Unit 1 Egypt’s Heritage

Learning Outcomes:
Reading : - Identify the gist in a text about Egypt’s heritage.
- Recognize specific details in a text about Egypt’s heritage.
Listening : - Identify the main ideas from audio texts about cultural heritage and
its preservation.
Language : - Use the Past Simple for completed past actions.
- Use the Past Continuous to show that an action was in progress.
Writing : - Write a short narrative paragraph about “a strange day in my life”
using the Past Simple and the Past Continuous.
Speaking : - Describe a longer, ongoing action in the past using the Past Continuous
and shorter actions using the Past Simple.
 Part One Lessons 1 & 2
Key Vocabulary
civilization (n) ‫ حضارة‬monuments (n) ‫ معالم‬/ ‫آثار‬
crossroads (n) ‫ ملتقى الطرق‬neighborhood (n) ‫ حي سكني‬/ ‫مجاورة‬
heritage (n) ‫ التراث‬trade (n/v)-d ‫ يت�اجر‬/ ‫تجارة‬
merchant (n) ‫تاجر‬

Definitions
great and lasting achievements of a society
civilization (n) ‫حضارة‬
‫اإلنجازات العظيمة والدائمة للمجتمع‬
a place where two roads meet and cross each other
crossroads (n) ‫ملتقى الطرق‬
‫مكان يلتقي فيه طريقان ويتقاطعان‬
history, traditions, and values passed down

English
heritage (n) ‫التراث‬
‫التاريخ والتقاليد والقيم المتوارثة‬
someone who buys and sells goods in large quantities
merchant (n) ‫تاجر‬
‫شخص يشتري ويبيع البضائع بكميات كبيرة‬
important historical buildings or structures
monument (n) ‫ معلم تذكاري‬/ ‫آثر‬
‫المباني أو الهياكل التاريخية الهامة‬
neighborhood (n) ‫ حي سكني‬/ ‫ مجاورة‬an area of a town or city .‫منطقة من بلدة أو مدين�ة‬
selling, or exchanging goods within a country or between
trade (n/v)-d ‫ يت�اجر‬/ ‫ تجارة‬countries
‫بيع أو تب�ادل البضائع داخل بلد أو بين بلدان‬

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 helps countries exchange goods, ideas, and culture.
......................
a) Art b) Monument c) Neighborhood d) Trade
2 The Egyptian ...................... is famous for its pyramids and temples.
a) trade b) civilization c) merchant d) neighborhood
3 The old mosque stands at the ...................... of three villages.
a) merchant b) trade c) crossroads d) civilization
4 Our ...................... includes music, art, stories, and traditional customs.
a) heritage b) habit c) merchant d) neighbor
5 Kids played football in the streets of the ...................... .
a) trade b) neighborhood c) merchant d) heritage
6 The pyramids are the most famous ...................... in Egypt.
a) crossroads b) merchants c) neighborhoods d) monuments
7 The ...................... sold fruits and vegetables in the busy market.
a) merchant b) monument c) heritage d) civilization

English
Egypt’s Heritage 5
 Important Vocabulary
ancestors (n) ‫األجداد‬ harmony (n) ‫ تن�اغم‬/ ‫انسجام‬ preserve (v)-d ‫يصون‬/‫يحفظ‬
archaeologist (n) ‫عا ِلم آثار‬ heart (n) ‫قلب‬ pride (n) ‫فخر‬
art (n) ‫فن‬ hieroglyphs (n) ‫الهيروغليفية‬ profession (n) ‫مهنة‬
awareness (n) ‫وعي‬ historian (n) ‫مؤرخ‬ progress (n/v)-ed ‫ يتقدم‬/ ‫تقدم‬
reconnect (v)-ed
anxiety (n) ‫ قلق‬historical (adj) ‫تاريخي‬
‫ يعيد االرتب�اط‬/ ‫يعيد االتصال‬
balance (n) (v)-d ‫ يوازن‬/ ‫توازن‬ history (n) ‫تاريخ‬ record (v/n)-ed ‫ سجل‬/ ‫يسجل‬
ّ
beat (v) beat / beaten ‫ينبض‬ homeland (n) ‫وطن‬ require (v)-d ‫يتطلب‬
beauty (n) ‫جمال‬ honor (v)-ed ‫ يشرف‬/ ‫يكرم‬ restore (v)-d ‫ُيرمم‬
bridge (n) ‫ صلة‬/ ‫جسر‬ host (n) ‫ مضيف‬/ ‫ُمذيع‬ restoring (n) ‫ترميم‬
carve (v)-d ‫ينحت‬ identity (n) ‫هوية‬ rise (v)-rose / risen ‫ تنهض‬/ ‫ترتفع‬
center (n) ‫مركز‬ inspiration (n) ‫إلهام‬ sacrifice (n) ‫تضحية‬

English
challenge (n) (v)-d ‫ يتحدي‬/ ‫تحدي‬ inspire (v)-d ‫يلهم‬ sense (n) ‫إحساس‬
citizen (n) ‫مواطن‬ knowledge (n) ‫ علم‬/ ‫معرفة‬ share (v)-d ‫يشارك‬
courage (n) ‫شجاعة‬ lack (n) ‫نقص‬ site (n) ‫موقع‬
culture (n) ‫ثقافة‬ learning (n) ‫التعلم‬ source (n) ‫مصدر‬
determination (n) ‫ عزيمة‬/ ‫إصرار‬ library (n) ‫مكتب�ة‬ spices (n) ‫توابل‬
economy (n) ‫اقتصاد‬ mathematics (n) ‫رياضيات‬ summary (n) ‫ملخص‬
exchange (v)-d ‫يتب�ادل‬ medicine (n) ‫الطب‬ temple (n) ‫معبد‬
flood (n) ‫فيضان‬ modern (adj) ‫ معاصر‬/ ‫حديث‬ traffic (n) ‫حركة المرور‬
gather (v)-d ‫يجمع‬ museum (n) ‫متحف‬ understand (v)-understood ‫يفهم‬
generation (n) ‫جيل‬ nation (n) ‫ وطن‬/ ‫أمة‬ wall (n) ‫جدار‬
goods (n) ‫بضائع‬ papyrus (n) ‫ورق البردي‬ writing (n) ‫كتابة‬
government (n) ‫حكومة‬ pollution (n) ‫التلوث‬
grain (n) ‫ قمح‬/ ‫ غلة‬/ ‫حبوب‬ preservation (n) ‫ صون‬/ ‫حفظ‬

Language Notes
raise – rise – arouse – arise
raise/ raised/ raised + ‫مفعول‬  :‫يأتي بعدها مفعول ولها معانى مختلفة منها‬
Ex: I asked my teacher to raise his voice as I couldn't hear him. ‫ يرفع‬.1
Ex: Many shops have raised their prices. ‫ يزيد‬.2
Ex: Farmers raise sheep and cows to get meat and milk. ‫ يربى‬.3
Ex: The charity in our city raises money to help the disabled. )‫ يجمع (مال‬.4
rise/ rose/ risen  :‫ال يأت بعدها مفعول و ال يأتي في صيغة المبني للمجهول ولها معانى مختلفة منها‬
Ex: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ‫ تشرق‬.1
Ex: Sales rose by 20% over the Christmas period. ‫ ترتفع‬/‫ تزداد‬.2
The waves rose and fell.
Ex: I usually rise at 7:00. ‫ يستيقظ‬.3
English
6 Unit 1
 arouse / aroused / aroused + ‫ مفعول‬ ‫يثير‬
)‫ الخ‬... interest ‫ تعاطف‬/interest ‫ فضول‬/interest ‫ مخاوف‬/interest ‫ غضب‬/interest ‫ شك‬/interest ‫يثير( اهتمام‬
- His strange behavior aroused my suspicion.
arise/ arose/ arisen )‫(بدون مفعول‬  )‫تنشأ (فعل الزم اليأتي في صيغة المبني للمجهول‬
- There are a lot of problems that have arisen recently.

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 Tom's dad died, leaving his mother to ................... three sons alone.
a) arouse b) arise c) rise d) raise
2 House prices ................... rapidly last year.
a) raised b) aroused c) rose d) revised

Taking Pride in Our Beloved Egypt

English
Before you start
Think and discuss in pairs.
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you think makes a country’s people feel proud of their homeland?
2. What do you know about the Ancient Egyptian civilization?

Reading
Egypt is a land with a heart that has been beating(1) for thousands of years. We are proud to
call it our home. It is a place where the past and the present meet in harmony.
Egypt has always played an important role in the world. Our ancestors(2)
built one of the greatest civilizations(3) in history. They gave the world ‫ ينبض‬.1
‫ أجداد‬.2
knowledge(4) in writing, mathematics, and medicine. The hieroglyphs(5)
‫ حضارات‬.3
carved into temple walls were not just beautiful art; they were a way to ‫ معرفة‬.4
record history. The Library of Alexandria once gathered knowledge from all ‫ اللغة الهيروغليفية‬.5
over the world, making Egypt a center of learning. ‫ ملتقي الطرق‬.6
Egypt was also a crossroads(6) for trade(7). Merchants(8) traveled along the ‫ ُتجارة‬.7
Nile and across the deserts, carrying goods such as gold, spices, papyrus, ‫ تجار‬.8
and grain. Our land was a bridge where people met and exchanged ideas, ‫ أثار‬.9
‫ جسور‬.10
making Egypt a source of inspiration for many civilizations. / ‫أحياء سكني�ة‬.11
Today, Egypt continues to grow. Our cities rise with modern buildings, while ‫مجاورات‬
our historical monuments(9) still stand with pride. We are building new roads, ‫ تراث‬.12
bridges , and neighborhoods that show the world our determination to
(10) (11)

progress. From the Pyramids of Giza to the Grand Egyptian Museum, we continue to honor our
history while shaping our future.
We take pride in our country, not only for its beauty, but also because we understand the
sacrifices of our ancestors. We work hard to make it greater for generations to come. Every
citizen has a role to play – protecting our heritage(12), contributing to our economy, and sharing
our culture with the world.

English
Egypt’s Heritage 7
Corrected Text of the Questions:
1 In what ways did Ancient Egyptians contribute to world knowledge?
a) by building modern bridges and roads
b) by writing mathematics, art, and medicine
c) by trading oil and with other countries
d) by inventing computers and mobile phones
2 According to the passage, the hieroglyphs were a .............. .
a) type of trade product b) form of beautiful decoration
c) way record history d) type of building material
3 What specific action is mentioned that demonstrates Egypt’s focus on modern development?
a) Protecting its heritage
b) Building new roads, bridges, and neighborhoods
c) Recording history with hieroglyphs d) Traveling along the Nile
4 The main idea of this passage is to show .............. .

English
a) How Egypt’s ancient civilization was superior to all others
b) The challenges Egypt faces with modern development
c) The proud link between Egypt’s ancient past and its modern progress
d) The sacrifices made by ancient Egyptians
5 Which of the following is the best summary of the passage?
a) Ancient Egypt was a great civilization that built pyramids and temples.
b) Modern Egypt is a developing country that is building new roads and museums.
c) Egypt is continuing to build and progress today, as a source of pride for its citizens.
d) Egyptians should be proud of their country’s past for it was once a center of trade and learning.
6 Based on the context, what does the word “determination” mean in this sentence:
“We are building new roads, bridges, and neighborhoods that show the world our
determination to progress.”
a) A lack of interest effort. b) A strong will to succeed or achieve a goal.
c) A feeling of worry or anxiety. d) An old and ancient way of doing things.
7 Which of the following statements from the passage is an opinion rather than a fact?
a) “The hieroglyphs carved into temple walls were not just beautiful art; they were a way to
record history.”
b) “The Library of Alexandria once gathered knowledge from all over the world)”
c) “Egypt has always played an important role in the world)”
d) “Merchants traveled along the Nile and across the deserts.”
Listen to the audio track, then choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d.
1 Dr. Mona Hassan’s profession is a/an .............. .
a) historian b) tourist guide c) archaeologist d) radio host
2 What is the main idea of Dr. Mona’s message?
a) The economy of tourism is important for Egypt.
b) Preserving heritage is essential for national identity.
c) Young people are not interested in history.
d) The Philae Temple is the most important site.
English
8 Unit 1
3 According to Dr. Mona, the biggest challenge to heritage preservation is the .............. .
a) lack of monuments b) effects of climate change
c) lack of awareness among young people d) tourists visiting the sites
4 Dr. Mona wants to inspire young people by .............. .
a) writing books about history
b) telling them that heritage is a source of money
c) asking them for help
d) encouraging them to visit historical sites
5 According to the audio track, what is the result of a nation restoring its historical sites?
a) It makes money for the country.
b) It helps the nation reconnect with its past.
c) It makes it easier for tourists to visit.
d) It prevents the country from building new cities.
English Lovers’ Exercises on Vocabulary

English
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:-
1 Ancient Egypt was famous for .............. along the Nile River.
a) government b) sacrifice c) trade d) writing
2 A park was built in the center of our .............. .
a) heritage b) neighborhood c) merchant d) monument
3 Tourists come from everywhere to see the ancient .............. .
a) neighborhood b) flood c) profession d) monuments
4 The .............. sold spices, gold, and silk from far lands.
a) inspirations b) monuments c) merchants d) trades
5 We must protect our .............. for the next generations.
a) spices b) heritage c) pollution d) traffic
6 Every .............. leaves monuments that show its culture and power.
a) civilization b) bridge c) citizen d) crossroad
7 The two main streets meet at a busy .............. in town.
a) identity b) historian c) wall d) crossroads
8 The Aswan High Dam helps to control the Nile, but it also .............. many historical sites from floods.
a) reserves b) observes c) preserves d) deserves
9 The Great Pyramids are an amazing part of our historical .............. that we must protect.
a) restoring b) sacrifice c) temple d) heritage
10 The government is working on .............. the old Islamic buildings in Cairo.
a) destroying b) restoring c) polluting d) exchanging
11 A strong sense of national .............. is important for a country to feel united.
a) spices b) hieroglyphs c) difficulty d) identity
12 Egyptians have a deep feeling of .............. when they see their ancient monuments.
a) pride b) papyrus c) courage d) economy
13 Parents make many .............. to give their children better lives.
a) civilizations b) temples c) sacrifices d) papyrus
14 The teacher was happy with the student’s .............. in class.
a) progress b) spices c) economy d) traffic
English
Egypt’s Heritage 9
15 Egyptian .............. is rich with history, art, and traditions.
a) restoring b) culture c) crossroad d) goods
16 .............. is the key to success in every field.
a) Generation b) pollution c) Carelessness d) Determination
17 The government protects every .............. from harm and danger.
a) mistake b) citizen c) Hieroglyphs d) flood
18 He studied .............. to become a doctor.
a) medicine b) mathematics c) civilization d) history
19 Our .............. built the pyramids thousands of years ago.
a) grandchildren b) merchants c) ancestors d) crossroads
20 The .............. connects the two cities across the river.
a) restoring b) traffic c) bridge d) host
21 Bread is made from .............. .
a) spices b) grain c) medicine d) papyrus
22 .............. were the writing system of ancient Egyptians.

English
a) Identity b) Harmony c) Sacrifice d) Hieroglyphs
23 His heart .............. quickly when he heard the good news.
a) restored b) gathered c) exchanged d) beat
24 Teachers are a source of .............. for students.
a) inspiration b) challenge c) economy d) generation
25 Ancient Egyptians wrote on .............. for records and stories.
a) notebook b) papyrus c) harmony d) merchant
26 The pyramids are a famous historical .............. in Egypt.
a) mountain b) position c) location d) site
27 The .............. discovered an ancient tomb in the desert.
a) teacher b) doctor c) archaeologist d) architect
28 The .............. wrote about ancient Egyptian kings.
a) historic b) historian c) historical d) history
29 The colors of the painting were in perfect ..............
a) grain b) harmony c) heritage d) civilization
30 Ancient Egyptians used .............. to build the pyramids.
a) medicine b) traffic c) papyrus d) mathematics
31 My mother mixed different .............. to prepare the special dinner.
a) spaces b) species c) spices d) speeches
32 Museums play a role in the .............. of culture.
a) deservation b) preservation c) observation d) reservation
33 Books are a great source of .............. .
a) spices b) sacrifices c) knowledge d) Hieroglyphs
34 The children .............. flowers from the garden every morning.
a) rise b) understand c) honor d) gather
35 The secretary will .............. the meeting details carefully.
a) work b) record c) destroy d) rise
36 Students .............. ideas during the classroom discussion.
a) exchange b) hurt c) destroy d) sacrificed
English
10 Unit 1
37 People need .............. of protecting the environment.
a) neglect b) ignorance c) awareness d) pollution
38 Technology has changed life for the new .............. .
a) decorations b) grandparents c) ancestors d) generations
39 A strong .............. provides jobs and security for citizens.
a) grain b) economy c) pollution d) decoration
40 He chose medicine as his .............. to help people.
a) job b) career c) awareness d) profession
Prepositions & Expressions & Collocations
(be) proud (of + v+ing) / (to + inf.) ‫فخور بــ‬ For example ...  ‫علي سبي�ل المثال‬
a center of  ‫مركز لــ‬ I see your point, but ...  ‫ ولكن‬،‫أفهم وجهة نظرك‬...
a crossroads for trade ‫مفترق طرق للتجارة‬ lead to + (n. / v+ing) ‫يؤدي إلى‬
a source of inspiration for ‫مصدر إلهام‬ move forward  ‫يتقدم لألمام‬
across the deserts ‫عبر الصحاري‬ One way to ... is ...  ‫طريقة واحدة لــ‬

English
carries its past with it ‫تحمل ماضيها معها‬ play a role ‫يلعب دور‬
carve into ‫ينحت في‬ take pride in ‫يفخر بــ‬
contribute to + n. / v+ing ‫يسهم في‬ take turns ‫يأخذ دوره‬
make a contribution to + n. / v+ing the Grand Egyptian Museum ‫المتحف المصري الكبير‬
‫يقدم اسهاما لــ‬ travel along the Nile ‫يسافر على طول نهر الني�ل‬

Synonyms and Antonyms

Word Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
alive ‫ علي قيد الحياة‬living/breathing dead/ lifeless ‫بال حياة‬/‫ميت‬
ancient ‫أثري‬/‫ قديم‬old/antique modern/new ‫جديد‬/‫حديث‬
carve ‫ ينحت‬shape/cut combine/unite ‫يجمع‬/‫يوحد‬/‫يضم‬
deep ‫ عميق‬profound/far down shallow/surface ‫سطحي‬
essential ‫ ضروري‬necessary/important unnecessary/optional ‫اختي�اري‬/‫غير ضروري‬
harmony ‫ إنسجام‬coordination/agreement conflict/disagreement ‫عدم اتفاق‬/‫صراع‬
historical ‫ تاريخي‬past/old modern/current ‫حالي‬/‫حديث‬
knowledge ‫ معرفة‬learning/wisdom ignorance/illiteracy ‫أمية‬/‫جهل‬
national ‫ وطني‬patriotic/state foreign/international ‫دولي‬/‫أجنبي‬
significant ‫مؤثر‬/‫ مهم‬important/meaningful unimportant/trivial ‫تافه‬/‫غير مهم‬
united ّ
‫موحد‬ together/joined divided/separate ‫منفصل‬/‫مقسم‬
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
Prepositions & Expressions & Collocations
1 Families take pride .............. their traditions and customs.
a) by b) of c) for d) in
2 Parents are proud .............. see their children succeed in life.
a) of b) in c) to d) for
English
Egypt’s Heritage 11
3 They carved names .............. the stone wall.
a) over b) by c) over d) into
4 Students contribute .............. the school every week.
a) to cleaning b) for cleaning c) of cleaning d) to clean
5 Tourists travel .............. the Nile to see ancient temples.
a) a length b) along c) long d) a long
6 The students .............. turns reading the story aloud.
a) make b) take c) do d) play
7 Studying daily leads to .............. your grades.
a) be improved b) have improved c) improving d) improve
8 One way .............. healthy is eating fruits and vegetables.
a) to stay b) for stay c) to staying d) for staying
9 The company wants to move .............. with the new plan.
a) off b) backward c) up d) forward

English
10 I .............. your point, but I cannot fully agree with it.
a) smell b) see c) hear d) taste
Choose the TWO correct answers out of the FIVE options given:

Synonyms and Antonyms

1 The patient is still alive after the accident. The synonyms and the word “alive” are .............. and
.............. .
a) dead b) breathing c) living d) lifeless e) shallow
2 The country is divided, not united under one flag. The antonyms of the word “united” are
.............. and .............. .
a) divided b) old c) joined d) alive e) separate
3 The pyramids in Egypt are very ancient monuments. The synonyms and the word “ancient”
are .............. and .............. .
a) trivial b) old c) modern d) antique e) united
4 Be careful, the water here is very deep. The antonyms of the word “deep” are .............. and .............. .
a) united b) shallow c) profound d) living e) surface
5 Water is essential for human life The synonyms and the word “essential” are .............. and .............. .
a) necessary b) important c) optional d) divided e) current
6 We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment. The synonyms of
the underlined word “harmony” are ............. and ............. .
a) conflict b) confusion c) coordination d) separation e) agreement
7 There were three large figures carved out of the rock. The synonyms of the underlined word
“carved” are ............. and ............. .
a) painted b) shaped c) written d) cut e) erased
8 He tried to impress me with his extensive knowledge of football. The antonym of the underlined
word “knowledge” is ............. .
a) wisdom b) ignorance c) learning d) facts e) illiteracy
English
12 Unit 1
 Grammar
Past Simple Tense
Form: ‫ا لتكويــن‬
Affirmative Negative
‫يتكون الماضى البسيط من التصريف الثانى للفعل‬ ‫ فاعل‬didn’t + ‫المصدر‬
I studied English yesterday. ‫ فاعل‬never + ‫التصريف الثانى‬
Main verb

I didn’t study English yesterday.

I never studied English yesterday.
Question Passive
Did + ‫ فاعل‬+ inf.? ‫ مفعول به‬+ was/were + p.p.
Did you study English yesterday? English was studied yesterday.

Affirmative Negative

English
‫ فاعل‬was/ were + )‫حرف جر‬/‫صفة‬/‫(اسم‬ ‫( فاعل‬was/ were) not + ...
was/were

I was at school yesterday. I wasn’t at school yesterday.

Question Passive
Was/Were + ‫ فاعل‬+ )‫حرف جر‬/‫ صفة‬/‫?(اسم‬
Were you at school yesterday?

Affirmative Negative
‫ فاعل‬+ had + )‫ اسم‬+ ‫صفة‬/‫(اسم‬ ‫ فاعل‬+ didn’t have + )‫ اسم‬+ ‫صفة‬/‫(اسم‬
I had a nice time with my friends. I didn’t have a nice time with my friends.
had

Question Passive
Did + ‫ فاعل‬+ have + )‫ اسم‬+ ‫صفة‬/‫?(اسم‬ ‫ مفعول به‬+ was/were (owned/ possessed/
D
 id you have a nice time with your spent)
friends? A nice time was spent with my friends.

:‫مالحظات على التكوين‬

Regular Verbs ‫األفعال المنتظمة‬
:‫ مثل‬ed ‫ هى األفعال التى يضاف لها‬1
visit visited want wanted
:‫ مثل‬e ‫ للفعل المنتهى بحرف‬d ‫ يضاف حرف‬2
like liked arrive arrived
:ed ‫ مسبوق بحرف متحرك يضاف له‬y/w ‫ إذا كان الفعل ينتهى بحرف‬3
play played show showed
:ied ‫ مسبوق بحرف ساكن يحذف ويضاف‬y ‫ اذا كان الفعل ينتهى بحرف‬4
carry carried study studied
:ed ‫ إذا كان الفعل يتكون من مقطع واحد وينتهى بحرف ساكن مسبوق بحرف متحرك يضاعف الحرف األخير ويضاف‬5
plan planned stop stopped

English
Egypt’s Heritage 13
 Irregular Verbs ‫األفعال الشاذة‬
:‫ وتحفظ جيدا مثل‬ed ‫هى األفعال التى ال يضاف لها‬
go went break broke build built
Usage: ‫االستخدام‬
: ‫ يعبر عن أحداث بدأت وانتهت فى الماضى وغالبا وقت حدوث الحدث محدد ويستخدم مع الكلمات اآلتي�ة‬1
yesterday ‫ أمس‬...... ago ‫ منذ‬in the past ‫فى الماضى‬
last ... ...‫ الماضى‬from + ‫ سنة‬+ to + ‫سنة‬ In early days
once ‫ ذات مرة‬Long time ago ‫ منذ فترة طويلة‬In + ‫سنة سابقة‬
once upon a ‫ ذات مرة‬Back then in the ancient times ‫قديما‬
time
one day ‫ فى يوم من األيام‬just now in the old days ‫قديما‬
How long ago did = When did ... first - then - next ... in the middle ages
When I was ... the other day (week-month-year)

English
I saw the match yesterday.
Malak visited the Pyramids last week.
The Egyptians taught the world what civilization was.

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 Mai ................... a delicious meal yesterday.
a) has prepared b) prepared c) prepares d) will prepare
2 Hind ................... attend the party last week.
a) isn’t b) doesn’t c) didn’t d) wasn’t
3 Merna ................... into a new flat a week ago.
a) moves b) moved c) will move d) has moved
4 Breakfast ................... by my mom.
a) cooked b) cooks c) was cooked d) didn’t cook
5 How long ................... did you study English?
a) ago b) since c) when d) while
.then – and ‫ يستخدم عند سرد أحداث قصة أوأحداث حدثت فى الماضى وغالبا نستخدم‬2
Omar finished his university, then travelled to England.
I got up at 7 am, ate my breakfast and went to school.
ً
.‫وغالبا نستخدم فى هذه الحالة‬ ‫ للتعبير عن عادات متكررة فى الماضى‬3
When I was used to + inf.
was / were (got) used to + n. / v+ing was / were (got) accustomed to + n. / v+ing
usually + ‫تصريف ثانى‬ sometimes + ‫تصريف ثانى‬
always + ‫تصريف ثانى‬ often + ‫تصريف ثانى‬
don’t/doesn’t + inf. ... any longer/anymore
no longer + ‫تصريف أول‬
don’t/doesn’t + inf. ... any more
It was (my) habit to + inf. ‫ فاعل‬was/were in the habit of + v+ing
English
14 Unit 1
 When I was in Alexandria, I used to go to the beach every day.
When I was in Alexandria, I usually/always went to the beach every day.
:‫الحظ الجمل اآلتي�ة‬
He used to sleep early. He no longer sleeps early.
He doesn’t sleep early any longer/anymore. It was his habit to sleep early.
He was used to sleeping early. He was accustomed to sleeping early.

Used to
‫ فاعل‬used to + inf.
Affirmative I used to get up early.
‫ فاعل‬didn’t use to + inf./never used to + inf.
Negative I didn’t use to get up early.
I never used to get up early.
Did ‫ فاعل‬+ use to + inf. ... ?

English
Question Did you use to get up early?
ُ
.‫ إلظهار التن�اقض بين موقف فى الماضى وآخر فى الحاضر‬used to ‫تستخدم‬
I used to sleep early but now I don’t.
I used to be lazy but now I am not.
ً ُ
.‫تستخدم أيضا للداللة على عادة فى الماضى‬
(was/were) – got – became – grew + used to + v+ing/n.)
We were/got used to studying in the evening.
ُ
.‫تستخدم للداللة على عادة فى الحاضر ما زالت مستمرة‬
(am/is/are) – get(s) – become(s) – grow(s) +used to + v+ing/n.
We are/get used to studying in the evening. .‫عادة ما زالت مستمرة فى الحاضر‬
People in Cairo are used to busy buses.
:‫الحظ اآلتى‬
ُ ُ
.‫يستخدم من أجل) وليس يعتاد علي‬/‫إذا بدأت الجملة بأداة أوآلة يكون معنها (يستخدم لكى‬
‫ فاعل غير عاقل‬+ is/are + used to + inf. )‫(يستخدم لــ‬
‫ فاعل غير عاقل‬+ is/are + used for + v+ing. )‫(يستخدم من أجل‬
A knife is used to cut food.
A knife is used for cutting food.

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 Did Ali ................... to smoke?(‫)المعصرة‬
a) used to b) use c) use to d) uses
2 What ................... you use to do at the weekends?(‫)مراغة‬
a) does b) did c) do d) are
3 When he was little, he ................... fishing with his father.(‫)طهطا‬
a) used to go b) is used to go c) uses to go d) is using to go
4 He used to ................... to work when he was young. (‫)شبين القناطر‬
a) walk b) walks c) walked d) walking
English
Egypt’s Heritage 15
 5 Kareem used to play chess, but now he ................... .(‫)بورسعيد‬
a) doesn’t b) isn’t c) hasn’t d) wasn’t
6 He used to be calm, but now he ................... . (‫)شبين الكوم‬
a) doesn’t b) isn’t c) is d) does
7 I ................... fast food or fizzy drinks. They are bad for health and I don’t like them. (‫)الفشن‬
a) don’t use to b) didn’t use to c) wasn’t used to d) am not used to
8 That old car ................... work anymore. (‫)ساقلتة‬
a) doesn’t b) didn’t c) isn’t d) wasn’t
9 I ................... living away from my family before travelling abroad.(‫)ديرب نجم‬
a) wasn’t used to b) used to c) didn’t use to d) haven’t used to
10 Mother ................... read novels, but now she does.(‫)سوهاج‬
a) uses to b) used to c) got used to d) didn’t use to
ُ
.‫ وبعدها مدة زمني�ة مع الماضى البسيط لتوضيح أن الحدث انتهى فى الماضى‬for ‫ تستخدم‬4
Marwa worked as a nurse for 5 years. Now she is a housewife.
.(If ) ‫ فى الحالة الثاني�ة من اسلوب الشرط‬5

English
If he helped us, we would win.
‫( بشرط أن يأتى بعدها جملة كاملة‬unreal past) .‫ يستخدم الماضى البسيط بعد التعبيرات اآلتي�ة ويسمى بالماضى االفتراضى‬6
)... ‫ فعل‬+ ‫(فاعل‬
I wish to + ‫مصدر‬ I wish/If only + ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ماضى بسيط‬
It’s time to + ‫مصدر‬ It’s (about/high/almost) time + ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ماضى بسيط‬
I would rather + ‫مصدر‬ I would rather + ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ماضى بسيط‬
I wish Ali played well. If only you studied hard today.
It’s time he arrived. It’s time he sold his old car.
I would rather she helped him. I’d rather you played tennis.
.‫ولكن فى حالة وجود كلمة تدل على الماضى مع التعبيرات السابقة نستخدم زمن الماضى التام‬
I wish I had studied hard yesterday.

English Lovers’ Exercises on Grammar

Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 L ast Saturday, we ................... to visit our uncle in the countryside.
a) have gone b) went c) were going d) go
2 We ................... a very good time on the beach three days ago.
a) had b) were having c) have had d) having
3 She ................... London in 2015.
a) visits b) visited c) visiting d) was visited
4 She got up, had her breakfast and then she ................... to school.
a) was going b) had gone c) went d) go
5 Yara usually ................... late when she was in Alex last Year.
a) stayed up b) stays up c) stay up d) was staying up
6 A  : Have you seen your grandfather recently? B: Yes, I ................... him two days ago
a) visit b) have visited c) visited d) will visit
English
16 Unit 1
7  hen I ................... seven, I wrote a poem which won a prize.
W
a) am b) was being c) was d) were
8 Two weeks ................... , my uncle was seriously ill.
a) since b) ago c) for d) go
9 She ................... ill when I visited her.
a) was seeming b) seems c) has seemed d) seemed
10 I ................... stories every day. It was my habit.
a) used to read b) write c) am used to reading d) writes
11 His father................... during the war. He was brought by his mother.
a) had died b) will die c) died d) has died
12 My brother ................... as a shop assistant for ten years. Now, he is a taxi driver.
a) has worked b) worked c) had worked d) works
13 The police stopped the thief and ................... him.
a) arrest b) arrested c) arresting d) arrests
Mai ................... at school Yesterday.

English
14
a) isn’t b) hadn’t c) hasn’t d) wasn’t
15 How ................... the burglar break in without anybody hearing him?
a) was b) has c) did d) do
16 Scientists ................... some important discoveries in the 18th century.
a) made b) have made c) was making d) make
17 When I was younger, I ................... went swimming every day.
a) used to b) usually c) was used to d) got used to
18 I’d rather you ................... now. I’m busy.
a) coming b) don’t come c) doesn’t come d) didn’t come
19 We ................... to Spain three times last year.
a) went b) were going c) go d) are going
20 My cousin ................... at the community center last summer.
a) helped b) helps c) help d) helping
21 During his visit to Aswan, he ................... meet many tourists.
a) using to b) was used to c) use to d) used to
22 Papyrus ................... by the ancient Egyptians.
a) used b) were using c) is still used d) was used
23 A lot of works ................... by Naguib Mahfouz.
a) was written b) were written c) written d) writing
24 I ................... away most of my old books when I moved house.
a) throw b) have thrown c) threw d) was throwing
25 In 1788, his last great work ................... in London.
a) has written b) was written c) had been written d) wrote
26 It’s very crowded here. I wish there ................... so many people.
a) aren’t b) wasn’t c) be d) weren’t
27 I wish I ................... in a big city. It’s so boring in the country.
a) live b) lived c) will live d) living
English
Egypt’s Heritage 17
28 I’m tired. I’d rather ................... out this evening, if you don’t mind,
a) not going b) not to go c) don’t go d) not go
29 The dentist ................... my tooth out the other day.
a) will take b) is taking c) took d) was taken
30 She ................... to the market just now.
a) goes b) went c) is going d) going
Rewrite the following sentences using the word(s) in brackets to give the same meaning.
1 I didn’t watched TV last night. (never)
2 They cleaned the classroom yesterday. (was)
3 Ali never visited his grandmother every Friday. (Never)
4 The police caught the thief last night. (was)
5 I ate pizza every weekend when I was a child. (used to)
6 She used to paint pictures in the evenings. (no longer)
7 He visited his uncle every summer. (was used to)
8
9
10
Sara read many books when she was a child.
I want him to sleep early.
It’s time to go to bed now.
English (It was)
(I’d rather)
(you)

English
18 Unit 1
 Part Two Lessons 3 & 4 & 5
Key Vocabulary
inspire (v)-d ‫ يلهم‬magnificent (adj) ‫رائع‬
mighty (adj) ‫ عظيم‬،‫قوي‬

Definitions
inspire (v)-d ‫ يلهم‬Something that motivates and encourages others. .‫شيء يحفز ويشجع اآلخرين‬

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 The Nile is a ................... river flowing through many lands
a) impressed b) medical c) human d) mighty

English
2 The pyramids are ................... monuments admired all over the world.
a) magnificent b) amazed c) deep d) insignificant
3 Good teachers ................... their students to love learning every day.
a) punish b) prove c) inspire d) celebrate

Important Vocabulary
achievement (n) ‫إنجاز‬ expression (n) ‫التعبير‬ relax (v)-ed ‫يسترخي‬
admiration (n) ‫إعجاب‬ farming (n) ‫الزراعة‬ respect (n) (v)-ed ‫ يحترم‬/ ‫احترام‬
advanced (adj) ‫متقدم‬ figure (n) ‫شخصية‬ responsibility (n) ‫مسؤولية‬
amaze (v)-d ‫يذهل‬ gift (n) ‫هدية‬ restate (v)-d ‫يعيد صياغة‬
article (n) ‫مقال‬ greatness (n) ‫العظمة‬ root (n) ‫جذر‬
author (n) ‫مؤلف‬ human (adj/n) ‫ بشر‬/ ‫بشري‬ scene (n) ‫مشهد‬
belief (n) ‫معتقد‬ imagine (v)-d ‫يتخيل‬ shape (v)-d ‫يشكل‬
benefit (n) (v)-ed ‫ يستفيد‬/ ‫فائدة‬ impressive (adj) ‫جذاب‬ shooting star (n) ‫شهاب‬
celebrate (v)-d ‫يحتفل بــ‬ influence (v)-d (n) ‫ أثر‬/ ‫يؤثر علي‬ society (n) ‫مجتمع‬
celebrated (adj) ‫مشهور‬ inherit (v)-d ‫يرث‬ stand (v)-stood ‫يقف‬
chess (n) ‫شطرنج‬ instantly (adv) ‫على الفور‬ strength (n) ‫قوة‬
communication skills lasting (adj) ‫ مستمر‬/ ‫دائم‬ structure (n) ‫ بن�اء‬/ ‫هيكل‬
‫مهارات التواصل‬
conclusion (n) ‫إستنت�اج‬ leader (n) ‫قائد‬ summarize (v)-d  ‫يلخص‬
connection (n) ‫إرتب�اط‬ medical (adj) ‫طبي‬ survive (v)-d ‫ينجو علي قيد الحياة‬
construction (n) ‫بن�اء‬ motivate (v)-d ‫ يحث‬/ ‫يحفز‬ system (n) ‫نظام‬
context (n) ‫سياق الكالم‬ non-fiction (adj) ‫ واقعي‬/ ‫غير خيالي‬ thinker (n) ‫مفكر‬
convenient (adj) ‫مناسب‬ poem (n) ‫قصيدة‬ through (prep) ‫عبر‬
create (v)-d ‫يخلق‬ poet (n) ‫شاعر‬ tradition (n) ‫ عرف‬/ ‫تقليد‬
creative (adj) ‫ مبتكر‬/ ‫مبدع‬ preserved (adj) ‫محفوظ‬ values (n) ‫قيم‬
creativity (n) ‫اإلبداع‬ pretend (v)-ed ‫يتظاهر‬ vision (n) ‫رؤية‬

English
Egypt’s Heritage 19
cultural (adj) ‫ثقافي‬ protect (v)-ed ‫ يحمي‬visualize (v)-d ‫ يتخيل‬/ ‫يتصور‬
deep (adj) (adv) ‫ بعمق‬/ ‫عميق‬ prove (v)-d ‫ يثبت‬wisdom (n) ‫حكمة‬
entire (adj) ‫كامل‬ raise (v)-d ‫ يرفع‬/ ‫ يجمع‬/ ‫ يربي‬works (n) ‫ أدبي�ة‬/ ‫)أعمال (فني�ة‬
express (v)-ed ‫يعبر عن‬ reflect (v)-ed ‫ يعبر‬/‫يعكس‬

Language Notes
human / humane
human (n) (adj) ‫ بشري‬/ ‫إنسان‬
- In ancient times, Egypt was a leader in human progress and knowledge..
humane (adj) ‫ عطوف‬/ ‫رحيم‬
ً ‫قرارا‬
- He made a humane decision to help the victims. .‫رحيما‬ ً

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 The ................... brain is complex.
a) hungry b) humane
Englishc) humble d) human
2 The charity provides ................... treatment for the poor.
a) hungry b) humane c) humble d) human

inspire & respire & aspire

inspire ‫ يلهم‬ - Dr. Magdi Yacoub inspired a lot of heart surgeons around the World..
respire ‫ يتنفس‬ - Fish respire through their gills.
aspire ‫ يطمح‬ - She aspires to become a famous writer.

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 He ................... to be a doctor when he grows up.
a) inspires b) aspires c) respires d) inspired
2 The teacher's speech ................... many young students to work hard.
a) respirated b) aspired c) inspired d) respired
3 Humans ................... oxygen to live.
a) aspire b) inspire c) respire d) aspires
Exercises
1. Mention some names of ancient Egyptian queens.
- Cleopatra, Hatshepsut, Nefertiti and Nefertari
2. Why do you think it’s important for a country to remember its history and heritage?
- Because it helps people understand their identity, gives a sense of pride and belonging ‫اإلنتماء‬,
inspires creativity, teaches lessons from the past, and unites people for the future.

English
20 Unit 1
 Reading passage
Pride(1) is not something that appears in a single day. It grows slowly, like a tree, from strong
roots(2) of history, culture(3), and shared values. For Egyptians, these roots run deep(4) and continue
to give us strength. Our country is one of the oldest and greatest civilizations(5) in the world,
and its story continues to inspire not only Egyptians but people everywhere. True
pride is built through connection to the past and responsibility for the future. ‫ الفخر‬.1
‫ جذور‬.2
In ancient times, Egypt was a leader in human progress and knowledge. Our
‫ثقافة‬ .3
ancestors built the mighty(6) pyramids and the magnificent(7) temples along the ‫ تمتد بعمق‬.4
Nile – monuments(8) that still amaze the world today. They developed writing ‫ حضارات‬.5
systems, advanced mathematics, and important medical knowledge(9). These ‫ عظيم‬/ ‫ قوي‬.6
achievements(10) were not only for Egypt; they became gifts to the entire world, ‫ رائع‬.7
proving the greatness and creativity of our people. Their heritage shows that
(11) ‫ أثار‬.8
Egyptians have always worked with vision and determination(12). ‫�ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫طب‬ ‫معرفة‬ .9
‫ إنجازات‬.10
Egypt was also a center for culture and learning. Great authors(13), poets(14), ‫ تراث‬.11

English
and thinkers(15) shared their ideas and recorded their knowledge in writing. Their ‫ عزيمة‬.12
works reflected the values, traditions, and beliefs of the Egyptian society and ‫ مؤلفين‬.13
influenced people for generations . Through stories, wisdom , and art, Egypt
(16) (17) ‫ شعراء‬.14
became a place where culture was preserved and celebrated. This role, as a home ‫ مفكرين‬.15
for creativity and expression, gave our nation respect and admiration(18) from ‫ أجيال‬.16
‫ حكمة‬.17
other civilizations.
‫ إعجاب‬.18
True pride begins when we understand our history, protect our culture, and
work hard for the future. It is not only about what we have inherited, but also about what
we create for the generations to come. When we honor our past, stay united, and build our
tomorrow with determination, we stand exactly where pride begins
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d.
1 In the passage, the pyramids and temples are examples of ................... .
a) modern construction b) gifts from other civilizations
c) ancient achievements d) tourist attractions only
2 Ancient Egyptians developed knowledge in ................... .
a) music and painting b) writing, mathematics, and medicine
c) fishing and farming only d) science and technology only
3 The phrase “True pride begins when we understand our history” means ................... .
a) we should only think about the future
b) knowing and valuing our past makes us proud
c) history is more important than the present
d) the future is less important than the past
Answer the following questions
1 Why does the writer compare pride to a tree?
- Because pride grows slowly with deep roots in history, culture, and values, similar to how
a tree grows from strong roots.
2 What scientific and cultural achievements of ancient Egyptians are mentioned? Give two examples.
- The construction of the pyramids and temples.
- Development of writing systems, advanced mathematics, and medical knowledge.
English
Egypt’s Heritage 21
3 How did authors and poets in Egypt influence future generations?
- They shared ideas and recorded knowledge in writing, reflecting society’s values, which
influenced generations ahead.
4 What role did Egypt play in preserving and celebrating culture?
- Egypt served as a center for creativity and expression, preserving culture and earning
respect from other civilizations.
5 According to the passage, what is the key to true pride?
- Understanding history, protecting culture, and working hard for the future.
6 Find a word in the passage that means “large and impressive.”
- “Mighty” or “magnificent.”

English Lovers’ Exercises on Vocabulary

Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 The story of success can ................... people to work harder.
a) inherit b) prevent c) respect d) inspire

English
2 The president became a ................... leader loved by his people.
a) cultural b) careless c) trivial d) mighty
3 The team gave a/an ................... effort and won the match.
a) impressed b) magnificent c) surprised d) celebrated
4 The students showed ................... for their teacher’s hard work.
a) creativity b) monument c) admiration d) ignorance
5 He is a/an ................... writer known for many great books.
a) celebrated b) unknown c) polluted d) preserved
6 The ................... team worked hard so they won the match.
a) none b) failure c) unsuccessful d) entire
7 The company uses ................... technology to improve its products.
a) advanced b) advance c) advancement d) advancer
8 The teacher encourages ................... among students in every classroom activity.
a) greatness b) noisy c) heritage d) creativity
9 The pyramids show the ................... of ancient Egyptian civilization.
a) trade b) greatness c) crossroads d) neighborhood
10 Good leaders make ................... improvements in society.
a) lasting b) inherited c) ungrateful d) unimportant
11 They shared the ................... that education changes the future.
a) believe b) believable c) belief d) believer
12 Ancient temples are well ................... for tourists to visit.
a) deserved b) observed c) reserved d) preserved
13 Good leaders ................... their teams to achieve big goals.
a) learn b) motivate c) rise d) collapse
14 She will ................... her grandmother’s house after her death.
a) give b) inherit c) stay d) live
15 The leader’s ................... for the future inspired many people.
a) root b) author c) vision d) heritage
English
22 Unit 1
16 Wearing white in weddings is a common ................... .
a) tradition b) habit c) wisdom d) greatness
17 Teachers follow a ................... to organize lessons.
a) admiration b) system c) monument d) root
18 Trees grow strong because of their deep ................... in soil.
a) branch b) leaf c) bark d) root
19 The mirror can ................... your face clearly.
a) damage b) reflect c) strengthen d) amaze
20 The pyramids ................... tourists from all over the world.
a) respect b) amaze c) admire d) rise
21 Students must always show ................... to their teachers.
a) root b) poet c) amazement d) respect
22 ................... of schools helps children get better education.
a) Habit b) Construction c) Damaging d) Admiration

English
23 He showed ................... skills in solving the math problem.
a) impressive b) amazed c) celebrated d) impressed
24 This ................... inspires many young writers with his novels.
a) actor b) playwright c) author d) poet
25 We studied ................... differences between countries in class.
a) culture b) cultured c) cultureless d) cultural
26 Leaders must use ................... when making important decisions.
a) risk b) wisdom c) pollution d) admiration
27 Egypt is one of the oldest and greatest ................... in the world.
a) civilizations b) authors c) expressions d) traditions
28 Our ancestors’ ................... in writing and medicine were gifts to the world.
a) heritage b) civilizations c) achievements d) responsibilities
29 The pyramids and temples are examples of ancient ................... .
a) values b) monuments c) responsibilities d) beliefs
30 Modern museums protect our cultural ................... .
a) moment b) gift c) admiration d) heritage
31 She showed great ................... in facing her problems.
a) responsibility b) achievement c) strength d) belief
32 A good ................... guides people with wisdom and fairness.
a) strength b) leader c) amazement d) root
33 Ahmed Shawqi is called the Prince of Arabic ................... .
a) actors b) poets c) thinkers d) authors
34 Naguib Mahfouz’s ................... are still read and loved worldwide.
a) plays b) poets c) roots d) works
35 A good ................... always asks questions and searches for answers.
a) admiration b) construction c) thinker d) achievement
36 Cleopatra is a famous historical ................... from ancient Egypt.
a) figure b) poet c) work d) gift
English
Egypt’s Heritage 23
37 She tried to ................... her dream house by drawing it.
a) arose b) amaze c) visualize d) rise
38 The film opened with a beautiful ................... of the sea.
a) scene b) article c) work d) chapter
39 Students wrote ................... reports on famous scientists.
a) untrue b) non-fiction c) unreal d) fictional
40 The clever student gave a ................... solution to the problem.
a) create b) creation c) recreation d) creative

Expressions & Phrases & Prepositions

a figure from our history ‫شخصية من تاريخنا‬ in writing ‫كتابت�ا‬
a home for ‫موطن لــ‬ One thing I admire is ... ... ‫الشيء الذي يعجبني هو‬
a key to ‫مفتاح لــ‬ pass down ‫ينتقل من جيل لجيل‬
become gifts to + n. ‫تصبح هدايا لــ‬ roots run deep ‫الجذور تمتد عميقا‬
ً َ
benefit from ‫يستفيد من‬ stay united ‫يبق متحدا‬
benefit of
compare ... with ...
compare ... to ...
honor our past
‫يقارن من حيث أوجه اإلختالف‬
‫يقارن من حيث أوجه التشابه‬
‫نحترم ماضين�ا‬
English
‫فائدة لــ‬ through connection to
Whether for ... or ...
work with vision
writing systems
‫من خالل االتصال بـ‬
..... ‫ أو‬..... ‫سواء لــ‬
‫يعمل برؤية‬
‫أنظمة الكتابة‬
in a single day ‫في يوم واحد‬

Synonyms and Antonyms

Word Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
advanced ‫متقدم‬ developed/improved basic/simple/old ‫ قديم‬/ ‫ بسيط‬/‫أساسي‬
creativity ‫اإلبداع‬ imagination/originality/invention copy/routine/dullness ‫ ملل‬/ ‫ روتين‬/ ‫تقليد‬
impressive ‫جذاب‬ amazing/striking/admirable unimpressive/ordinary/plain ‫عادي‬/‫غير مؤثر‬
inspire ‫يلهم‬ encourage/motivate discourage/dishearten ‫ ُيحبط‬/ ‫يثبط‬
lasting ‫ مستمر‬/ ‫دائم‬ enduring/constant/permanent temporary/short/brief ‫ وجيز‬/ ‫ قصير‬/ ‫مؤقت‬
magnificent ‫رائع‬ wonderful/great ordinary/dull/poor ‫ فقير‬/ ‫ ممل‬/ ‫عادي‬
mighty ‫ عظيم‬،‫قوي‬ strong/powerful/great weak/powerless ‫ عاجز‬/ ‫ضعيف‬
wisdom ‫حكمة‬ knowledge/understanding/sense folly/ignorance/foolishness ‫ حمق‬/ ‫ جهل‬/ ‫حماقة‬
begin ‫يب�دا‬ start end/finish ‫ ينهي‬/ ‫ينتهي‬
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
Expressions & phrases & prepositions
1 We can compare Egypt ................... Greece in ancient history.
a) in b) to c) about d) for
2 Whether for work ................... study, time management is important.
a) or b) and c) but d) so
3 Ancient Egyptians developed one of the first writing ................... .
a) styles b) gifts c) systems d) honor

English
24 Unit 1
4 He finished reading the entire book ................... a single day.
a) in b) for c) by d) over
5 A good leader must work ................... vision for the future.
a) for b) with c) on d) up
6 People must ................... to face difficult times.
a) stay united b) be separated c) look untidy d) stay uniting
7 Our family roots ................... deep in this village.
a) walk b) do c) play d) run
8 Traditions pass ................... from grandparents to children.
a) in b) down c) up d) for
9 The teacher asked students to answer questions ................... writing.
a) for b) by c) in d) on
10 Education is a key ................... success in life.
a) with b) on c) in d) to

Choose the TWO correct answers out of the FIVE options give:

11
English
Synonyms and Antonyms
T he palace looked really magnificent under the evening lights. The antonyms of the word
“magnificent” are ................... and ................... .
a) wonderful b) great c) poor d) ordinary e) amazing
12 T he king was known as a mighty ruler who defended his people. The synonyms of the word
“mighty” are ................... and ................... .
a) weak b) powerless c) strong d) dull e) powerful
13 Her drawings show real creativity and imagination. The synonyms of the word “creativity” are
................... and ................... .

a) invention b) routine c) boredom d) dullness e)

imagination
14 Modern technology has made our world very advanced. The antonyms of the word
“advanced” are ................... and ................... .
a) improved b) developed c) simple d) old e) modern
15 Ali’s speech helped to inspire his classmates to work harder. The synonyms of the word
“inspire” are ................... and ................... .
a) discourage b) encourage c) dull d) motivate e) dishearten
16 The new building is so impressive that everyone stops to look at it. The antonyms of the word
“impressive” are ................... and ................... .
a) striking b) plain c) admirable d) ordinary e) amazing
17 The old man’s wisdom helped the young people solve their problems. The antonyms of the
word “wisdom” are ................... and ................... .
a) sense b) ignorance c) knowledge d) fully e) foolishness

English
Egypt’s Heritage 25
 Grammar
Past Continuous Tense

Form: ‫ا لتكويــن‬
Affirmative Negative
‫ فاعل‬was/ were + v+ing ‫ فاعل‬was/ were not + v+ing
I was studying English at 3 o’clock yesterday. I wasn’t studying English at 3 o’clock
yesterday.
Question Passive
Was/Were + ‫ فاعل‬+ v+ing ... ? ‫ مفعول به‬+ was/ were being + p.p.
Were you studying English at 3 o’clock E nglish was being studied at 3 o’clock
yesterday? yesterday.

English
Use the past continuous (was/were + verb-ing) to show that an action was in progress at
a certain time in the past:
Usage: ‫االستخدام‬
‫ يعبر عن حدث كان مستمرا فى وقت معين فى الماضى أويمكنن�ا القول أنه يعبر عن نشاط كان مستمرا أثن�اء وقت فى الماضى‬1
:‫ويستخدم غالبا مع النقاط الزمنى اآلتي�ة‬
at .............. o’clock yesterday between .............. and .............. + ‫نقط زمني�ة‬
all (day/ morning/ afternoon/ evening/... ) from .............. to .............. (yesterday)
This time + ‫فترة زمني�ة فى الماضى‬ for .............. (yesterday)
At 2 o’clock, Sama was returning home.
At five o’clock yesterday, Marawan was studying English.
Between five to seven last weekend, I was visiting my grandmother.

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1  y father ................... at 6 o’clock yesterday.
M (‫)المعصرة‬
a) sleep b) slept c) was sleeping d) sleeps
2 ................... when I phoned you yesterday evening? (‫)بورسعيد‬
a) What were you doing b) What you were doing
c) What are you doing d) What were you being done
3 At a quarter to ten yesterday, I ................... home with some of my friends. (‫)المنوفية‬
a) walked b) was walked c) was walking d) had walked
4 Ameer ................... all yesterday evening, so he didn’t watch the match. (‫)أوالد صقر‬
a) is sleeping b) had slept c) was sleeping d) was slept
5 What ................... at 8 p.m. yesterday? (‫)ساقلتة‬
a) were you doing b) are you doing c) had you done d) have you done

English
26 Unit 1
Use the past continuous with the past simple to show that a shorter action happened while
another longer action was in progress:
‫ يستخدم ليعبر عن حدث كان مستمرا (ويوضع فى زمن الماضى المستمر) فى وقت معين فى الماضى عندما قطعه حدث آخر‬2
.)‫(ويوضع فى زمن الماضى البسيط‬
While – As – Just as - When ‫ويأتى فى هذه الحالة مع‬
While I was running, I fell on the ground.
I saw my old friend when I was returning home.
When I saw Hend, she was playing computer games.
Mr. Ramy was calling his wife when he dropped his mobile.
While Amira was going to school, she met one of her friends.
:‫وتستخدم هذه الروابط كاالتي‬
① While (As – Just as - When) + Past continuous Past simple )‫(البسيط قاطع للمستمر‬
- While he was running, he fell down.
- While (As/Just as) Rodayna was going home, she met her friends.
② When + Past simple Past continuous

English
- When he went home, his father was sleeping.
③ When + Past continuous Past simple
- When I was playing football, it rained.
Choose the correct tense:
1 I (was reading / read) a book when the doorbell (rang / was ringing).
2 They (were dancing / danced) when the music (stopped / was stopping).
3 He (was driving / drove) to work when he (had / was having) an accident.
4 We (played / were playing) chess while our parents (talked / were talking).
5 I (was sleeping / slept) while my mom (cooked / was cooking).

:‫ملحوظة‬
.‫ليس بالضرورة وجود هذه الروابط فقط للداللة على أن حدث قطع الحدث اآلخر المستمر‬
The boy who was running fast fell on the ground.

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
- Omar’s car was hit by a driver who ................... at mad speed.
a) drive b) was driving c) drives d) was driven
.‫ يعبر عن حدثين كانا مستمرين فى نفس الوقت فى الماضى ولم يقطع أى منهما اآلخر‬3
while/ as/ just as/ when ‫ويمكن أن يأتى فى هذه الحالة مع‬
④ While (As – Just as - When) + Past continuous Past continuous
)‫(الحدثان مستمران فى نفس الوقت‬
While (When) she was sleeping, her brother was watching TV.
While I was listening to the lecture, I was making notes.

English
Egypt’s Heritage 27
 Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1  hile I was watching the match, my sister ................... tea.
W
a) made b) was making c) making d) makes
2 As Mai ................... her homework, she was listening to music.
a) do b) was doing c) does d) is doing
3 ................... I was studying, my sister was cooking lunch.
a) While b) When c) As d) A, B & C
‫ يعبر الماضى المستر عن حدث كان مستمرا فى الماضى ونتيجة لذلك لم يستطع حدث اخر أن يقطعه وال حظ فى هذه الحالة أن‬4
) .‫(الماضى المستمر أقدم من الماضى البسيط‬
‫ ماضى بسيط‬because ‫ماضى مستمر‬
‫ ماضى مستمر‬so ‫ماضى بسيط‬
I couldn’t answer the phone because/as/since ‫ ألن‬I was having answer.
I was sleeping, so I didn’t hear the bell.

Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
English
1 What ................... you doing when I phoned you yesterday? (‫)المني�ا‬
a) are b) were c) did d) had
2 We ................... watching a movie when the doorbell rang. (‫)البلين�ا‬
a) are b) were c) did d) had
3 Yesterday evening, I ................... a very interesting book when you phoned me. (‫)المعصرة‬
a) read b) have read c) was reading d) am reading
4 While I ................... , a child ran in front of my car. Luckily, he wasn’t injured. (‫)الصف‬
a) was driving b) drove c) driving d) am driving
5 While I was revising my lesson, my mother ................... dinner. (‫)بورسعيد‬
a) was preparing b) preparing c) is preparing d) prepares
6 While I ………….., in the street, I saw a thief. (‫)شبين القناطر‬
a) walk b) walked c) was walking d) is walking
7 They ………….. a party, so they couldn’t attend the wedding. (‫)الشهداء‬
a) have b) had had c) were having d) was having
8 When I went to the workshop, the mechanic ................... my car, so I had to wait. (‫)ساقلتة‬
a) repaired b) is repairing c) had repaired d) was repairing
9 The man was leaning out of the balcony when he ................... his mobile. (‫)السويس‬
a) has dropped b) had dropped c) was dropping d) dropped
10 Just as the dinner ................... , my brother was watching a play. (‫)نقادة‬
a) was preparing b) was being prepared c) was prepared d) is preparing
11 Just as I ................... to school, I saw a policeman helping an old woman cross the street. (‫)أجا‬
a) was going b) have gone c) going d) am going
12 When Magdy visited the car service center, his car ................... so he had to wait for hours. (‫)الفيوم‬
a) cleaned b) was being cleaned c) was cleaned d) has cleaned
13 She couldn’t answer the phone as she ................... a shower. (‫)فاقوس‬
a) having b) is having c) was having d) had
English
28 Unit 1
 ‫مالحظات هامة‬
.(inf. + ing) ‫ نضع‬while ‫ فى حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد‬1
⑤ While + v-ing Past (simple or continuous) )‫(ال يأتى هنا فاعل‬
While I was watching TV, I fell asleep.
While watching TV, I fell asleep.
.while ‫( بعد‬v+ing) ‫ولكن بشرط أن يكون الفاعل واحد فى الجملتين عند استخدام‬
While having dinner, Ali came. ××××
ً
.when (v+ing) ‫ويمكن أن يأتى أيضا بعد‬
She met with many difficulties when travelling.
.noun ‫ يأتى بعدها‬During 2
⑥ During + noun Past simple
During the film, I fell asleep.
During my stay in Cairo, I visited a lot of places.
During lunch, the doorbell rang.
.‫ بشرط أن يأتى قبل االسم حرف جر‬while ‫ بعد‬noun ‫ يمكن أن يأتى‬:‫مع مالحظة أن‬

English
While in London, I bought a new mobile.
While on holiday, I visited my relatives.
: ‫ بعض االفعال ال تستخدم فى الماضى المستمر (أوأى زمن مستمر أخر) وتستخدم فى الماضى البسيط وهى‬3
)see – hear – touch – taste – seem – smell – feel( ‫ أفعال الحواس‬-
)love – like – hate – prefer – dislike( ‫ أفعال العاطفة‬-
)understand – remember – remind – believe – forget( ‫ أفعال التفكير‬-
)have - owe – own – possess – want – belong( ‫ أفعال التملك‬-
.‫ إذا كان فعل اساسى فى الجملة‬v. to be -
I saw her at 7 yesterday. (NOT was seeming)
She seemed ill when I visited her. (NOT was seeming)
While she was on holiday, I met her. (NOT was being)
While Nasser was at school, his daughter called him. (NOT was being)
:‫الحظ في المثالين األخيرين‬
was being/ were being ‫ فقط وال نستخدم‬was/were ‫( كفعل أساسى نستخدم‬v to be) while‫انه إذا جاء بعد‬
(being) ‫ولكن فى حالة حذف الفاعل بعدها يمكن استخدام‬
While I was at school, I met my friends. (NOT While I was being)
= While being at school, I met my friends. (✓✓✓✓)
‫( بدال منها ويأتى‬On) ‫( ويمكن استخدام‬When) ‫ عند وقوع حدثين فى نفس الوقت فى زمن الماضى البسيط دون استمرار نستخدم‬4
.(noun)‫ أو‬on (v+ing) ‫بعد‬
When ‫ ماضى بسيط‬, ‫ = ماضى بسيط‬On + v+ing , ‫ماضى بسيط‬
 hen he saw the police, the thief ran away.
W
= On seeing the police, the thief ran away.
- On meeting Omnia, I was walking to school.
- On his arrival, he found the door locked.
)1( ‫معلومة اضافية هامه‬
.‫إذا كان الزمن يعبر عن بداية فعل الشخص للشىء نستخدم ماضى بسيط وإذا كان يعبر عن إن الشخص وسط الحدث نستخدم ماضى مستمر‬
At 3 o’clock, he watched TV. (He started at 3)
At 3 o’clock, he was watching TV. (He was in the middle of the action at 3)
English
Egypt’s Heritage 29
 Check
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 While ................... , he fell in a hole. (‫)أبوالمطامير‬
a) run b) running c) was running d) has run
2 ................... watching the film, I received an email from my pen friend. (‫)المعصرة‬
a) During b) Just as c) As d) While
3 When I returned home, mother ................... lunch. (‫)شبين القناطر‬
a) prepared b) prepares c) is preparing d) was preparing
4 While ................... at the bus stop, three buses went by in the opposite direction. (‫)مدين�ة نصر‬
a) I was waiting b) waiting c) waited d) were waiting
5 ................... the film, Mahmoud fell asleep because it was boring. (‫)ساقلتة‬
a) While b) During c) On d) When
6 ................... doing my homework, I made a mistake. (‫)إطسا‬
a) When b) While c) On d) During

English
7 While I was revising my lesson, my mother ................... dinner. (‫)الشهداء‬
a) was preparing b) preparing c) is preparing d) prepares
8 I fell off the ladder while ................... the roof. (‫)شرق الفيوم‬
a) painting b) was painting c) painted d) is painting
9 He made a terrible accident as he ................... at crazy speed last night. (‫)مطوبس‬
a) driving b) was driving c) have driven d) driven
10 When Adel arrived home, his brother ................... Adel had his lunch alone. (‫)العاشر من رمضان‬
a) slept b) will sleep c) has done d) was sleeping
11 When my brother arrived home, I ................... my lunch and asked him to share it with me. (‫)القرين‬
a) have b) will have c) had had d) was having
12 When I arrived home, my brother ................... his homework. He looked so busy. (‫)كفر صقر‬
a) did b) will do c) had done d) was doing
13 During ................... to Luxor, I bought some souvenirs. (‫)غرب المنصورة‬
a) my visit b) my visiting c) my visit to d) my visit of
14 Just as the dinner ................... , my father was reading the newspaper. (‫)ديرب نجم‬
a) was preparing b) was being prepared c) was prepared d) is preparing
15 I ................... out of the boat when I dropped my camera.(‫)شرق الزقازيق‬
a) was leaning b) have leant c) leans d) am leaning
16 Who ................... to on the telephone as I came in? (‫)أبوكبير‬
a) you were talking b) were you talking c) did you talk d) you talked
17 ................... checking the essay, the teacher found some spelling mistakes. (‫)شربين‬
a) On b) Before c) While d) As soon as
18 He was injured while ................... football in the street. (‫)بنها‬
a) playing b) was playing c) played d) is playing
19 What ................... at midday yesterday? (‫)غرب شبرا الخيمة‬
a) are you doing b) were you doing c) you were doing d) have you done
20 We met a lot of our friends ................... our stay in Austria. (‫)الشهداء‬
a) while b) when c) since d) during
21 Someone next door ........... heavy metal music all night long. I didn’t get a wink of sleep. (‫)أبوتشت‬
a) was playing b) has played c) had been played d) has been playing
English
30 Unit 1
 English Lovers’ Exercises on Grammar
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 Omnia ............... when I arrived at the station.
a) waits b) waited c) was waiting d) waiting
2 While I was doing my homework, my mother ............... dinner.
a) was preparing b) prepares c) prepare d) will prepare
3 We ............... breakfast when you phoned so, we couldn’t answer the Phone.
a) have b) had had c) were having d) was having
4 ............... the match, he broke his leg.
a) While b) Onto c) When d) During
5 On ............... the policeman, the thief escaped.
a) to see b) saw c) seeing d) see
6 While I ............... in Paris, I visited the Eiffel Tower.
a) was b) was being c) be d) were

English
7 The room ............... when the light went out.
a) is being painted b) is painted c) was being painted d) paints
8 I didn’t answer the phone because I ............... .
a) was praying b) had prayed c) will pray d) pray
9 ............... in Alex, I visited Alex library.
a) When b) Since c) During d) While
10 Yesterday evening, we ............... for our English test when the lights went out.
a) had revised b) were revising c) revised d) revising
11 What ............... when I called you? You sounded very busy.
a) did you do b) were you doing c) have you done d) had you done
12 While Merna ............... her homework, Marawan was listening to music.
a) doing b) had done c) was doing d) did
13 She fell down while ............... tennis.
a) playing b) was playing c) is playing d) played
14 They ............... the match when the doorbell rang.
a) watched b) have watched c) were watching d) watch
15 Was Naglaa sleeping ............... the thief broke into the villa?
a) while b) when c) as d) during
16 He ............... football for an hour yesterday.
a) played b) was played c) had played d) was playing
17 What ............... at six o’clock yesterday evening?
a) had you doing b) were you doing c) were you done d) are you doing
18 While he ............... the street, a car hit him.
a) was crossing b) crossed c) had crossed d) was being crossed
19 She ............... the door unlocked whenever she was at home.
a) is used to leave b) will leave c) is used for leaving d) used to leave
20 I was sleeping ............... I didn’t hear bell.
a) while b) when c) because d) so
English
Egypt’s Heritage 31
21 While I was reading a book, my brother ............... TV.
a) watching b) has watched c) was watching d) watched
22 While he ............... on vacation, he played many football matches.
a) was being b) had been c) has been d) was
23 While ............... Egypt, tourists enjoy visiting Luxor and Aswan.
a) visiting b) was visiting c) visited d) was visited
24 Just as I ............... lunch, my friend called me.
a) am having b) had c) was having d) had had
25 What ............... when your father returned home last night? (Longman)
a) will you be doing b) have you done c) are you doing d) were you doing
26 My brother was leaning out of the balcony when he ............... his mobile. (Longman)
a) has dropped b) had dropped c) was dropping d) dropped
27 My uncle ....... as a shop assistant fourteen years only. Now, he is a worker in a factory. (Longman)
a) has worked b) had worked c) worked d) works
28 My father travelled to London ............... 2005. (Longman)

English
a) since b) in c) when d) while
29 I enjoyed seeing the view of the Nile while the plane ............... . (Longman)
a) was landing b) is landing c) landed d) lands
30 When I went to the workshop, the mechanic ............... my car, so I had to wait. (Longman)
a) repaired b) had repaired c) is repairing d) was repairing
31 Just as I ............... to school, I saw a policeman helping an old woman cross the street. (Longman)
a) was going b) go c) going d) am going
32 I met a lot of my old friends ............... my cousin’s wedding party.  (Longman)
a) while b) when c) during d) since
33 What ............... at 8 pm yesterday? (Longman)
a) were you doing b) are you doing c) have you done d) do you do
34 Luca ............... into the forest yesterday morning. (Longman)
a) are trekking b) were trekking c) had trekked d) trekked
35 We were doing our homework while our little brother ............... TV. (Longman)
a) had watched b) was watching c) watches d) is watching
Rewrite the following sentences using the word(s) in brackets to give the same meaning.
1 I was reading a book when the doorbell rang. (While)
2 While driving to work, he had an accident. (Just as)
3 . When Mona saw the spider, she shouted. (On)
4 What did you do yesterday? (at 9 pm yesterday)
5 The workers were painting the house all day yesterday. (being)
6 The phone rang while I was studying English. (When)
7 She was reading a book during his listening to music. (as)
8 I was staying at Aswan when I visited the High Dam. (stay)
Find the mistakes and then correct them
1 She was go to school when it rained. 2 I didn’t watching TV at 7:00 last night.
3 Were you studied at 9 p.m. yesterday? 4 They was playing football yesterday.
5 He didn’t went to the party.
English
32 Unit 1
 Skills Corner
Speaking Task
Meeting a Figure from Our History
Imagine you meet an important person from Egypt’s past. Talk about what you would ask and
what you would learn.
English Lovers ‫محادثة تخيلية بين طالب و الملكة حتشبسوت من اعداد كتاب‬
Student : I would like to ask you about your greatest achievement during your reign in
ancient Egypt.
Hatshepsut: My greatest achievement was building magnificent temples and doing trade
expeditions ‫ رحالت استكشافية‬that brought wealth ‫ الثروة‬to Egypt.
Student : I believe your most important work was strengthening ‫ تقوي‬Egypt’s economy. Can
you tell me more about that?
Hatshepsut: Yes, I focused on expanding trade routes ‫طرق‬, especially the famous expedition to
Punt, which brought valuable goods.
Student : What was the most difficult challenge you faced as a female ‫ أنثي‬pharaoh?

English
Hatshepsut: The biggest challenge was gaining acceptance ‫ قبول‬because I was one of the few
women to rule as pharaoh.
Student : If you could see Egypt today, what would you think?
Hatshepsut: I would be proud of Egypt’s rich history and hope that Egyptians continue to honor
and protect their heritage.
Student : What advice would you give to young Egyptians today?
Hatshepsut: I would advise them to be strong, wise, and to always strive ‫ يكافح‬for greatness.
Student : How do you want to be remembered?
Hatshepsut: I want to be remembered as a powerful and successful ruler who brought
prosperity ‫ رخاء‬to Egypt.

Writing
Topic: A Strange Day in My Life
Write a short narrative paragraph (120–150 words) using Past Simple and Past Continuous.
Describe what happened, what you were doing, and how the day ended. Use time expressions
like: while, when, during, suddenly...
Last Friday was a day I’ll never forget. I was walking to school when I saw a cat sitting on top of
a car. Suddenly, the cat jumped down and ran across the street. While I was watching the cat, a car
stopped quickly to avoid hitting it. During the day, I was thinking about what had happened. When
I arrived at school, my friends told me about a fun game they played. While they were playing, I
was still excited about the cat. At the end of the day, it started to rain, so I waited under a tree until
the rain stopped. Then, I walked home slowly and thought about the strange and lucky moments
of that day. It was a simple day, but I will never forget it.
Essay ‫المقال‬
- An essay is a series of paragraphs that talk about one subject.
.‫ المقال عبارة عن سلسلة من الفقرات التي تتحدث عن موضوع واحد‬-
An essay is like a journey: :‫المقال أشبه برحلة‬
• The introduction is where we start. .‫• المقدمة هي نقطة البداية‬
• The body paragraphs are the steps we follow. .‫• فقرات الموضوع هي الخطوات التي نتبعها‬
• The conclusion is where we arrive. .‫• الخاتمة هي نقطة الوصول‬
English
Egypt’s Heritage 33
1 Introduction: ‫المقدمة‬
Introduces the topic, grabs the reader’s attention, and presents the thesis statement
(the main idea of the essay).
.)‫ وتقدم بي�ان األطروحة (الفكرة الرئيسية للمقال‬،‫ وتلفت انتب�اه القارئ‬،‫ تقدم الموضوع‬-:‫الغرض من المقدمة هو أن‬
‫و تحتوي علي‬
(A) A Hook (interesting fact/question/quote) is the first sentence that grab the readers’
attention to complete reading. (attention-grabber)
.‫ الجملة األولى التي تجذب انتب�اه القارئ إلكمال القراءة‬:)‫الجملة الجاذبة لالنتب�اه (يمكن أن يكون حقيقة مثيرة أو سؤال أو إقتب�اس‬
)‫(ملفت االنتب�اه‬
(B)Background is all the information that the reader requires to increase his awareness of
the topic.
.‫ هي كل المعلومات التي يحتاجها القارئ لزيادة وعيه بالموضوع‬:‫الخلفية‬
(C) Thesis statement states the main idea and explains what the essay is about.
.‫ توضح الفكرة الرئيسية ويشرح موضوع المقال‬:‫جملة األطروحة‬
An Essay about Technology

English
Introduction
Technology is changing the way we live (Hook). From smartphones to AI, it affects our
jobs, communication, and education (Background Information). This essay will discuss how
technology has improved our daily lives (Thesis Statement).

2 The body: ‫جسم الموضوع‬

The body (The bulk) is the middle paragraphs between the introduction and the conclusion.
They contain details, facts, evidence, examples, pros and cons. These paragraphs support
thesis statement.
‫ أنها تحتوي على تفاصيل والحقائق واألدلة واألمثلة‬.‫ هو الفقرات الوسطى بين المقدمة والخاتمة‬:)‫المتن (جسم الموضوع‬
.‫ هذه الفقرات تدعم جملة األطروحة‬.‫واإليجابي�ات والسلبي�ات‬
:‫تحتوي كل فقرة فيه علي‬
Topic sentence (main idea of the paragraph), supporting details, examples, and a closing
sentence linking back to the main topic.
.‫ وجملة ختامية ترتبط بالموضوع الرئيسي‬،‫ واألمثلة‬،‫ والتفاصيل الداعمة‬،)‫جملة الموضوع (الفكرة الرئيسية للفقرة‬
Body
Paragraph 1: Communication
One way technology improves life is through faster communication (main idea). In the past,
people waited days for letters. Now, we can send a message or make a video call in seconds
(supporting details). This makes it easier to connect with family, friends, and people around the
world (closing sentence).
Paragraph 2: Education
Another way technology helps us is in education (main idea). Students can use computers,
tablets, and online lessons to learn new things quickly (supporting details). It makes studying
more interesting and gives us access to information anytime and anywhere (closing sentence).
Paragraph 3: Work and Daily Life
Technology also makes work and daily life easier (main idea). Machines and apps help us
finish tasks faster. For example, online banking and shopping save time and effort (supporting
details). This shows how technology makes life more convenient (closing sentence).
English
34 Unit 1
3 Conclusion: ‫الخاتمة‬
- It is the last paragraph of the essay. We can suggest solutions in it. It includes summary of
ideas, rephrased thesis, final insight.
ً
:‫ و تعمل علي‬.‫ وخاتمة‬،‫ وأطروحة ُمعاد صياغتها‬،‫ملخصا لألفكار‬ ‫ تتضمن‬.‫ ويمكنن�ا فيها اقتراح حلول‬،‫ هي الفقرة األخيرة من المقال‬-
ّ
- summarize the main points. .‫ تلخص النقاط الرئيسية‬-
- restate the thesis in new words. .‫ تيعد صياغة الفكرة بكلمات جديدة‬-
ّ ّ
- give a final thought or call to action. .‫تقدم فكرة ختامية أو حث على اتخاذ إجراء‬-
Conclusion
In conclusion, technology has made communication faster, education better, and daily life
easier. It is a powerful tool that helps us in many ways. As technology continues to develop, we
should use it wisely to improve our future.

Reading
Introduction
English
Reading is one of the most valuable habits a person can develop. It gives us knowledge,
helps us relax(1), and even improves our communication skills. People who read
regularly often find it easier to express(2) themselves and understand others. ‫ نسترخي‬.1
‫ نعبر عن‬.2
Body ‫ سياق الكالم‬.3
First, reading improves our vocabulary and grammar. When we read books, ‫ معانيهم‬.4
magazines, or even articles online, we see new words in context(3). This helps us ‫ مهارات التفكير‬.5
understand their meanings(4) and how to use them correctly. Over time, this can ‫ نتصور‬.6
make our speaking and writing skills much stronger. ‫ المشاهد‬.7
‫ واقعي‬.8
Another important benefit is that reading develops our thinking skills(5). Stories ‫ مبتكر‬.9
make us imagine and visualize(6) scenes(7) in our minds. Non-fiction(8) books teach ‫ في الخاتمة‬.10
us facts and ideas we may not learn elsewhere. Both types of reading help us ‫ يشكل‬.11
become more creative(9) and better at solving problems.
Conclusion
In conclusion , reading is not just a way to spend time; it is a tool that shapes(11) our minds,
(10)

improves our language, and connects us to the world. Whether for study or pleasure, picking
up a book can open new doors. Everyone should try to make reading a regular habit in their life.
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d.
1 T he main purpose of the introduction in an essay is to ............. . (SB)
a) list references b) present the topic and thesis statement
c) summarize the conclusion d) include dialogue
2 The thesis statement is usually found ............. .  (SB)
a) at the end of the body b) in the middle of the essay
c) at the end of the introduction d) in the conclusion only
3 The function of the conclusion is to ............. .  (SB)
a) introduce a new idea b) repeat the first sentence
c) summarize main points and restate the thesis d) list all sources
English
Egypt’s Heritage 35
4 A well-organized essay should have ............. .  (SB)
a) random ideas b) clear transitions and logical order
c) only opinions d) many questions
5 What is a topic sentence? (SB)
a) A sentence that ends the essay
b) The first sentence of a body paragraph that states its main idea
c) A sentence in the conclusion only
d) A sentence with no purpose

Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage, then answer the questions: (‫)إدارة الفشن‬
Do you like video games? Lots of people do. There are many types of video games. Some people
like action games. Other people like driving games. But the most popular game of all time is a
puzzle game.
Tetris is a game about making lines. Blocks fall from the top of the screen. They fall one at a time. The

English
player moves the blocks. Once the blocks hit the bottom, they are locked in place. Players try to make
lines go across the screen with no gaps. Complete lines disappear. This gives players more room.
The blocks pile up during the game. The game ends when the blocks get to the top of the screen.
A man named Alexey made Tetris in 1984. All the pieces in Tetris have four blocks. The word
“tetra” means four. Alexey named his game after tetra and tennis. He made Tetris while working at
a science academy in Moscow. Moscow is in Russia) Alexey made his game on a screen that only
showed letters. He could not use blocks. The blocks were made out of letters in the first game of
Tetris. Still, all Alexey’s friends loved his game. It was easy to learn and fun to play.
Soon the game spread across the world. It was on every computer. It was in arcades. It came
with every one of Nintendo’s Game Boy. More than 100 million Game Boys were sold. Tetris was
all over the place. Even today Tetris comes with many phones. Dr. Richard Haier has studied Tetris
players. He ran many tests. He found that playing Tetris boosts mental activity. Dr. Haier thinks
Tetris is good for the brain. I agree with this finding. Now go and play some Tetris. It’s just what the
doctor ordered.
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1  hat is the goal of Tetris?
W
a) To make tall piles of blocks b) To match the colors of blocks
c) To make complete lines d) To get blocks to the top of the screen
2 After which is Tetris named?
a) Fish b) The number ten
c) Paris d) Tennis
3 Where was Alexey when he created Tetris?
a) Paris b) Russia c) USA d) Germany
4 Which event happened first?
a) Tetris was played with letters instead of blocks
b) Tetris was released on the phone
c) Tetris was released in the arcade
d) Tetris was brought to the Game Boy
English
36 Unit 1
5  hat is the suitable title of the passage?
W
a) Letters and blocks b) A useless game
c) A new game d) A new gamer
6 According to Dr. Richard Haier, which is true about Tetris?
a) Tetris lowers blood pressure b) Tetris increases physical strength
c) Tetris boosts mental activity d) Tetris has no positive side effects
7 What happens to a block that hits the bottom?
a) It disappears and reappears at the top. b) It is locked in place.
c) The player moves the block. d) It gives the player more room.

Translation
ُ
.‫ ال يجب أن تترجم الجملة ترجمة حرفية ألن لكل كلمة الكثير من المعانى فال يجب أن يتم ترجمة الكلمة اال وفق السياق المناسب‬-
.‫ جرت العادة أن نحتفل بشم النسيم فى المتنزهات‬-: ‫مثال عندما نقول‬
‫ وستكون ترجمتها‬run ‫ الماضى من‬ran -: ‫ جرت‬habit -: ‫بعض الناس ستقول العادة‬

English
The habit ran that we celebrate Sham El-Nessim in parks.
.‫من حيث تركيب الجملة هو تركيب سليم إلى حد ما ولكن المعنى غير صحيح بالمرة ولذلك عند التركيز وفهم الجملة تصبح‬
We usually celebrate Sham El-Nessim in parks.
.‫ولذلك يتضح انه ال ترجمة لكلمة إال إذا كانت داخل السياق‬
.‫التدريب على سؤال الترجمة عن طريق اختي�ار الجملة الصحيحة‬
.‫ تدعو كل األديان السماوية إلى السالم والحب‬1
a) All heavenly religions invite to peace and love.
b) All heavenly religions call for peace and love.
c) All heavenly religions make an invitation to peace and love.
d) All heavenly religions send an invitation to peace and love.
2 The government should cut prices down.
.‫يجب على الحكومة أن تقطع األسعار‬ (a
.‫يجب على الحكومة أال تخفض األسعار‬ (b
.‫يجب على الحكومة أن تخفض األسعار‬ (c
.‫يجب على الحكومة أن تنزل ألسفل األسعار‬ (d

Exercises on Translation

Choose the correct Arabic translation:

1  ou have the right to express your opinion freely, but never use violence against those who
Y
oppose you. (Longman)
ً
.‫ ولكن ال تستخدم العنف أبدا ضد أولئك الذين يعارضونك‬، ‫( لدين�ا الحق فى التعبير عن آرائن�ا بحرية‬a
ً
.‫ ولكن ال تستخدم العنف أبدا ضد أولئك الذين يفاوضونك‬، ‫( لديك الحق فى التغبير عن رأيك بحرية‬b
ً
.‫ ولكن ال تستخدم العنف أبدا ضد أولئك الذين يعارضونك‬، ‫( لديك الحق فى التعبير عن رأيك بحرية‬c
.‫ ولكن استخدم العنف دائما ضد أولئك الذين يعارضونك‬، ‫( لديك الحق فى التعبير عن رأيك بحرية‬d

English
Egypt’s Heritage 37
 2  eeping the environment has become a must. Laws must be passed to preserve our national
K
heritage such as coral reefs. (‫)إدارة الوايلى‬
ً ‫( أصبح الحفاظ على البيئ�ة‬a
.‫ يجب إصدار قوانين للحفاظ على تراثن�ا الوطنى مثل الشعاب المرجاني�ة‬.‫أمرا ال بد منه‬
.‫ يجب تجاهل قوانين الحفاظ على تراثن�ا الوطنى مثل الشعاب المرجاني�ة‬.‫أمرا ال بد منه‬ً ‫( أصبح الحفاظ على البيئ�ة‬b
ً ‫( أصبح الحفاظ على البيئ�ة‬c
.‫ يجب إصدار قوانين للحفاظ على تراثن�ا الكونى مثل الشعاب المرجاني�ة‬.‫أمرا ال بد منه‬
ً ‫( أصبح الحفاظ على البيئ�ة‬d
.‫ يجب إصدار قوانين للتنمر على تراثن�ا الوطنى مثل الشعاب المرجاني�ة‬.‫أمرا ال بد منه‬
3  e must try hard to find quick solutions to our permanent problems like the problem of
W
unemployment. (‫)إدارة العدوة‬
.‫( يجب أن نحاول جاهدين إيجاد حلول سريعة لمشاكلنا المؤقتة مثل مشكلة البطالة‬a
.‫( يجب أن نحاول جاهدين إيجاد حلول سريعة لمشاكلنا الدائمة مثل مشكلة العمالة‬b
.‫( يجب أن نحاول جاهدين إيجاد حلول بطيئ�ة لمشاكلنا الدائمة مثل مشكلة البطالة‬c
.‫( يجب أن نحاول جاهدين إيجاد حلول سريعة لمشاكلنا الدائمة مثل مشكلة البطالة‬d
4 T he government is interested in improving the educational process. Education is a good

English
investment in the future of any country. (‫)إدارة سوهاج‬
.‫ التعتيم استثمار جيد فى مستقبل أى بلد‬.‫( تهتم الحكومة بتحصين العملة التعليمية‬a
.‫ التعليم استثمار جيد فى مستقبل أى بلد‬.‫( تهتم الحكومة بتحسين العملية التعليمية‬b
.‫ التعليم استعمار جيد فى مستقبل أى بلد‬.‫( تهتم الحكومة بتحسين العملية التعليمية‬c
.‫ التعليم استثمار جيد فى مستقبل أى بلد‬.‫( تهمل الحكومة تحسين العملية التعليمية‬d
Choose the correct English translation:
)‫(إدارة البلين�ا‬ . ‫ الطموح وحدة ال يكفى لذا يجب عليك بذل قصارى جهدك لتحقيق جميع أهدافك وطموحاتك فى الحياة‬1
a) Ambitious is not enough, so you must do your best to achieve all your goals and ambitions in life.
b) Ambition is not enough, so you must make your best to achieve all your goals and ambitions in life.
c) Ambition is not enough, so you must do your best to achieve all your goals and ambitions in life.
d) Ambition is not enough, so you must do your best to achieve all your goals and ambitions in live.
)‫(إدارة شربين‬.‫ يجب تشجيع األطفال والكبار على حدا سواء لتجنب تن�اول األطعمة السريعة ألنها ضارة بالصحة وتؤدى الى السمنة‬2
a) Both children and adults should be encouraged to avoid eating fast foods because they are
harmful to healthy and lead to obesity.
b) Both children and adults should be encouraged to avoid eating fast foods because they are
harmful to health and lead to obesity.
c) Both children and adults should be encouraged to avoid eating fast foods because they are
useful to health and lead to obesity.
d) Both children and adults should be encouraged to avoid eating fast foods because they are
harmful to health and lead to obelisk.
)‫(إدارة الفيوم‬ .‫ المال وسيلة لتحقيق الغايات وليس غاية فى حد ذاته لذلك ال يجب اكتسابه بطرق غير شرعية‬3
a) Money is a means to achieve goals, not an end in itself, so it should not be acquired legally.
b) Money is a means to achieve goals, not an end in itself, so it should not be acquired illegally.
c) Money is a mean to achieve goals, not an end in itself, so it should not be acquired illegally.
d) Money is a means to achieve goals, not an end in itself, so it should not be acquired illogically.

English
38 Unit 1
 . ‫ يجب ان تملك المهارات والمؤهالت التى تجعلك دائما قابل للتوظيف لذلك يجب عليك أن تأخذ الكثير الدورات التدريبي�ة‬4
)‫(إدارة دمياط‬
a) You must have the skills and qualifications that always make you employable, so you must
take many training curses.
b) You must have the skulls and qualifications that always make you employable, so you must
take many training courses.
c) You must have the skills and qualifications that always makes you employment, so you must
take many training courses.
d) You must have the skills and qualifications that always make you employable, so you must
take many training courses.

‫جزء خاص بطلبة األزهر الشريف‬

Dialogue
Finish the following dialogue:

English
Rawan : Mum told me that we were going on a trip the following week.
Rania : (1).............................................................................................................................. !
Rawan : Why don’t you join us, Rania?
Rania : (2).............................................................................................................................. .
Rawan : We’re going to do lots of things, and it’ll be fun.
Rania : (3).............................................................................................................................. ?
Rawan : Of course, we’re going to see a film at the end of the day.
Rania : (4).............................................................................................................................. .
Rawan : Great! I think your mum will agree.
Rania : I hope so.
Reading Comprehension
Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
My name is Jack. My job is a long distance from my home, almost 50 miles away. I have to wake
up early at 5 o’clock every morning, as I’m always in a rush. There’s never enough time for a relaxed
breakfast. At exactly 6:00 a.m. I get into my car and start the long drive. I usually like driving on the
highway more than in the city. During the morning rush hour, though, it’s not very enjoyable. The
heavy traffic is a little bit annoying. So I always listen to my favourite classical music. The drive to
work takes about one hour. Going back home in the evening after work takes even longer, maybe
around 70 minutes. Lately, I’ve been thinking about trying to take the train to work instead of
driving. That way, I could still listen to my music with headphones, and even read a novel at the
same time.
(A) Give short answers to the following questions:
1 When does Jack get up every morning?
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 How is driving during the morning rush hour?
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 Which kind of music does he enjoy listening to in the car?
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
English
Egypt’s Heritage 39
(B) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
4 This text is about going to ................... .
a) work b) schools c) hospitals d) dentists
5 The underlined pronoun “I” refers to ................... .
a) the writer b) his friend c) his father d) his classmate

Translation
(A) Translate into Arabic:
- The government does its best to enable the Egyptian citizen to face the rising cost of living.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
(B) Translate into English:
.‫ فبدونه لن نجد مياه كافية للزراعة وتوليد الكهرباء‬،‫ الني�ل هو مصدر الحياة لمصر‬-
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................

English
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................

English
40 Unit 1
 Unit One Exam ‫إمتحان تجريبي علي الوحدة االولي‬
(A) Vocabulary & Structure
Choose the TWO correct answers out of the FIVE options give: (2 Marks)
1 I began the book six months ago, but I can’t seem to finish it. The antonym of the underlined
word “began” is ............. .
a) finished b) invested c) ended d) launched e. started
2 The friendship between the two families is lasting. The synonyms of the word “lasting” are
............. and ..................... .
a) permanent b) short c) enduring d) temporary e) constant
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d)
3  ............. is what you do or give to achieve something together with other people, or to help
make something successful.  (SB)

English
a) Contribution b) Contamination c) Presentation d) Corporation
4 While my car ............. at the garage, I was having a meal at a nearby restaurant. (‫)الباجور‬
a) was repairing b) was being repaired c) had repaired d) repaired
5 Egypt is a land with a heart that has beaten for thousands of years. The phrase “beaten for”
suggests a ............. .  (SB)
a) continuous, ongoing life b) difficult struggle
c) temporary event d) brief history
6 The money of the clothes ............. on that table. (‫)دمياط‬
a) was b) were c) has d) had
7 Schools play an important ............. in society.  (SB)
a) reel b) rule c) roll d) role
8 While I ............. ill, I lost a lot of weight and became so thin. (‫)غرب شبرا الخيمية‬
a) was b) was being c) am d) had been
9 Egypt was also “a crossroads for trade”. This idiom means it was a place where ............. . (SB)
a) roads crossed b) merchants argued
c) people and goods from many places met d) merchants got lost
10 My purse ............. last week. (‫ المني�ا‬/ ‫)العدوة‬
a) stole b) stolen c) was stolen d) steal
11 You should ............. more pride in your work.  (SB)
a) drop b) swell c) take d) give
12 Have you ever been to Cairo? - Yes, I ............. there in 2005. (‫)الفشن‬
a) have b) have gone c) have been d) went
13 Our ancestors worked with vision and determination. They had ............. .  (SB)
a) clear goals and a strong will to achieve them b) poor eyesight and were stubborn
c) a great imagination and an inability to finish d) no goals and a lot of energy
14 “He doesn’t stay up late any longer.” This means he ............. . (‫)إهناسيا‬
a) used to stay up late b) didn’t use to stay up late
c) usually stays up late d) is in the habit of staying up late
English
Egypt’s Heritage 41
 (B) Reading
Read the following, then answer the questions: (7 Marks)
“Long live Egypt!”
“Long live Egypt!” is not just a slogan repeated three times in the morning assembly at schools
or in national events or international competitions after the national anthem. It’s a matter of
belonging and patriotism. With only words, our country cannot rise or take its deserved position
among the world countries. You have duties and responsibilities towards your country otherwise
you’ll be useless. First of all, you should represent it well wherever you are. You should defend
it when required. You should serve it as possible as you can. You should never allow anyone to
defame or destroy it.
Our country needs our sincere efforts to catch up with the advanced world. We are witnessing
great projects everywhere. The real aim is to put Egypt on the map of developed countries. Egypt
has taken great steps to be a new republic where people can find all that they aspire for. Great
initiatives have been launched for the welfare of people. “Decent life”, “One hundred million
health” and “solidarity and dignity” are just examples of many. All in all, words or false feelings
cannot build a small house not a big country.
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1 The synonym for «slogan» is ................... .
a) symbol b) example
English c) motto d) rite
2 “Long live Egypt!” Is usually repeated ................... the national anthem.
a) after b) before c) during d) in the middle of
3 Egypt’s deserved position can be achieved with ................... .
a) words b) phrases c) sentences d) home love
4 .................. is among from our duties towards our country.
a) Destroying b) Building c) Lying d) Fabricating
5 All the initiatives launched aim to ................... citizens.
a) punish b) exile c) help d) banish
6 In the New Republic, Egypt will appear ................... .
a) the same b) similar c) better d) unchanged
7 If you choose another title for this passage, the best may be ................... .
a) How to trouble your country b) How to hinder your country
c) How to push your country forward d) How to pull your country backward

(C) Translation
1 C
 hoose the correct Arabic translation from a, b, c or d: (2 Marks)
- F igures show that the number of smoking victims in the whole world is increasing all the
time.
.‫تشير الصور أن عدد ضحايا التدخين فى العالم كله آخذ فى االزدياد طوال الوقت‬ (a
.‫تشير اإلحصائي�ات أن عدد ضحايا التدخين فى العالم كله آخذ فى االزدياد طوال الوقت‬ (b
.‫تشير األرقام أن عدد ضحايا التدخين فى العالم مستمر فى االزدياد لبعض الوقت‬ (c
.‫تشير األرقام ان عدد ضحايا التدخين فى العالم آخذ فى االزدياد فى بعض الوقت‬ (d

English
42 Unit 1
 2 Choose the correct English translation from a, b, c or d: (2 Marks)
.‫ فال تفسد البيئ�ة بتلويث مياه الني�ل‬.‫ الماء أصل الحياة لذا يجب أن نحافظ على كل قطرة ماء‬-
a) L ife is the source of water. We should save every drop of it; so don’t spoil the environment by
polluting the water of the Nile.
b) W ater is the origin of life. We should keep water and protect the environment by not polluting
the water of Nile.
c) W
 ater is the source of life. We must keep every drop of it; so we should protect environment
by not polluting the water of the Nile.
d) Water is the origin of life. We should keep every drop of it; so don't spoil the environment by
polluting the water of the Nile.
(D) Novel
Answer the following questions:  (1.5 Marks)
1 What lesson can we learn about perseverance from this chapter?
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English
2 How does Hemingway use Santiago’s eyes to show his inner spirit?
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3 Why does the patched sail symbolize more than just an old piece of cloth?
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(E) Writing
Write an essay of about (120–150) words on the following topic:  (3.5 Marks)
“Why Learning English is Important Today.”
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English
Egypt’s Heritage 43