ee ISSUE DATE: 07 July, 2023 FOTAL PAGE: 4 BO} R LAB (UBS-1002) PHYSICS "| SEMES AIM: To verify Stefan’s law by electric method APPARATUS: 6¥ battery, D.C. Voltmeter (0-10V), D.C. Ammeter (0-14). Electric Bulb (tungsten file of 6V, 6W. Rheustat(1000hm) THEORY AN@ FORMULA USED: REX For black bodies we know that the Stefan’s law is e=a(Ts-Tt) - where F is { amouat of radiation emitted per second per unit area by a body at temperature Toad sanded by another body at temperature'To. ¢ is called Stefan’s constant. A similar relation can that are not black bodies. In such cases we can write s also hold for bodies P=c(Tt— where 115 the total power ce close to 4and C is some constant depending on the material and area of such a body. ‘emitted by a body at temperature T surrounded by another body at temperature TO, is a power quit Further the relation can be put as 11> Te (eg. T=1500K and T by P< aleg, T Riey oe, The giaph an fan's law, we have to.state the electrical power V/I should be equal to the radiating power P (Neglecting power lost in the (ii) Temperature of the radiating body, T. In our experiment we need to measure the temperature of tungsten filament. This is achieved by measuring the resistance of filament, R,, and then using the relation; = Rol tat + fit") With a and 6 being known for tingsten, we can find leads and through the gas in the bulb). | temperature of the filament. One serious limitation | arises in the measurement of Ry (resistance of | filament at 0 C or 273K, one can write Ro or R27sK). At very small current, V/I ratio will give filament if oe be rEateaten Powers Soper recistance as well as lead resistance. In order to calculate Ry then we measure the resistance R; at the stage when the filament first starts glowing and temperature at this stage is approximately 800K. At this temperature contribution of lead resistance becomes smaller by a fector of 4 as computed with that at273K. i Therefore, measurement of Ry (=Rawc) and using the computed factor Reoo/Ra73.A more accurate value of R273(Ro) is obtained. j PROCEDURE: i 1. Make the connection as shown in the figare. In order to connect voltmete across the bulb, the two | wires are soldcred fo the bas points of the bulb. 2. With different increasing and decreasing values of current, we adjust such thet the buti» xows each time, Ther fos every value of V and |, ratio Vis found which gives Re, ‘This is the filanve resistance at 800k.From RY/Ryvs t graph we note thatR, 200 39 Ra7s Therefore Reoo 39 7 Res { OR | | 3. Now filament current 1 is increased trom a value below glow stage to values high enough to get dazzling white light, measuring voltage v a cross bulb every time. From these V and I values, we deduce power P(=V1) andR, (=V/). From Rrusing the value Ro(orrg/3.9) or Rava, we deduce the temperature t of the filament, and obtains graph in logP against logT. | opseRVATIONS: Least count of Voltmeter: . Least count of Ammet . Glowing resistance Ry: Rez, Pee OBSERVATIONTABLE: DeterminationofRg. Temperatureoffilament800K 1 | | = = | S.No. Current increasing Ry Current decreasing Voltage | Current "| RgevT_ | Voltage \ | Current T Reva + lamp | i Volt il Lamp | okm | | ] | | | | I | Sea eae) ao| ‘the line Resist Rew Determination of Power dissipated P for different tempers | RRs Tae graph of LogP vs LogT comes out to be a struigh and therefore the iaw is verified as a fourth power law. “Temperature T" from Graph in K | LLL I line. Hence (P=CT*) law is verified. Further the |. Alltheneasuremenisshouldbetakenbyobservingapparatusandreedingsvertcally 2 3. 4 Beforestartingthcexperimencalltheconnectionsshoukdbemadeproperly The apparates should be switched off afte ‘Phe wlowing resistanu-e should be taken very efficiently. Resistance at porticular temperature should be taken by cach and every set ing readings, current but the value of Re should be fixed for whole experiment. | PREPARED Br: tir, Surender Singh a 4 bee) Re 167°33 (SF12ILM The following table is given for plotting R/R, vs-T graph. Table for variation of R/Ry vs Temperature (T) for Tungsten filament lamp emperature | RyRe Temperature | Ru/Ro | tp K | (1k | | | 273 1.00 1373 7.60 j 33, 1.53 1473, 8.26 | \473 2.07 1573 3.90 {573 2.13, 1673 9.70 | ‘ors 3.22 1773 10.43 | 773 3:80 1873 vez 873) 4.40 1973 11.42 | 973 5.00 2073 1267 | 1073 5.64 2173 13.50 | {1173 637 2273 14.30 | [1273 6.94 { 16 f Linear Fit: T = b(R/Ro) +2 Where, b= 157.12 and a= 167.33 RR, © 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 Temperature (°K) cette i(1) for Tungsten fitanent lamp Ie/Ry vs Temperature variation of Table fo ‘Temperature | R/Ro cryK | 7.60 ‘emperature | R/Re 1,00 1.53 2.07 2.13 |322 ; 3.80 4.40 5.00 5.64 637 |694_ a) +8 ind 367.93 E Linear Fit: T= b(RR Where, b= 157-12 a ; ae HE sate o 4 0 200 400 Go 10 800 4000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2: 2209 2400 Temperature (°K)