Sequences or Progressions
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ScribdTranslationsSequences or Progressions
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsUNIT II: SEQUENCES OR PROGRESSIONS
Achievement Indicator:
1.- Interpret real situations related to the application of sequences or
arithmetic progressions.
2.- Develop calculation skills in solving exercises and problems
related to arithmetic progressions.
3.- Develop habits of responsibility and companionship in problem-solving.
proposed activities.
CONTENTS:
1.- Arithmetic Progression.
2.- Equation of the nth term. Properties.
3.- Interpolation of the terms.
4.- Sum of the terms of the sequence.
INTRODUCTION
Definition of sequence: a numeric sequence is nothing more than an ordered list, or series, of
real numbers.
CONCEPTS:
Terminals of a series, each of the elements that compose it consists of two
well-defined parts:
Order of the term, which indicates what position the number occupies within the sequence.
issue, thus the first, the second, ....., the twentieth, etc.
The value of the term is the numerical value associated with it.
Notation: to refer to a term of the sequence, we will denote it with an , where
indicates the order or position of the term
numeric of the term.
37
Example: a 7 it tells us that the seventh term of the series has the numerical value
4
associate of thirty-seven rooms.
General term: it is the way we will refer to any given term of the
succession, is usually indicated byn;ak; aietc.
Equidistant terms from the ends: are those that are at equal distance.
of the first and of the last.
Forexample:2;6;10;14;18;22,the6andthe18andthe10andthe14areequidistant.
If we look at the order, the second and the second to last, the third and the third to last, in
general elak 1 and the k, thata is to say2andotn-1 ;a3andotn-2, etc. ...
Classes of succession:
Finite series, when they consist of a finite number of terms, can be: 4, 10, 12, 40.
Example:
1
Infinite, when the number of terms is infinite.
Example:
1;2;3; ;n 1;((
Exercises:
a) Write the first five terms of the sequences:
n3
a1)an 5 2n a2)bn 2n1 a3)an n 2 1 a4) b n
2n 1
1 3n 2
a5)an 1 2 a6) b n a7)an 2n2 1 a8) b n
n 3 n 1
2 n 12
a9)an 3n 1 a10)bn a11)an 25 n 2 a12)bn
3 2n 5
2.- ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS:
An arithmetic sequence is one in which each term, except the first, is obtained
adding a fixed amount, called difference, or ratio, to the immediate previous one, as follows:
a2 a1 d ; ;an a n1 d .
Where the common difference is given by:
d a n an1
Most important properties or characteristics:
The absolute difference between any two consecutive terms is constant and
equal to the reason.
Example:a1 1,a2 8,a3 15,a4 22, a5 29,a6 36where we can check that:
a4 a3 7 a 6 a5 7, etc.
The sum of equidistant terms is constant and equal to the sum of the extremes.
From the previous example, we can observe that to1 a 6 37,andthatto2 a 5 37, and what
a 3 a 4 37 .
N-th Term Equation
we can generally say that: a 2 a 1 d
a 3 a 2 d a1 d d a1 2d ,
a 4 a 3 d a1 2d d a1 3d
and following the principle or law of induction, we would reach that in the general case
an a1 n 1 d Equation of the n-th term.
Examples:
1;8;15;22; ;1 n-1 7, that is, ton 1 7 n 1
2;5;8;11;??; 2 n-1 3, that is, to 2 3 n 1
INTERPOLATION
Interpolate the arithmetic means, or differential means, between two numbers, a and b.
data, consists of finding p-numbers that are in arithmetic progression with them, and that
they are included among them. For this, we must proceed as follows:
First, we find the absolute value difference between the given numbers, which will be the
extremes of the progression.
Secondly, we divide that difference by the number of terms we want.
interpolate plus one, that value, d, will be the ratio of the progression.
We will obtain the requested terms by successively adding the ratio to the first one, then to
number thus obtained, and so on until completing the requested number of terms.
Example: interpolate five terms, or arithmetic means, or numbers, between 12 and 16:
4 2
D 16 12 4 d
6 3
2 38 38 2 40 42 44 46 these are the requested numbers, already
a1 12 , a2 , a3 , a4 y a5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
that the next one in the progression we have generated would be:
48
a6 16that is the extreme that they have given us.
3
Example: interpolate four numbers between 1 and 36:
35
D 1 36 35 35 d 7
5
a1 1 7 8 , a 2 8 7 15 , a 3 15 7 22a4 , 22 7 29 are the requested numbers, already
that the following would be to6 29 7 36, which is the reference number they gave me.
SUM OF THE TERMS OF AN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
To obtain the expression that will allow us to calculate the sum easily, we will rely on the
second property of arithmetic progressions, for example:
a1 1,a2 8,a3 15,a4 22, a5 29,a6 36, the sum of its terms would be:
6
S a aI a a 1a a a2 138 154 22 29
5
366 111
i 1
where the symbol (capital sigma) represents, mathematically, the summation of the
elements indicated as aI, from the number indicated below as i = 1, up to the indicated
above, in this case 6. But this sum can be calculated with the expression:
n
General expression of the sum: Sn (a a)1 being the number of terms in the progression.
2
n
You can also use the equation: Sn (2a1 (n 1)d)
2
Example: Find the sum of the first twenty terms of the sequence 2 ; 5 ; 8 ; 11 ;
In the sequence we have that: a 1 2, d 4yn 20
The sum of the twenty terms is:
n
Sn
2a (n 11)d
2
20
S20 2(2) (20 1)3 10 (4 19(3))
2
S20 10 (4 57) 10(61)
S20 610
The sum of the first twenty terms of the sequence is 610.
WORK EXERCISES.
1) Check if the sequence -5, -2, 1, 4, 7,..... is arithmetic or not.
2) Given the terms of the sequence 8, 5, 2, -1,…. Determine:
a) The equation of the nth term.
b) What is the value of the tenth term?
3) An arithmetic progression of 50 terms starts with 9 and ends with 200. Calculate its
difference and the sum of its terms.
4) If you save 12.02 Dollars in January, 13.22 Dollars in February, 14.42 Dollars in March,
How long will it take you to save 240.40 Dollars?
