Summary about Romanticism.

INTRODUCTION.

Romanticism is an artistic, political, social, and ideological revolution.

important that many of its principles still live today: freedom, individualism,
democracy, nationalism, etc.
Between 1770 and 1800, Europe went to bed absolutist and neoclassical and woke up
"democratic and romantic." Thanks to the English industrial revolution (1760-1840), which
develop a bourgeois class and lay the foundations of liberalism; thanks to the revolution
French (1789), which proclaims the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity;
thank you equally to the American revolution with its Declaration of Independence
(1776), which makes the rights of man its center and establishes the republic as
form of government and the people as the exclusive source of power; thanks to all of this
facts freedom replaces tyranny, absolute power is limited and the
democracy stands as an ideal of government.

ROMANTICISM.

Literary Romanticism is the movement that dominated literature in Europe since

from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century. It is characterized by its dedication to
imagination and subjectivity, their freedom of thought and expression and their
idealization of nature. Romanticism was, therefore, a way of life whose
the most characteristic traits are the following: imagination and sensitivity will be
flag in front of reason and intellectuality; the desire for freedom manifests in
against all imposed forms that curtail in the individual the essence of themselves
himself; instinct and passion lead human beings to exaggerated enthusiasm or
to a deep pessimism. In the case of leading man to the pessimistic feeling,
it provokes in the romantic the escape that can be captured in two different ways: the one of the
trips or that of the suicides.

The term romantic was first used in England in the 17th century.
with the original meaning of 'similar to romance', in order to denigrate the
fantastic elements of the chivalric novel that was very popular at the time.

It is difficult to define what romanticism is. Its revolutionary character is

undeniable. It implies a break with a tradition, with a previous order and with a
hierarchy of cultural and social values, in the name of authentic freedom. It
it is projected in all the arts and constitutes the essence of modernity.
Although the unanimity of the romantic movement resides in a way of feeling and
to conceive man, nature, and life, each country produces a movement
particular romantic, distinct; even each national romanticism develops different
trends. In France or Spain, a romanticism is usually distinguished from
Catholic and national appearance of a more liberal and materialistic one. In Germany or
England distinguishes between a first Romanticism and a second movement, more
mature and less theoretical.

Romanticism represented a change in the taste of the era and in theories.

aesthetics of creation. The modern versus the neoclassical, symbolized in the French
and in the imitation of ancient models. Lessing attacks the classical French theater.
proposes to imitate Shakespeare and create a national drama. Herder defends the
the existence of a national spirit linked to the language whose development is the history of
each country; the manifestation of that spirit in the creations of the people and in the
great poets, especially in the Christian Middle Ages.

Modern romanticism.

The Enlightenment, heir to the Renaissance in this, meant a reorganization of

world and a boost to the progress of the sciences, all of which is necessary to end the
metaphysics, prejudices and superstition and expose the relativity of customs
that were accepted as revealed truths. The Enlightenment fulfilled its mission: to affirm
to man, granting him the power to conquer Nature and dominate it in a
dream of progress towards happiness. But the enlightened thinkers impose limits.
to knowledge: faced with the impossibility of knowing the thing in itself, they are only interested in
the knowledge of phenomena, of sensible reality, considering that which
What our senses cannot conceive has no utility.

The conflict of the romantic man, the 'malady of the century,' his religious crisis and
existential is a consequence of its own singularity and the impossibility of merging
with the otherness, with the Whole; of, being finite, wishing to unite and transform into
infinite.

The subjectivity of Romanticism

The Romantics transformed the individual subject into the point of view from which
the world had to be considered, for this movement had a character
deeply introspective.
So the true theme of romantic literature or art is not usually
external theme, but the intimate psychological life. The psychic space becomes increasingly
deeper and abyssal.

One consequence of his resolutely individualistic stance was that the

the universe could be reflected within an individual subject. The romantic poet defines,
create and transform reality into your texts and give life to the defining and creative self.

The dominant and volitional center of consciousness that remakes existence in the
romantic texts are the 'image of desire' projected by the poem.
 The Yorepresented by the romantic text is, therefore, inevitably, the subject.
author in the process of building himself: the effort to surpass consciousness
of yes alienating through the powers of imagination, that is, the mental power of
introspection and reconstruction of the external world.

Thus, the romantic text encourages the reader to confuse the true
writer - person with the narrative subject or the subject of the action created by the text.
But the romantic work could also be read as an image of collective desire, of a
generalized subjectivity and not just as self-representation of an individual. That
relative opening of the work disappears in the successors of late romanticism
of the 19th century.

Nationalism: In Romanticism, there is a certain obsession with seeking the

roots of each people in their history, in their literature, in their culture, ... It is now

when the concept of the people as a supra-individual spiritual entity is invented

that belong to concrete individuals who share a series of characteristics
common: language, customs, folklore. Thus, the revitalization of the
ancient epic poems and local legends and traditions. It is evident that these
Romantic ideas are in direct opposition to the universalist spirit of the Enlightenment.

Irrationalism: The romantics reject reason and everything rational. Their themes
favorites are related to the supernatural, magic, and mystery. To these
romantics lack systematic and coherent thinking; they do not understand or
they interpret the world in a global way

ROMANTIC LYRICS

Romantic lyricism is a reflection of the literature of the time, in the sense that the
themes addressed are the reclamation of freedom, subjectivity, the exaltation of
"I" and the longing for individual fulfillment in a non-bourgeois society (what it
leads to greater contempt for rules, money, and life, and to being more generous).

The landscape and nature cease to be mere backdrops in which events will occur.
facts, to become true reflections of the artist's interiority. To this unease
romanticism suits a wild, violent, savage, mysterious landscape.

Regarding its shape, it is worth highlighting the polymetry and its musicality (elements
that give rhythm, sharp rhymes, onomatopoeias, alliterations, parallelisms, asyndeton,
polysyndeton.
Regarding language, the Romantic poets clearly show a preference for the
nouns coming from the semantic fields of feeling, pain, the
dissatisfaction, death, etc. (frenzy, outburst, chimera, illusion, delirium, shadow,
tomb, etc.), as well as by adjectives of similar meaning (mysterious, languid,
gloomy, magical, horrifying, dark). They also frequently resort to the use of
archaisms.

Romantic poetry develops in two directions: on one hand, we find the

narrative poetry and on the other hand, lyric poetry. The former places more importance on the poem as
narrative; it usually seeks a medieval setting and enjoys the gloomy. It usually deals with
poems that are based on medieval epic, the ballad tradition, and legends of
oral transmission. The second manifested itself at two moments throughout the 19th century.
In the first half, José de Espronceda develops a body of work characterized by the
patriotic and social themes. And in the second, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer and Rosalía of
Castro cultivates a melancholic and intimate poetry. In it, pessimism will prevail.
the conception of love as a source of pain and disappointment.

CONCLUSION.

The romantic, however, understands that inside man different forces are at play.
forces, and that the essence of what it means to be human transcends the realm of the unconscious and of the
rational. The romantic, in addition to his rebellion against the inherited order of the world,
opposes the separation between reason and feeling, between the real and the unreal.

For the romantic, nature is not an object, a mechanical whole as one wanted.
Descartes, but an organic, living whole. The romantic self rejects being part of the
nature as another piece of its machinery, and, on the contrary, notes its
individuality, its creative and transformative capacity that it extracts from itself, from its
interior, and establishes a relationship with nature as a communication from the One to the
Everything that at the same time triggers his aspiration to the infinite: "imagine the finite under the
the form of the infinite and you will think of man" (F. Schlegel).

The romantic transforms instinct into art and the unconscious into knowledge. To create.
it means approaching your truth, to the ultimate dimension of being.
He stood out in the themes, they started to focus more on the everyday aspects of the
life and had a taste for the supernatural. Above all, it stood out that for the first time,
they introduce the subjectivity of the author into literature.

BIOGRAPHY.
Juan Antonio Pérez Bonalde

He was born in Caracas on January 30, 1846. He was baptized in the church of the
Parish of Santa Rosalía. Legitimate son of Juan Antonio Pérez Bonalde and Gregoria
Pereyra. His father was a prominent militant member of the Liberal party. He became
Senator and President of the Senate and served as Minister in one of the
cabinets. Due to the tumultuous political life that the country is enduring, Juan Antonio Pérez
Bonalde, father, decides to leave and settle with the whole family in Puerto Rico. There
part of his childhood and adolescence takes place there, it was also there that his ...
poetic vocation. Among the friendships cultivated at that time, two names will emerge.
to endure in their memory and in their affection. One is the Puerto Rican poet José
Gautier Benítez; another person from Caracas, Alfredo Esteller, also exiled like him. Pérez
Bonalde will remember these two friends later while in New York, in his poem
The Three

The best hours of life during childhood and adolescence are

what is happening in Puerto Rico. His study of languages and the ease he has for
they make you master English, German, French, Italian, and the
Portuguese among the living languages. Greek and Latin among the dead ones.
magnificent knowledge will allow you to translate works by Poe, Heine, Shakespeare
and Guerra Junqueiro, D’Abreu and Unhland, Herder and Lenau, Ferreira and Saint-Victor

They are among others, authors whose works he will translate into Spanish.

His father Juan Antonio Pérez Bonalde, upon returning to Venezuela, remains distant.
from political activities, and shortly thereafter dies of a heart angina.

He goes to New York and finds a job in an important company after fifteen days.
Lahman & Kemp, which is dedicated to the sale of perfumes, medicinal products and
performer. In the course of their job, they travel through much of the territory
North American. When not traveling, he is engaged in writing commercial advertising.
from the house for which he works, and in the preparation of the singular almanac 'Bristol'

that the same company produces.

The most fruitful stage of creation occurs as their years progress.

stay in New York. When she was not writing her own poetry, she dedicated herself to
true enthusiasm to translate those poems by foreign authors.

In mid-1976, Pérez Bonalde returns to Venezuela. During the journey that

Bringing him to the homeland brings back many memories to his mind. In that state of mind, he is

when he starts writing his imperishable poem 'Return to the Homeland' which is a
pathetic and heartbreaking song for the homeland that is seen again and for the memory of its
dead mother.

In the year 1879, Pérez Bonalde marries the American Amanda Schoonmaker,
who he met at the New York Public Library. This was not a marriage.
Happy. It was in the early 1880s when his only daughter Flor was born, that same year he published

his second book of poetry 'Rhythms'. At the end of 1883, he almost unexpectedly passed away.

daughter Flor plunging him into the deepest despair.

In the year 1884, he travels to Madrid to become a Corresponding Member in

America of the Spanish Academy. With such character, he/she attends the session that it
institution carries out on June 12, 1884.
Pérez Bonalde continues to create, finishing and reviewing one of his fundamental works.

"The Songbook" by Heine. Its first edition was published in late 1885.
poet I dedicate this to Edward Kemp, principal factor of the firm Lahman & Kemp, who
generously funded the publication. The work was preceded by a letter from
Menéndez y Pelayo and a prologue by the notable critic Juan Fastenrath.

It was the end of 1887 and he was sick and had to be confined to
a sanatorium. In this place, he will spend a year. Upon leaving it, he wishes to return to Venezuela and is
at the beginning of 1890 when he does it. Guzmán Blanco is no longer on the public scene
but politics remains a battlefield where there seems to be no truce.

The prestige of a poet brings forth around him, from the very moment of his
Arrival, a vivid feeling of sympathy. When he steps on Venezuelan soil, he is prepared
a warm welcome.
Months after his arrival, President Andueza Palacios wishes to honor him with
a diplomatic position, but his health does not allow it. His doctors advise him
to settle on the Guaira coast. There he lives in his niece Carolina Tesdorpf's house.
de Vidal (1). Monsignor Manuel Gámez, a dignified priest who had been there for 17 years.
in front of the Parish of La Guaira, he is the priest who visits and helps him well
to die. There death will surprise you, victim of a total paralysis on October 4
of 1892. He was buried in the Macuto cemetery. Two days later the troops of
General Joaquín Crespo, leading the legalist revolution, begins to enter
Caracas.

Once years later, on October 4, 1903, the remains of Pérez Bonalde are
transferred to the General Cemetery of the South, in Caracas. In that eleventh
commemoration of his death, when transferring his remains from Macuto to Caracas a group of
Intellectuals pay tribute to his memory that he deserved in life and that never came.

Forty-three years later, on the centenary of its date of

At his birth, Pérez Bonalde was granted the honors of the National Pantheon.
His remains were taken there, with all solemnity, on February 14, 1946.