Term Definition

Ancient Rome
3.1 INVESTIGATE the lives of people in one ancient or medieval civilisation of their choosing, explaining how the actions and/or achievements of that
Chapter 4
civilisation contributed to the history of Europe and/or the wider world
Amphitheatre Where gladiatorial games were held.
The Stone Age
Aqueduct A channel used to carry water over land. Rome was founded by twin brothers, Romulus and Remus around 753 BC. Initially ruled by kings before becoming a republic that conquered all of Italy and controlled North Africa,
Greece and Spain. The republic's most famous leader - and thus dictator - was Julius Caesar, the last leader of the Roman Republic.
Catacombs Underground passageways and chambers used by Christians for burials.
The Roman Republic was replaced by the Roman Empire following the assassination of Caesar which added most of Europe and the Mediterranean region. The Roman Empire, in all its
Cena The main meal of the day - followed by a nap. identities, last for over 1000 years. The fall of the Western Roman Empire is dated in AD 476.

Classical Term used for culture, art and architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome Patricians Plebeians Education

The largest ancient amphitheatre ever built, the Colosseum is in the Patricians were the wealthy noble families who ruled Rome Plebeians were the poor people of Rome and made up the Plebeian children received a basic education before entering
Colosseum centre of Rome, just east of the Roman Forum. It held between 50,000 to and only male Patricians could vote. Men were togas while vast majority of the population. They received a dole the work force, usually following their parents' profession.
80,000 spectators. women wore stolas. A patrician had two types of houses; a (payment of free grain). Men wore a tunic while women Patrician children (7-12) attended the ludus where they
domus (in a town) or a villa (in the countryside). A domus had wore plain stolas. They lived in apartment blocks called learned reading, writing and arithmetic. Boys continued onto
Circus Maximus An oval-shaped stadium built for chariot racing. many features: an atrium (central courtyard), an impluvium insulaes. The ground floor had shops and workshops.The the grammaticus to learn history, grammar, geometry and
(pool), slave quarters, and a peristylium (walled garden). higher up you went, the smaller the apartments. The poorest literature while girls stayed at home and learned domestic
Citizens Romans with legal rights; including the right to vote.
Paintings and floors were decorated in mosaics. Their homes Romans lived in the highest floors where they were made of skills from their mothers and prepare for marriage. Boys,
The two most powerful political officials of the Roman Republic. They used oil lamps while some had running water. wood that made them a constant fire threat. aged 16, learned oratory.
Consuls
held office for one year and had to agree decisions. Entertainment The Roman Army Slaves
Dictator A ruler with full power Entertainment: there were numerous ways in which Roman The Roman Army was central to Roman civilisation and the Slaves: Rome had over 300,000 slaves who were made up
citizens entertained themselves. These included public baths, spread of the Roman Empire. Soldiers enlisted at the age of from prisoners of war, children of slaves, people captured
Dole Free grain given to the poor.
theatres (where plays of tragedy and comedy took place), 20, serving for 25 years for which they received land as a by pirates or bandits, or children who were sold by their
Domus The private house of a patrician family - in a town. chariot racing and gladiatorial games. The Colosseum was reward for their loyalty, with some planted across the parents to pay off debts. Most patricians owned several
built circa 80 AD by Emperor Vespasian in Rome. It could seat Roman Empire to secure its control. A legion consisted of slaves who cooked and cleaned, worked on public building
Emperor The supreme ruler of an empire. up to 50,000 spectators who came to watch the gladiatorial 5,400 legionaries (Roman foot soldiers) and horsemen. projects, on farms and in mines. Well-educated slaves
Empire A group of colonies controlled by a single ruler or government. games, fights with erotic animals and mock sea battles. Soldiers equipment consisted of armour, sword, helmet, (mostly Greeks) were employed as teachers, secretaries,
dagger, wooden shield and javelin. doctors and tutors. They could earn manumission (freedom)
Painting style in Ancient Rome and in the Renaissance where painting is
Fresco Religion Spread of Christianity The Fall of Rome
done on damp plaster
Ancient Romans were polytheists - they believed in many Following the death of Christ circa AD 33, Christianity As the Roman Empire had spread wide over Europe, it also
A large town square that was the centre of business, political activity
Forum different Gods who controlled everyday events and to whom spread through the Roman Empire. Unlike the Pagan meant that many 'barbarian' tribes lived around the edges of
and religious worship.
they prayed, made offerings and sacrifices at their lararium Romans, Christians were monotheists - they believe in only the Empire such as the Gauls, Franks, Saxons and Vandals.
Gladiators Trained fights who battled other gladiators in public contests. (family shrines) or at a temple. One example of an Ancient one God. The Christians were persecuted by the Roman In the fifth century, the warlike tribes from modern-day
Roman temple is The Pantheon. When a Roman died, their authorities for their refusal to take part in ceremonies that Germany began invading the Roman Empire who was
Insulae Apartment blocks occupied by plebeians. body was cremated and their ashes were stored in an urn. All worshipped Roman Gods. Emperor Constantine converted to struggling with inner turmoil and conflict; in AD 410 they
funerals took place outside the town walls. Romans believed Christianity on his deathbed in AD 313 and granted the sacked Rome. New barbarian kingdoms were founded within
Legionaries Regular soldiers in the Roman army.
that when a person died, they crossed River Styx in the religion legal status throughout the Roman Empire through the remains of the of the Roman Empire; the Angles and the
Manumission Gaining freedom from slavery. underworld; they placed a coin on the eyes of the dead to pay the Edict of Milan. Saxons replaced the Romans and Celts in Britain. The
the ferryman for the crossing. Western Roman Empire fell in AD 476 while the Byzantine
Moasics Pictures made from small pieces of stone, glass or tile.
Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) remained until 1453.
Monotheism Worshipping one god. The Legacy of Rome
Rich nobles, including wealthy landowners. They made up a small The Legacy of Rome: Many modern languages, such as the Romantic Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian are based on Latin which had been the language of
Patricians
percentage of the Roman population. the Romans. As Christianity replaced the pagan religion, the spread of the Roman Empire helped to make Christianity a powerful religion for many centuries to come. The Roman
calendar (originally Julian before being replaced by Gregorian) is the inspiration for the calendar used by Western countries today. Roman architecture involved skilled engineers and
Poor working-class people, including soldiers, farmers, craftsmen and
Plebeians builders who invented concrete while using rounded arches and pillars to support large domes and roofs.
labourers. They made up the majority of the Roman population.

Polytheism Worshipping many gods.

A country where the people elect their leaders in free and fair
Republic elections. The head of state is an elected president rather than a king or
queen.

Stola A long robe or garment worn by women in Ancient Rome

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Strigil A curved instrument to scrape oil and dirt off the body

Toga A long robe for men in Ancient Rome

Tunic A dress-like garment worn by men and women.