115
aMENTS
LAWS OF REFRACTION
EXPERIMENT 11
OBJECTIVE R)
Thocing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for diferent angles
Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, the angle
noidence of emergence and interpret
e suit
MATERIALS REQUIRED ()
Drawing board, white paper, glass slab, geometry box, pins.
THEORY R)
Refraction is the phenomenon in which a ray of light obliquely travelling from one transparent
sadiun to another bends at the surface of separation and follows a diferent course in the second medium.
When ray of light travelling in air (see Fig. 11.1 (a) AO] is incident ray at the point 0 on the
a
surface of glass slab, the angle AON is the angle of incidence and the angle BON is the angle of
nfroction. When the ray travels through glass slab and enters into air, it again shows and
refraction
sknownas refracted ray (see Fig. 11.1 (6)]. If a ray of light travels from an medium (air)
optically rare
a denser medium glass slab, it bends towards the normal whereas a ray passing from an optically
denser medium (glass slab) to a rarer medium (air) bends away from the normal.
NORMAL
. OPTICALLY
MORE DENSE
RAY
INCIDENT I OPTICALLY LESS MEDIUM
I DENSEMEDIUM (GLASS)
(AIR)
(L)
OPTICALLY OPTICALLY
MORE DENSE LESS DENSE
MEDIUM MEDIUM (AIR) FRACTED
(GASS) RAY
NORMAL
N
(a)
()
ray passing from optically rarer medium (air) to the denser medium
Fig. 11.1, (a) Incident
the nomnal.
(glass slab) showing bending towards
passing trom denser medium (glass slab) to the rarer medium
(b)Refracted ray
away from the nomal.
(air) showing bending
LAWS OF REFRACTION (R)
always takes place according to the following two laws:
The refraction of light
16
PRACTICALSOIENCE
G)The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to the surfaceat the point of
incidence,
lie in the same plane. alway
(i)Fora given pair of media (for example, air and glassslab), the sine fthe
angle of of
ineideme
bears a constant ratio to the sine of the angle of refraction.
sin i
sin r
where u is a constant called refractive index,sin is
sine of angle of refraction.
sine of angie i
of incidence and si,
The second law of refraction is also known as Snell'slaw.
When we refer to refractive index,it is essential
are generally by
to specify the two media. The meia
conet
indicated writing small suffixes above and beneath the constant For erample a
travelling
is the
through
refractive index
air enters into
of glass with
the medium glass and the
respect to air. This
ratio
result is written
of
Sin i
Sin r
as
is found
= l5.
to be L5
Silariy he
i
refractive index of water with respect to air is 1.33, it is written as = 1.33.
N.
1 ANGLE OF
INCIDENT
RAY 3oNCIDENCE
AR
GLASS
ANGLE OF
REFRACTION
D
REFRACTED
RAY LATERAL
ANGLE OF EMERGENCE DiSPLACEMENT
EMERGENT
RAY
Fig, 11.2. The angle of incidence and the angle of refraction to be taken for
calculation of refractive index.
PROCEDURE (R)
1. Fix a sheet of white paper on a drawing board with the help of drawing pins
2. Place a glass slab on the paper and draw
B, C and D (see Fig. 11.2).
its boundary with a pointed pencil. Label it sA
3. Mark a point E, slightly towards A from the middle of the line AB. Draw a perpendicular
(normal) N,N, passing through E.
4. Draw a line PQE making an angle PQN, equal to 30 with the normal.
5.Now, replace the glass slab in its position ABCD and fÂx two pns vertically, ray P nt e
about 5-7 cm apart on the line PE. The line PQE represents the incident ray and te ae
PQN, as angle of incidence.
6. Look through the glass slab from its CD side to find out the pins P and Q by moving
head. Now, close your one eye and adjust the position the PQpins
of your head so that the
to be in same straight line. On the side CD, fix two pins R and in such a way that all S
four pins P, Q, R and S appear to be in the same straight line (see Fig. 112.
117
ENTS slab and the pin points P, Q,
encircle S with
the glass R and a sharp pencil. Join the
1 Remove S and extend the line towards glass slab the CD at
R and position so that it, meets
points
with a line.
E.Join EF
e line FRS represents
Measure the angle
of refraction.
the refracted ray and angle FEN, represents the angle of refraction.
Repeat
the experiment taking the angle of incidence Zi equal to 45° and 60°. Measure the
8
corresponding angles of refraction.
a Ohtain the value of the sine of the angles from
the sine table.
Caleulate the refractive index by taking mean of the three readings.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION (L)
Record your observationsin a table as given below:
A.
Angle sin i Sin r Pair of
Angle of of
Sin r
Incidence Refraction
Media
S. No.
Zi Refractite Index
0.326 0.500 Air with respect
1 30° 19° 0.500 =153
0.326 to glass
2 45°
3 60°
+ + *****
Mean
3
Thus, the value of the refractive index with respect to air (")is
B. Observe whether the plane of incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface at
the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
INFERENCE (R)
Ihe incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence,all lie
a the same plane, that is, in the plane of the white paper sheet.
PRECAUTIONS R)
1. Pins should be fixed in an upright position.
2. Keep 5 cm distance between pins.
3. Use sharp pencil.
4. Remove pins one by one.
SOURCES OF ERROR A)
I. If protractor is faulty, then measurement of angle can be wrong.
t pins are not fixed in same straight line, then there can be large error in the path rav.
of
LIGHT
PRISM
O OBJECTIVE (R
Tracing the path of the rays of
EXPERIMENT
light through a glass prism.
13
MATERIALS REQUIRED()
Drawing board, drawing sheet, drawing pins,prism, pencil, half metre scale, office pins.
THEORY (R)
Prism. a piece of a transparent medium bounded by three rectangular surfaces forming
It is a
triangle. One surface (which may be opaque or transparent) is called base. Other two surfaces are
transparent and are called refracting surface. The line along which the refracting surfaces meet.is
called the edge of the prism. The angle between the two refracting surfaces, is called the angle f
prism.
Refraction of Light through a Prism
Diagram (Fig. 13.1) shows section ABC of a prism taken by a vertical plane perpendicular to the
edge. BC isthe base of the prism and AB and AC are its two refracting surfaces.
---K
P
()
R
P
Fig. 13.1. Refraction through a prism.
128
EXPERIMENTS
129
RQ is the incident ray
Q5 is the refracted ray
ST is the emergent ray
RQN, angle of incidence
SQN, angle of refraction inside prism
QSN, angle of incidence inside prism
TSN, angle of emergence
BAC A angle of prism
SFK D =angle of deviation
It has been proved that:
(1)
(2) A +D = i+e.
Angle of Minimum Deviation
Definition.The minimum value of
angle of deviation is called angle of minimum
represented by the symbol D deviation. It is
PROCEDURE (R)
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the
drawing board with the help of drawing
2. Draw a straight line XX parallel to pins.
the length of the paper
paper. nearly in the middle of the
3. Mark points Q, Q Q .on the straight line XX' at suitable distances of about 5 em.
4. Draw normal N, Q,, N,Q, N,Q on points Q,, Q Q as shown in
Draw straight lines R,Q,, Fig 13.2.
5.
RQ, RQ making angles of 30",35",
of the angles on the paper) 40°, ..,60 (writevalue
respectively with the normals.
not
Fig 13.2. Hefraction thvough prism at difterent angies.
6. Mark one corner of the prism as A and take it as the
edge of the prism for all the observations.
7. Put it prism with its refracting face AB the
in line XX* and point Q, in the middle of AB.
8. Mark the boundary of the prism.
PRACTICAL
SCIENCE-X
RQ, The
Th distanee between
on the line thepinn
ins P, and P, vertieally
8 Fx twe oflee
shoult be & em or more
though face AC
of point P, andP,
10. Loek the imases lne with the two images,
eye
eye and bring oen right
in
11 Close your let
such that the open right eye see
P, and P, vertically, & enm apart
12 Fx twe office pins pins
P, and P, in one straight line.
P,and P, and images of paper
13. Remove pins P, and
P,and encircle their pricka on the
38, 40, 0
14. Repeat steps
7 to 18 with points Q Q n for
To measure D in different cases
and P, (pin pricka) to obtain emergent
13 Draw straight lines through points P, rays 8,, 8,
16. Pruce T,S,, TS, TS, inward in the boundary of he prism o meet produeed incid
rays R,Q. R,Q RQ at points F,, F,, F
D. D
Measure angles K,F,S, K,FS, KFS, These give angles of deviation D,
17.
18. Wite values of these angles on the paper.
To measure A
19, Measure angle BAC in the boundary of the prism. This gives angle A.
20. Record your observationsas follows.
OBSERVATION/RESULT L)
Angle of prism A =
Serial Na, of Obs. Angle incidence, Angle of deviation, D
of
(2) (3)
30
35
40*
45
5 50
6. 55
7. 60
Let the value of angle of minimum deviation, D
(Mean of Angles of Deviation from I to )
INFERENCE )
Angle of minimum deviation, D, =
PRECAUTIONS R
1. The angle of incidence should lie between 30°60°.
2. The pins should be fixed vertical.
3. The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10 cm.
4. Arrow heads should be marked to represent the incident and emergent rays.
5. The same angle of prism should be used for all the observation.
SOURCES OF ERROR R)
1. Pin pricks may be thick.
2. Measurement of angles may be wrong.
