Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
CEE-232
Mechanics of Solids Sessional
(1.0 credit)
Course Teacher
Mohaiminul Haque
Assistant Professor
Department Civil & Environmental Engineering
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
EXPERIMENT
BUCKLING TEST OF SLENDER COLUMNS
Theory
• A long slender bar subjected to axial compression is called a column.
• The term column is frequently used to describe a vertical member,
whereas the word strut is occasionally used in regard to inclined bars.
• The vertical members of a building frame or any structural system which
carry mainly compressive loads are called as columns. The compression
member of a truss is called strut.
• The main feature of the columns and struts is they are subjected to
compressive forces.
• A compression member is generally considered to be column when its
unsupported length is more than 10 times its least lateral dimension.
Theory
• Column or strut, however, may be subjected to compressive loadings, and
if these members are long and slender the loading may be large enough to
cause the member to deflect laterally or sidesway.
• This lateral deflection that occurs is called buckling.
• Quite often the buckling of a column can lead to a sudden and dramatic
failure of a structure or mechanism, and as a result, special attention must
be given to the design of columns so that they can safely support their
intended loadings without buckling.
Theory
• A column is said to be slender if its cross-sectional dimensions are small
compared with its length.
• The degree of slenderness is generally expressed in terms of the
slenderness ratio l/r, where l is the unsupported length of the member and
r is the radius of gyration of its cross section, equal to 𝐼/𝐴 .
• For square or circular members, the value of r is the same about either
axis;
• For other shapes r is smallest about the minor principal axis, and it is
generally this value that must be used in determining the slenderness
ratio of a freestanding column.
Theory
• The maximum axial load that a column can support
when it is on the verge of buckling is called the critical
load, Pcr, Fig – a.
• Any additional loading will cause the column to buckle
and therefore deflect laterally as shown in Fig – b.
EULER’S FORMULA FOR PIN-ENDED COLUMNS
Theory
EULER’S FORMULA FOR SLENDER COLUMNS
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐿𝑒
𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2𝐸 𝜋2𝐸
⇒ = 2 = 2 2= 2
𝐴 𝐿𝑒 𝐴 𝐿𝑒 /𝑟 𝐿𝑒 /𝑟
Theory
• Effective length of column for various end conditions.
Theory
• Relation between critical stress and slenderness ratio
Theory
• The Effective length factor, K for different support condition is shown in Figure
Figure: Effective length
factor, K for different
support condition
Exp: BUCKLING TEST OF SLENDER COLUMNS
1. Objectives :
✓To determine the buckling loads of slender columns of different lengths and end
conditions.
✓To compare the experimental and the theoretical critical loads.
2. Apparatus:
✓Column Testing Apparatus
✓Slide Calipers
✓Measuring tape
✓Weights
3. Specimen:
✓High tensile steel column of different lengths
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BUCKLING TEST OF SLENDER COLUMNS
4. Procedure:
1. Measure the length and the mean diameter of the column to be tested
2. Place the column in the column testing apparatus with the both end hinged.
3. Apply load by placing equal weights on both pans. Give a small lateral force to deflect the
column laterally. Increase the load if the column straightens back upon removal of the
lateral force.
4. Continue the process until the applied load is just sufficient to hold the column in a bend
condition; i.e., when the column does not straighten back after removal of lateral load.
Record this load as the critical load.
5. Repeat the above steps (1) to (5) for the following two end conditions: (a) One end hinged
and one end fixed (b) Both end fixed.
6. Calculate the theoretical buckling load for each loading case.
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BUCKLING TEST OF SLENDER COLUMNS
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BUCKLING TEST OF SLENDER COLUMNS
Data Table and Result
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BUCKLING TEST OF SLENDER COLUMNS
Data Table and Result
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BUCKLING TEST OF SLENDER COLUMNS
5. DATA AND CALCULATION
Calculate critical loads theoretically for different support conditions.
6. GRAPH
Plot combined graphs of Experimental and Theoretical (i.e. Euler) buckling load (Pcr)
vs. slenderness ratio (Le/K) for each end condition
7. DISCUSSION
Point out the discussion
(Discuss on the results found, shape of graphs, effect of slenderness ratio, effect of
end condition and reason if there is difference between actual and theoretical result)
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BUCKLING TEST OF SLENDER COLUMNS
8. ASSIGNMENT
1. Derive the equation of Euler Critical load for pin ended column.
2. Derive the equation of Euler Critical load for fixed ended column.
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