (front and back) Collection of Pine Forests by Grop; detail from Silhouette of
Watch Tower by Champ 008; (bottom front) Barbed Wire by Baur; (background) Old Paper Canvas
Texture Grunge by Abstractor. All art used under license from Shutterstock.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data

Names: Hall, Clarence Jefferson, Jr., author.
Title: A prison in the woods : environment and incarceration in New York’s
north country / Clarence Jefferson Hall Jr.
Description: Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 2020. | Series:
Environmental history of the Northeast | Includes bibliographical
references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2020019219 | ISBN 9781625345356 (hardcover) | ISBN
9781625345363 (paperback) | ISBN 9781613767856 (ebook) | ISBN
9781613767863 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Prisons—­New York (State—­History. | Environmental
degradation—­New York (State—­History. | Environmental protection—­New
York (State—­History. | Adirondack Mountains (N.Y.)—­Economic
conditions.
Classification: LCC HV9475.N7 H27 2020 | DDC 365/.97475—­dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020019219

British Library Cataloguing-­in-­Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
For Cl a r ence Jeffer son H a ll
This page intentionally left blank
 CONTENTS

Preface and Acknowledgments ix

List of Abbreviations xv

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER ONE
“This Great and Important Experiment” 19
Nature, Business, and the Quest for Reform at Clinton State Prison

CHAPTER TWO
“Attica of the Adirondacks” 50
Environmental Politics and Mass Incarceration in Ray Brook

CHAPTER THREE
“Who Is Going to Live in Gabriels?” 93
Race, Class, and the Nature of Incarceration in Gabriels

CHAPTER FOUR
“A Poor Choice” 133
Incarceration and the Legacies of Mining in Lyon Mountain

CHAPTER FIVE
“This Town Will Die” 166
Pro-­Prison Organizing and Environmental Politics in Tupper Lake

CONCLUSION 200

Notes 207
Index 243

vii
This page intentionally left blank
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