Carl Friedrich Gauss

He was a German mathematician, astrologer, geobotanist, and chemist who contributed

significantly in many fields, including number theory, analysis
mathematician, differential geometry, statistics, algebra, geodesy, magnetism
and optics. Considered the Princeps Mathematicorum, Gauss has had an influence
notable in many fields of mathematics and science, and is considered one of the
mathematicians who have had the most influence in history. He was one of the first to extend
the concept of divisibility to other sets.

Gauss was soon recognized as a prodigy, despite coming from a family

peasant from illiterate parents; there are many anecdotes about him regarding his
amazing precocity. He made his first major discoveries while he was barely
a high school teenager and completed his magnum opus, Disquisitiones
arithmetic, at the age of twenty-one (1798), although it was published in 1801. It was a work
fundamental for the consolidation of number theory and has shaped this area
up to the present days.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born in the Duchy of Brunswick, Germany, on April 30.
1777, in a humble family. His grandfather was a humble gardener and delivery man. His father
he managed to have a modest family business, but he could not afford his children's education.
As a child, Gauss was respectful and obedient, and in his adulthood, he never criticized his
father, who was very strict and tough with him and intended to make him work from
boy. Gauss's father passed away shortly after Gauss turned 30.

From a very young age, Gauss showed his talent for numbers and languages. He learned to
he learned very quickly the elementary arithmetic by himself without anyone helping him.
very small. In 1784, at the age of seven, he entered one of the primary schools.
letters from Brunswick where a rural teacher named Büttner taught, who corrected
quickly his reading, taught him the grammar and spelling of Standard High German (already
that Gauss's native language was Low German), as well as calligraphy and perfected his
mathematical talent and encouraged him to continue with high school, as stated in his letter for
that he would be accepted in the Lyceum; but that he used severe methods and a strict
discipline, which displeased someone so sensitive. The anecdote is told that, to the
two years of being in school, during arithmetic class, the teacher proposed the
problem of summing the numbers from 1 to 100 (an arithmetic progression. note 2 Gauss
hello the correct answer almost immediately exclaiming Ligget said ('it's done', in low)
German). At the end of the hour, the solutions were checked and it was seen that Gauss's solution
was correct, while many of his colleagues' were not. He, instead of
directly add up, he observed that 100+1 = 99+2 = 98+3 ... that is to say, what was being asked of him was
equivalent to multiplying 101 x 50.

Gauss married Johanna Elizabeth Rosina Osthoff in 1805, becoming a widower in 1809.
She had three children: Carl Joseph (1806 - 1873), Wilhelmina (1808 - 1840), and Louis in 1809.
who passed away prematurely in 1810. He remarried the following year with the friend of
Johanna, Friedericka Wilhelmine Waldeck, who passed away in 1831. With her, he had three
children: the mathematician Eugene (1811 - 1896), Wilhelm August Carl Matthias (1813 - 1879) and
Henriette Wilhelmine Caroline Therese

Arithmetic Investigations

Gauss's first stay in Göttingen lasted three years, which were among the most
productive of his life. He returned to his hometown Brunswick at the end of 1798 without having
received no degree from the University, but at that moment his first masterpiece,
Arithmetic Investigations was almost ready although it was not published for the first time until
1801.

This book, written in Latin, is dedicated to its patron, Duke Ferdinand, for whom
Gauss felt a lot of respect and gratitude. It is a treatise on number theory in the
that synthesizes and perfects all the previous work in this area. The work consists of 8
chapters but the eighth could not be printed due to financial issues. The theorem
The fundamental theorem of algebra states that a polynomial in one variable, non-constant and...
Complex coefficients have as many roots as their degree.

Contributions to the theory of potential

Gauss's divergence theorem, formulated in 1835 but published in 1867, is fundamental.

for the theory of potential and physics. Place the volume integral in a vector field
for the divergence of a vector field in relation to the surface integral of the
vector field around that volume.
 Philipp Ludwig von Seidel
He was a German astronomer, optician, and mathematician. In some sources he is known
simply like Ludwig Seidel.

Life

His mother was Julie Reinhold and his father was Justus Christian Felix Seidel. Seidel studied
university studies at the University of Berlin, at the Albertina of Königsberg and at the
University of Munich. In 1846, he obtained his doctorate there with the thesis De optima forma
of telescopic mirrors. Since 1847, he was a private lecturer, and in 1851 he became a professor
extraordinary, and in 1855 to ordinary professor at the University of Munich.

Philosopher Imre Lakatos credits Seidel for having discovered in 1847 the crucial
analytical concept of uniform convergence. According to Lakatos, Seidel discovered it.
while I was analyzing an incorrect mathematical demonstration by Cauchy.

In 1855, he conceived the theory of optical aberrations that bears his name. In 1857
published her book on the topic, well regarded, which for a long time was the
reference work in the field: among other reasons, because of the great synthesis that was planned
Josef Maximilian Petzval got lost before it was printed. In that work, von Seidel
it decomposed the first-order monochromatic aberration into five aberrations
constituents, which are commonly referred to as 'The five aberrations of Seidel'.

In 1851 he was elected extraordinary member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and in 1861
became an ordinary member. He collaborated closely with Carl August von Steinheil, in
initial investigations and especially meteorological, but later also physical and
photometric. With his work from 1856, he established the theoretical foundations of a process
simplified optical glass manufacturing for the company Steinheil. Together with Steinheil,
Seidel carried out the first photometric measurements of stars.

In 1874 he published his work on iterative resolution of systems of linear equations,

a method that in numerical calculation is known as Gauss-Seidel. From 1879 to 1882
Seidel was the director of the Bogenhausen Astronomical Observatory succeeding Johann.
by Lamont. Among his students at the University of Munich was Max Planck.

Work

There are no translations into Spanish of Seidel's work. The original German texts are:

1846 "On the Best Form of Mirrors in Telescopes", doctoral thesis.

1847 "Investigations on the Convergence and Divergence of Continued Fractions, thesis of
enabling

1848 Carl August von Steinheil and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel, Tables for Reduction of
Weights, with an appendix, in: Scholarly Advertisements, edited by the members of the k.
Bavarian Academy of Sciences, 1848, Vol. 26, pp. 301–308.

1852 "Investigations on the mutual brightness of first magnitude fixed stars and
about the extinction of light in the atmosphere. Along with an appendix on the
Brightness of the sun compared to stars, and about the light reflecting power of
Planets
539-660.

1857 "On the Theory of Errors, with which optical instruments

images seen are affected and about the mathematical conditions of their
Abolition.
the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, No. 1. (1857) 227-267

1859 "Investigations on the brightness of the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter and
Saturn

1863 "Results of photometric measurements on 208 of the most distinguished fixed stars", in:
Proceedings of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Vol. 34, 3rd Section, p. 419-
610.

1866 together with Eugen Leonhard, brightness measurements on 208 fixed stars with the
Steinheil's Photometer in the years 1852-1860, in: Memoirs of the Bavarian
Academy of Sciences, Vol. 37, 1st Section 1866, pp. 201-319.

1867 A Contribution to the Determination of the Limits Currently Achievable with the Scale
Accuracy, in: Proceedings of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences to
Munich, meeting on July 6, Year 1867, Vol. II, pp. 231–246.

About a method for the equations to which the method of least squares applies
to solve linear equations in general through successive approximation,
Treatises of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, 1874

Eponymy

Due to Seidel's great contributions in the fields he dedicated himself to, in 1970 the
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) decided to name it "Seidel" in his honor.
lunar astrobleme.