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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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issue. The Hon. Penn Assheton Curzon, just alluded to, eldest son of
Viscount Curzon, married Charlotte Sophia, Baroness Howe, by
whom he had issue seven sons and three daughters, the eldest of
whom was Richard William Penn Curzon-Howe, created Earl Howe,
who married twice—first, the Lady Harriet Georgiana Brudenell,
daughter of the Earl of Cardigan, by whom, with others, he had
issue the late Earl Howe; and, secondly, Ann Gore, maid of honour
to Queen Adelaide, by whom also he had issue. The Earl died in
1870, and was succeeded by his eldest son, George Augustus
Frederick Louis Curzon-Howe, as second Earl Howe, Viscount
Curzon, Baron Curzon of Penn, and Baron Howe of Langar, who was
born in 1821, and was M.P. for South Leicestershire from 1857 to the
time of his accession to the peerage. His lordship married, in 1846,
Harriet Mary, daughter of the late Henry Charles Sturt, Esq., M.P., by
whom, however, he had no issue. He died in 1876, and was
succeeded by his brother, the Hon. Richard William Penn Curzon-
Howe. The present peer, who is third Earl Howe, Viscount Curzon,
Baron Curzon of Penn, and Baron Howe of Langar, was born in 1822,
and, having entered the army, became Captain in 1844, Major 1853,
Lieut.-Colonel 1854, Colonel 1857, and Major-General 1868. Having
served in the Kaffir war as Aide-de-camp to Sir George Cathcart, and
at the siege of Delhi, at which time he was Acting Assistant
Quartermaster-General, he became Military Secretary to the
Commander-in-chief in India, and was also an Aide-de-camp to
H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge. His lordship married, in 1858,
Isabella Katherine, daughter of Major-General the Hon. George
Anson, and has issue, besides other children, a son, the Hon. George
Richard Penn Curzon-Howe, who is heir to the titles and estates.
Sir Nathaniel Curzon died in 1758, and was succeeded by his
eldest son, Nathaniel Curzon, who, in 1761, was raised to the
peerage by the style and title of Baron Scarsdale of Scarsdale, in the
county of Derby—the title being derived from the hundred of
Scarsdale in that county. His lordship had previously married the
Lady Catherine Colyear, daughter of the Earl of Portmore, by whom
he had issue five sons and one daughter. He died in 1804, and was
succeeded in his title and estates by his eldest son, the Hon.
Nathaniel Curzon, as second Lord Scarsdale. This nobleman married,
first, the Hon. Sophia Susannah Noel, sister and co-heiress of
Thomas, Viscount Wentworth, by whom (who died in 1782) he had
issue the Hon. Nathaniel, who succeeded him, and the Hon. Sophia
Caroline, who married Robert Viscount Tamworth, son of Earl
Ferrars. Lord Scarsdale married, secondly, a Roman Catholic lady,
Félicité Anne de Wattines, of Tournay, in Belgium, by whom (who
died in 1850) he had, with other issue, the Hon. and Rev. Alfred
Curzon; the Hon. Francis James Curzon, barrister-at-law; the Hon.
Mary Elizabeth, married to John Beaumont, Esq., of Barrow; and the
Hon. Caroline Esther, married to William Drury Holden, Esq., of Locko
Park, in Derbyshire, who assumed the surname of Lowe instead of
that of Holden, and is well known as William Drury Lowe, Esq.
The Hon. Nathaniel Curzon succeeded his father as third Lord
Scarsdale in 1837, but died unmarried in 1856, when the title and
estates passed to his nephew, the present peer, the Rev. Alfred
Nathaniel Holden Curzon, second son of the Hon. and Rev. Alfred
Curzon, already mentioned.
The Hon. and Rev. Alfred Curzon, eldest son, by his second
marriage, of the second Lord Scarsdale, was born in 1801, and
married in 1825 Sophia, daughter of Robert Holden, Esq., of Nuttall
Temple, by whom he had issue two sons—George Nathaniel Curzon,
Esq., who was accidentally killed by being thrown from his horse,
and the Rev. Alfred Nathaniel Holden Curzon, the present Lord
Scarsdale—and two daughters, Sophia Félicité Curzon and Mary
Curzon, the elder being married to W. H. De Rodes, Esq., of
Barlborough Hall, and the younger to Lord Arthur Edwin Hill-Trevor,
son of the Marquis of Downshire. He died in January, 1850.
The present peer, the Rev. Alfred Nathaniel Holden Curzon,
succeeded his uncle in the title and estates as fourth Baron
Scarsdale, and as a baronet, in 1856. His lordship, who was born in
1831, was educated at Rugby, and at Merton College, Oxford, where
he graduated B.A. in 1852, and M.A. in 1865. In 1856 he became
Rector of Kedleston, and in the same year married Blanche, second
daughter of Joseph Pocklington Senhouse, Esq., of Nether Hall,
Cumberland, by whom he has issue living—the Hon. George
Nathaniel, heir-apparent, born 1859; the Hon. Alfred Nathaniel, born
1860; the Hon. Francis Nathaniel, born 1865; the Hon. Assheton
Nathaniel, born 1867; the Hon. Sophia Caroline, born 1857; the Hon.
Blanche Felicia, born 1861; the Hon. Eveline Mary, born 1864; the
Hon. Elinor Florence, born 1869; the Hon. Geraldine Emily, born
1871; and the Hon. Margaret Georgiana, born 1874. Lady Scarsdale
died in 1875. His lordship is patron of five livings (viz. Kedleston,
Quarndon, Mickleover, and Littleover, in Derbyshire, and
Worthington, in Leicestershire), and is a magistrate for the county of
Derby.
The arms of Lord Scarsdale are—
argent, on a bend, sable, three popinjays,
or, collared, gules. Crest—a popinjay
rising, wings displayed and inverted, or,
collared, gules. Supporters—dexter, a
female figure representing Prudence,
habited, argent, mantled, azure, holding in
her sinister hand a javelin, entwined with a Arms of Scarsdale.
remora, proper; sinister, a female figure
representing Liberality, habited, argent, mantled, purpure, holding in
both hands a cornucopia, resting against her shoulder, proper. Motto
—“Recte et suaviter.”
The title of “Scarsdale” had previously been held by the family of
Leake, but had become extinct. The Leakes were descended from
Adam de Leca, of Leak, in Nottinghamshire, who was living in 1141.
William Leake, or Leke, who settled at Sutton-in-the-Dale, or, as it is
frequently called, Sutton-Scarsdale, in Derbyshire, early in the
fifteenth century, was a younger son of Sir John Leake, of Gotham.
One of his descendants, Sir Francis Leke, Knt., married one of the
co-heiresses of Swift, of Rotherham, and by her had issue a son,
Francis Leke, who, on the institution of the order of baronetcy, was
created a baronet in 1611. In 1624 he was created Baron Deincourt
of Sutton, and, having taken an active part for the King during the
civil wars, was in 1645 raised to the dignity of Earl of Scarsdale. He
married Anne, daughter of Sir Edward Carey, Knt., and had issue by
her—Nicholas, his successor; Francis, Edward, and Charles, slain in
battle; and six daughters, one of whom was married to Viscount
Gormanston, and another to Charles, Lord Lucas. His lordship felt
the execution of his royal master, Charles I., so acutely, that he
clothed himself in sackcloth, and, causing his grave to be dug some
years before his death, laid himself in it every Friday for divine
meditation and prayer. He died in 1665, and was succeeded by his
son Nicholas as second Earl of Scarsdale and Baron Deincourt. This
nobleman married Lady Frances Rich, daughter of the Earl of
Warwick, and died in 1680. His eldest son, Robert, succeeded to the
titles and estates, and having married Mary, one of the co-heiresses
of Sir John Lewis, was made Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire, Colonel
of Horse, and Groom of the Stole to Prince George of Denmark.
Dying in 1707, he was succeeded, as fourth Earl of Scarsdale and
Baron Deincourt, by his nephew, Sir Nicholas Leke, who, dying
unmarried in 1736, the titles, including the baronetcy, became
extinct.
The old hall of Kedleston, the ancient
residence of the Curzon family for many
generations, stood nearly on the site
occupied by the present magnificent
mansion. It was a fine quadrangular brick
building of three stories in height, the
entrance being under an advanced
balustraded portico of three arches.
Adjoining the house were training
paddocks and all the appliances for the
stud which was kept up. Of this house,
fortunately, a painting is preserved in the
present mansion. Not so of the still older
house, of which no representation appears
Arms of Leke. to be remaining. It must, however, judging
from the records of the armorial bearings
which decorated its stained-glass windows when the survey was
made in 1667, have been a building possessed of many noticeable
features. In the north window of the hall of 1677 we find recorded
some of the bearings of the most distinguished families of the time,
which seem to throw a strong light on the connections of the Curzon
family. Among the arms, either alone or quartered or impaled, were,
it seems, in the north window of the hall, Curzon, Twyford, Arden,
Bek or Beke, Gresley, Wasteneys, Chandos of Radborne, Talbot,
Furnival, and Montgomery of Cubley; in the south windows those of
Curzon and Bagot; in another window those of Curzon, Vernon,
Ludlow, Poole or Pole, and the device of the House of Lancaster; at
the upper end of the hall, Curzon and Pole with Pole’s quarterings,
Curzon alone, Curzon and Vernon with Vernon’s quarterings, and
Curzon and Sacheverell with Sacheverell’s quarterings. About the
room the following coats were irregularly dispersed—viz.
Sacheverell, Vernon, Pole, Bagot, Montgomery, Ireton, Minors,
Curzon, Twyford, and Brailsford; and on the inside of the large
chimney of the Buttery were Touchet, Lord Audley of Marston, Erm,
a chevron and lion rampt, but the colours gone, and Latimer or
Greville (a cross fleury), and Frecheville. On the outside of the same
chimney, a saltier without colour; Montgomery as before; a border of
horse-shoes, probably Ferrers; Griffith of Whichnor, &c. These were
presumed to be about the date of Henry IV., and the door was
supposed at that time to be at least three hundred years old.
The old hall and the venerable church are said to have stood
about the centre of the then village of Kedleston, and a corn-mill
was near. The whole of the village, every house and every vestige of
habitation, the “small inn for the accommodation of those who came
to drink of a medicinal well, which has the virtues of the Harrogate
water,” the corn-mill, and the old hall itself, were removed by the
first Lord Scarsdale to make room for the present mansion, which he
erected in 1765: the church alone remained. The village was
removed to a charming spot a short distance off; the corn-mill was
taken away; the stream which turned its wheel was converted into
the magnificent lake that forms so fine a feature in the present park;
the turnpike-road was removed to a distance of more than half a
mile; and the “small inn” was replaced by the present capacious
Kedleston Inn, some three-quarters of a mile away from its original
site.
The present edifice was built from the designs of Robert Adam,
one of the architect brothers of the Adelphi, and is considered to be
his masterpiece. It consists of a noble central pile with two advanced
wings or pavilions, with which it is connected by two curved
corridors. The principal or north front has a grand central portico,
the entablature and pediment of which are supported by six
magnificent columns, 30 feet high, and 3 feet in diameter: some of
these are composed of one single stone their entire length. They are
designed from those at the Pantheon at Rome. The entrance in the
portico is approached by a double or reflected flight of stone steps,
which again are marvellous for the size of the stones: they are 10
feet in length, and each stone forms two steps. The pediment is
surmounted by figures of Venus, Bacchus, and Ceres, and the
sculptured bassi-relievi (by Collins) represent vintage, pasturage,
harvest, ploughing, and boar-hunting; while within the porticos are
statues of a Bacchante, two of the Muses, and a Vestal. The Arcade,
leading to Cæsar’s Hall, and the Corridors, are designed from the
Amphitheatre. The Grand Entrance is in the centre of the portico,
and opens at once into the Great Hall.

The North Front.

 The Great Hall, a noble room, and one of the finest classical
apartments in existence in the purity of its style, the beauty of its
details, and the perfection of its proportions, is about 67 feet in
length by 42 feet in width, and 40 feet in height. The vaulted ceiling
rises to the full height of the house, and is supported on twenty
fluted Corinthian columns 25 feet in height, and 2 feet 6 inches in
diameter. These columns, which are “the glory of Kedleston,” are of
native alabaster from Red Hill, in Leicestershire. The Hall is
decorated with paintings and sculpture, the whole being classical,
and in perfect keeping with the design of the building itself. The
subjects of the chiaro-oscuro paintings on the east side are—“Helen
reproaching Paris, and silenced by Venus,” “Achilles receiving Armour
from Thetis,” “Achilles delivering his Armour to Patroclus,” and
“Mercury, Juno, and Neptune before Jupiter;” on the west side,
“Helen and Paris,” “The Judgment of Paris,” “Hector and
Andromache,” and “Juno and Minerva.” At the ends are “Apollo and
the Hours,” “Night distributing her Poppies,” and “Sacrifices to
Sylvanus, Diana, Apollo, and Mars.” Over the doors are four marriage
subjects. The statues are Apollo Belvedere, Meleager, Idol, Venus,
Faun, Apollo Vil. Med., Urania, Faun, Venus, Ganymede, Antinous,
and Mercury. From the Hall the Dining-room is entered on the right,
the Music-room on the left, and the Saloon at the south end.
 The Great Hall.

Our account of the principal rooms must necessarily be very

brief. It is enough to say that they are all fitted and finished in the
most exquisite taste and in the most sumptuous manner, and are
hung, or rather decorated—for the greater part of the pictures are
let into the walls, as a part of the original design—with one of the
best collections of paintings any house can boast.
The Music-room, a remarkably elegant apartment, contains many
notable pictures, especially an “Old Man’s Head” by Rembrandt,
Giordano’s “Triumph of Bacchus,” Guido’s “Bacchus and Ariadne,”
Guercino’s “David’s Triumph,” and Leonardo da Vinci’s “Holy Family.”
The chimney-piece contains a beautiful bas-relief by Spang. The
Corridor and Corridor Staircase also contain many choice pictures.
The Drawing-room is a gorgeous apartment, hung with blue
damask. It is 44 feet in length and 28 feet in width and height, and
has a beautiful coved ceiling. The door-cases are finished with
Corinthian columns of Derbyshire alabaster, and the chimney-piece
of Italian marble is supported by two exquisitely sculptured whole-
length female figures. The furniture, especially the couches, is of the
most gorgeous character—the carved and gilt figures and foliage
being in the very highest and purest style of Art. The paintings in
this room include splendid examples by Annibale Carracci, Paul
Veronese, old Francks, Breughel, Teniers, Cuyp, Mompert, Andrea
del Sarto, Domenichino, Raffaelle, Swanevelt, Guido Reni, Benedetto
Luti, Polemberg, Bernardo Strozzi, Claude Lorraine, Tintoretto,
Parmigiano, and others of the old masters.
The Library—a noble room fitted with mahogany book-cases, a
Doric entablature, and mosaic ceiling—contains among its pictures
Vandyke’s “Shakspere,” Rembrandt’s “Daniel interpreting to
Nebuchadnezzar,” and examples of Giordano, Carlo Loti, Drost,
Michael Angelo, Salvator Rosa, Poussin, and others. It also contains
busts of Homer, Sappho, Socrates, Virgil, Anacreon, Pindar, and
Horace.
The Saloon is a grand circular apartment, 42 feet in diameter,
and 63 feet high to the rose in the dome. It is considered, and truly,
to be one of the most beautiful rooms of its kind in Europe. Its
decorations are interesting from the classic taste displayed in
designing them, and the elegance with which they are executed. It
is divided into four recesses, or alcoves, having fire-places
representing altars, with sphinxes, &c., adorned with classical figures
in bas-relief; these alternate with as many doors; the whole painted
and ornamented with white and gold. Over the doors are paintings
of ruins by Hamilton (the frames representing the supporters of the
family arms), and above the recesses are delineations in chiaro-
oscuro by Rebecca—the subjects from English history. The pillars, of
scagliola marble, are by Bartoli. The dome is white and gold, finished
in octagonal compartments with roses. The candle branches are of
peculiar elegance, and beneath them is a charming series of
exquisite bas-reliefs of Cupids, &c. The Saloon opens on its
respective sides into the Great Hall, the Library, the Ante-chamber,
and the south or garden front of the hall. From the ante-chamber, in
which are Carlo Maratti’s “St. John” and many other valuable
paintings, is reached—
 The Saloon.

The Principal Dressing-room, hung with blue damask, which

contains, among others, life-size portraits of the first Lord and Lady
Scarsdale by Hone; the second Lord Scarsdale by Reinagle, and his
first wife by Hone; Charles I. by Vandyke; Prince Rupert’s daughter
by Kneller; Prince Henry by Jansen; Prior by Kneller; and other
paintings by Lely, Vandyke, Cimaroli, and others.
The State Bed-room is hung with blue damask, and contains a
remarkably fine assemblage of family portraits, landscapes, and
other pictures, among which are Sir Nathaniel and Lady Curzon by
Richardson; Duchess of York by Lely; and the Countess of Dorset,
daughter of George Curzon, after Mytens.
The Wardrobe, which adjoins, is principally remarkable for a fine
collection of thirty-six ancient enamels after Albert Dürer,
representing the life of our Saviour, and for the many fine family
portraits and other paintings which it contains. Among these are—
Lady Curzon and her sons, by Dobbs; Countess of Dorchester, by
Kneller; the wife and child of Quentin Matsys, by himself; Hon.
Caroline Curzon, by Angelica Kauffmann; Hon. H. Curzon, by
Hamilton; family portraits, by Hone and Barber; the “Nativity” and
the “Resurrection,” by Murillo; and the first Lady Scarsdale, by
Hudson.
The Dining-room is of faultless proportions, and its fittings—all
precisely as originally planned by the architect—are in the best and
purest taste. The ceiling is magnificently painted in compartments by
Zucchi. The centre represents “Love embracing Fortune;” the oblong
squares, the four Seasons; and the small circles, Europe, Asia,
Africa, and America. In front of the recessed sideboard is a
magnificent cistern, or cooler, cut out of a solid block of Sicilian
jasper; and among the pictures are examples of Snyders, Zuccarelli,
Ciro Ferri, Claude Lorraine, Jean Fyt, Romanelli, Helmbrecker, and
others, and bas-reliefs by Collins and Spang.
On the Great Staircase are also many choice paintings (including,
among others, examples of Carlo Maratti, Hamilton, and old Stone,
and some fine statues and candelabra), while in the family wing of
the house—in Lady Scarsdale’s Boudoir, the Ante-room, the
Breakfast-room, and the other apartments—the assemblage of
works of Art is very extensive and valuable. In the Corridor, too, are
some good paintings, and many articles of virtu; while in the
chimney-piece is an extremely fine plaque of Wedgwood’s jasper-
ware.
The opposite wing is occupied by the Kitchen—a noble apartment
with a gallery at one end, supported on Doric columns, and having
over its fire-place the admirable motto, “Waste not, want not”—and
the other domestic offices.
Cæsar’s Hall is the basement story beneath the portico, and is
decorated with busts of the Cæsars, and medallions of Homer,
Hesiod, Horace, and Tully; and in the Tetrastyle Hall, the staircases,
and other parts of the building, are numerous works of Art of one
kind or other.
The Garden Front, shown in the opposite engraving, is an
adaptation of an idea taken from the design of the Arch of
Constantine. The statues in the niches are Flora Farnese and an
antique Bacchus. Over the pillars are medallions of Apollo and Diana,
and the statues above are the Pastoral and the Comic Muses,
Prudence, and Diana. By the steps are the Medicean and Borghese
vases.

The South or Garden Front.

The entrance to the noble park of Kedleston is by a lodge,

designed by Adams from the Arch of Octavia. From it the drive to
the house is about a mile in length, amidst the finest forest trees,
beneath which hundreds of deer browse in every direction. Nearing
the house, the drive is carried over the magnificent lake on a bridge
of purely classical design, enriched by statuary; and from it one of
the finest views of the mansion and its surroundings is obtained.
Near to the drive is a charmingly picturesque fountain, whose waters
are constantly flowing through a lion’s mouth.
In the park are the medicinal springs known as “Kedleston
Baths,” over which a plain, but picturesque, building was erected
many years ago. The waters are the best of the sulphureous springs
of Derbyshire, and approach closely, on analysis, to those of
Harrogate. They were formerly in much repute, and years ago it was
quite a trade for the poor people of Derby to fetch these waters to
the town, where they were sold at a penny per quart, and were
drunk in place of malt liquor by many of the inhabitants. Kedleston,
in the latter part of last century, was, indeed, a very favourite resort
with the Derby people, as is evidenced by the following curious
advertisement of the year 1776:—“Kedleston Fly. Twice a day during
the Summer Season. Will set out on Monday next, the 20th inst.,
from John Campion’s, the Bell Inn, in Sadler-gate, Derby; each
person to pay One Shilling and Sixpence. A good Ordinary is
provided each day at Kedleston Inn. If desired, the coach may be
had from nine in the morning till two in the afternoon.” At Quarn, or
Quarndon, about a mile distant, is another medicinal spring—this
time of chalybeate waters, which were, and yet are, with those of
Kedleston, much esteemed.
Of the fine old oaks in Kedleston Park it is enough to say they are
among the largest and most picturesque in the kingdom, the “King
Oak” being twenty-two feet in circumference at the bole, and the
“Queen Oak” nearly as much—a truly stately and royal pair. Many
others are also enormous in girth and stature. Of these oaks the
Hon. Grantley Berkeley thus graphically writes:—“In the park and
vale of Berkeley, as well as in the Forest of Dean, I have been used
to view the oak-tree in perfection, as well as in gigantic decay, as in
the case at Berkeley of ‘King William’s Oak,’ at the entrance to the
park, set down as that tree was, and is now, in Domesday Book as a
tree then so much larger than its fellows as to be selected in the
survey as a mark for the parish or hundred of Berkeley. With all this
timber lore, however, the tall oaks of Kedleston Hall astonished me,
not in a few instances, but in hundreds, or indeed all over the park.
Timber of all kinds stood on those emerald undulations (for never
was a park or pasture greener), valued by their proprietor as much
for intrinsic worth as for picturesque beauty, honoured in age, as
they had been spared when from their ranks might have been hewn
a fortune. So struck was I with the invariable size of these trees,
that while casting a curious eye through the herds of deer to make
myself acquainted with the best buck in that early season, destined
for a trial of Pape’s breech-loading rifle—which had been returned to
his hands to be rearranged after the trick it played me in the forest
of Lord Breadalbane some time ago—I could not help stepping their
circumference at the roots of some of them, the extent of which was
as follows. The oaks very commonly reached to fourteen yards
where they entered the ground, and ranged from that to fifteen and
seventeen yards; while the ‘King Oak,’ standing by his ‘Queen’ of
nearly the same size, measured twenty-two yards where it sought
the earth. Three feet from the ground the girth of this monarch of
the forest is twenty-five feet nine inches, and the timber contained
in the tree is calculated at from eleven hundred to twelve hundred
feet. The extraordinary beauty of these oaks—and their name, so to
speak, is legion—lies in their immensely tall straight growth from the
ground, scarcely ever putting forth a limb within reach of my
upstretched hand. The same luxuriant fact in this enchanting park
exists with all kinds of trees, and some of the broad-leafed elms
round whose boles I stepped measured fifteen yards. Lord Scarsdale
takes beautiful care of his trees, and when some high wind tears
down a huge arm from his favourites, the splinters are all sawn
smoothly off from the stem, and the wound is capped with lead to
prevent the entrance of water.”
And now for a word or two on the Church, which is one of the
most charming old buildings in the country. Long may it be kept
from the hands of the “restorer!” The edifice is cruciform, consisting
of a nave, chancel, north and south transepts, and central tower—
the south transept being the mortuary chapel of the Curzons. The
south doorway of the nave is early Norman, with beak-head
mouldings and a sculptured tympanum; and the “priest’s door” in
the chancel is equally interesting, although of later date.
In the chancel is a remarkably fine monument to Sir Nathaniel
Curzon, Bart., who died in 1758, aged eighty-four, designed by
Robert Adam, the architect of Kedleston, and executed by Michael
Rysbrach in 1763; and another monument erected in 1737 to Sir
Nathaniel Curzon, and Dame Sarah, his wife, daughter of William
Penn, Esq. There are also a fine, but partially mutilated, brass to an
early Curzon, and an incised slab to William Curzon, 1544. The east
window of stained glass, “In Memory of George Nathaniel Curzon,
born Oct. 1826; died June 17, 1855,” is of beautiful design. In the
floor of the chancel, on removing two massive circular pieces of
wood mounted with rings, about a foot below the surface, each
within a deeply cut quatrefoil, are the heads of a knight in armour
and of a lady in veil and whimple. There is no inscription connected
with these extremely curious and unusual monuments, but they
most probably represent a knight and lady of the Curzon family.

Kedleston Church, from the West.

In the Curzon Chapel, south transept, are fine old monuments,

some of which are shown in the opposite engraving. One of these is
a knight and lady on an altar tomb, the knight in plate armour with
collar of SS, and the other the monument of a knight, also in collar
of SS. Besides these are monuments and tablets to Sir John Curzon
and Patience Crewe, his wife, 1604; Sir John Curzon, 1727;
Nathaniel, second Lord Scarsdale, 1837, and his lady, 1850; and
many others to different members of the family, besides a fine
canopy of a “founder’s tomb.”
The Church closely adjoins the hall, from which there is an
entrance into the churchyard. At the east end of the Church is a
quaintly curious sundial, bearing, above the dial itself, the words We
shall, and thus reading—
WE SHALL
DIAL

(the latter word, of course, not being there, but implied by the dial
itself): the meaning is, “We shall die all,” or, “We shall all die.”

Kedleston Church, Interior.

Not far from Kedleston are the picturesque ruins of Mackworth

Castle, the ancient stronghold of the De Mackworths, and in its
neighbourhood are Quarndon, with its medicinal springs; Markeaton
Hall, the seat of the Mundys; Kirk Ireton, famous as the place from
whence the two great Parliamentary officers, General Ireton and
Colonel Sanders, sprang; Duffield, once the stronghold and seat of
the Norman family of Ferrars, Earls of Derby; Mugginton, anciently
the seat of the Knivetons; and many other places of note.
 AUDLEY END.

O F the earlier life of Sir Thomas Audley, the founder of

Audley End, or of the family from which he sprang, but
little is known. His rise was rapid, as his rapacity was
great, and, like others in the very extraordinary times in
which he lived, he fawned on his sovereign and preyed on
the possessions of others until he had raised himself to a
high position. “Thomas Audley,” says a writer in 1711,
“being a sedulous student in the law, became Autumne Reader to
the Inner Temple, temp. Henry VIII., and was after chosen Speaker
of the House of Commons, in the 21st of Henry VIII. In which
station (this being the parliament that gave the finishing hand to the
dissolution of monasteries) he was so acceptable to the king that he
at first made him Attorney of the Duchy of Lancaster, next Serjeant-
at-Law, being after the King’s Own Serjeant; and upon the
resignation of the Lord Chancellor More, he was knighted, made
Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, and, before the end of the year, Lord
Chancellor of England. And the 30th of Henry VIII. sat as Steward
upon the arraignment of Henry Courtney, Marquis of Exeter, for
endeavouring to advance Cardinal Pole to the crown. And subtilly, at
length, obtaining the great Abbey of Walden, in Essex, he was, in
the 30th of Henry VIII., created Lord Audley of Walden, and died the
35th of Henry VIII., leaving issue by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of
Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset, only two daughters his heirs—
Mary, who died unmarried; and Margaret, who became his sole heir,
first married to the Lord Henry Dudley, and after to Thomas, Duke of
Norfolk, as second wife, whose son by her, Thomas, Earl of Suffolk,
Lord Treasurer of England, built upon the ruines of the abby that
stately fabrick at Walden, call’d Audley-End, in memory of this Lord
Audley.”
Thomas Audley, who, as has just been stated, was the principal
agent in the great work of spoliation, the dissolution of monasteries,
was rewarded for his zeal by grant after grant from the spoils, and
yet was always, as is shown by his letters, whining and craving for
more. The rich priory of Christchurch, Aldgate, London, “with all the
church plate and lands belonging to that house, was first granted to
him; and afterwards many portions of the estates previously
belonging to the lesser religious houses of Essex, with licenses to
alienate them, of which he duly availed himself. Thus St. Botolph’s
Priory, at Colchester, with all its revenues, the Priory of the Crutched
Friars, in the same town, and Tiltey Abbey, near Thaxted, were
added to the list of his monastic spoils, after the gifts from the king,
in 1538, on Sir Thomas’s application, of the rich Abbey of Walden,
with all the estates, manors, and advowsons thereunto attached. He
was also created Lord Audley of Walden, and installed a Knight of
the Garter. Yet,” says the late Lord Braybrooke, “instead of Audley
being contented with these repeated marks of the royal favour, we
are compelled to admit that every grant which he obtained
encouraged him to importune the king for further recompense; and
his letters, preserved in the Cottonian Library, prove that, in making
these applications, he was mean enough to plead poverty as an
excuse, and even to assert that his character had suffered in
consequence of the public services which he had been obliged to
perform.”
 Lord Audley, at his death in 1544, left two daughters, his co-
heiresses; but the younger one dying in 1546, the eldest, Margaret
Audley, became sole heiress to the estates. This lady was married
twice: first, at the age of fourteen, to Lord Henry Dudley, younger
brother to Lord Guildford Dudley, husband of the unfortunate Lady
Jane Grey, by whom she had no issue; and secondly, in 1557, to
Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, as his second wife. She
thus, the daughter of one of the most aspiring men of the time,
became allied to the two most powerful and ambitious families in the
kingdom—those of Northumberland and Howard. By this second
marriage, Margaret Audley (who died when only at the age of
twenty-three) became the mother of two sons—Lord Thomas
Howard, afterwards created Earl of Suffolk, of whom we shall speak
presently, and Lord William Howard, ancestor of the Earls of Carlisle,
&c.—and two daughters, Elizabeth, who died in her infancy, and
Margaret, who became the wife of Robert Sackville, Earl of Dorset.

The Lodge.

The elder of these sons, Thomas Howard, inherited Audley End

and the other family estates from his mother. Having, by Act of
Parliament, 27th of Elizabeth, been restored in blood, he was, in
1588, knighted for his gallant behaviour in the engagement with the
Spanish Armada, and in 1597 was created Baron Howard of Walden.
“He was a brave sea officer, and successively employed upon many
trying occasions, sometimes as chief, sometimes as second in
command, during that reign, and in particular contributed greatly to
the reduction of the town and castle of Cadiz.” In 1597 he was
installed Knight of the Garter, and, according to some accounts, was
made Constable of the Tower. On the accession of James I., Lord
Howard was, in 1603, sworn a Privy Councillor, created Earl of
Suffolk, and made one of the Commissioners for the office of Earl
Marshal. In 1608 he was appointed Lord Chamberlain, and in 1614
Lord High Treasurer of England. He it was who, with Lord Monteagle,
made the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot while performing the
routine business pertaining to his office of Lord High Chamberlain on
the 4th of November, 1605.

The West Front.

Lord Suffolk was married twice: first, to Mary, sister and co-
heiress of Thomas, Lord Dacres of Gillesland, by whom he had no
issue; and, secondly, to Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Sir
Henry Knevett, of Charlton, and widow of Richard, eldest son of Lord
Rich, by whom he had four daughters—viz. Elizabeth, who married
successively William Knolles, Earl of Banbury, and Edward, Lord
Vaux; Frances, married first to Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, from
whom she was divorced, and next to Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset,
Margaret; and Catherine, married to William Cecil, Earl of Salisbury—
and eight sons, viz. Theophilus, who succeeded him; Sir Thomas,
who was created Earl of Berkshire, and is the direct ancestor of the
present Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire—the earldom of Suffolk having
reverted to this branch in 1733—whose descendants later on
succeeded to the titles; Henry, who married Elizabeth Bassett, of
Blore, by whom he had a daughter, Elizabeth, who became
successively the wife of Sir John Howard, of Swarkeston, in
Derbyshire, and of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle; Sir
Charles; Sir Robert, “a gallant cavalier soldier, was but too notorious
in his own day for his intrigue with the Viscountess Purbeck, the
beautiful and ill-assorted daughter of the Chief Justice Coke;” Sir
William; Sir John; and Sir Edward, who was created Baron Howard
of Escrick.
The first Earl of Suffolk built the magnificent mansion of Audley
End, over which he is stated to have expended the enormous sum,
for those days, of more than £190,000. It is said of him that
although he had, from his many high and lucrative offices and his
large estates, more ample means of displaying his magnificence than
had any of his ancestors, he eclipsed them all in extravagance and
show. His wife, Lady Suffolk, too, “was unfortunately a woman of a
covetous mind, and having too great an ascendancy over her
husband, used it in making him a party to her extortions on persons
who had business to transact at the Treasury, or places to obtain at
Court; and her husband was charged with embezzlement, deprived
of his office, and fined £30,000, but which was reduced by the King
to £7,000. He was generally considered to have been chiefly guilty in
concealing the malpractices of his wife, who eventually died in debt
and difficulty.” Probably one great reason for these things being laid
to his charge was that, through having for a son-in-law the fallen
and disgraced courtier Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset, he had become
obnoxious to the new favourite, Buckingham, through whose
influence it appears he and his countess were, for a short time,
committed to the Tower. He died at Suffolk House (where Suffolk
Street, Strand, now stands), in 1626, and was buried at Walden. He
was succeeded by his eldest son, Theophilus Howard (who during
his father’s lifetime had been summoned to Parliament as Lord
Howard of Walden) as second Earl of Suffolk. He was a Knight of the
Garter, Lord Warden, Chancellor, and Admiral of the Cinque Ports,
Constable of Dover Castle, &c., and married Elizabeth, daughter and
co-heiress of the Earl of Dunbar, by whom he had issue four sons
and five daughters, three of the sons becoming successively Earls of
Suffolk.
He was succeeded by his son James (third Earl of Suffolk), who,
like his father, for a time resided at Audley End in quiet retirement.
The cost of the building had so greatly involved the first earl that, at
the time of his committal to the Tower, he was about £40,000 in
debt, although he had then but recently sold the Charter House to
Mr. Sutton for £13,000, and his property at Aynhoe, in
Northamptonshire, for a considerable sum. The charges thus
entailed on the estate, and the cost of maintaining it, so affected his
successors that they were unable to support an establishment
commensurate with the size and magnificence of the house. After
the Restoration, Earl James, therefore, gladly took the opportunity
which offered of selling the park and mansion of Audley End to the
King, Charles II.
The purchase-money of this estate (which, as already stated, in
building alone had cost £190,000) was £50,000, of which but
£30,000 was paid by the King, the remaining £20,000 being left on
mortgage. This was in 1666, and in 1670 the Court was regularly
established at Audley End; the Queen very frequently resided there;
and, being convenient for Newmarket, festivities were kept up on a
large scale.
 After the sale of the house, the Earl of Suffolk and his successor,
the fourth earl, resided in comparative retirement, Audley End being,
by the King, “committed to the charge of one of the family, who held
the office of housekeeper and keeper of the wardrobe, with a salary;
and this arrangement continued till 1701, when the house and park
were reconveyed” back to the Suffolk family. The £20,000 left on
mortgage continued unpaid by the King at the revolution of 1688,
“nor is it clear that any interest had ever been paid upon it” during
the many years it had remained. In 1701, therefore, the demesne
was, as just stated, conveyed back to the Howards, the fifth Earl of
Suffolk, on receiving it, relinquishing his claim on the Crown for the
debt.

East Front, from the Garden.

James, the third Earl of Suffolk, already spoken of, married, first,
Susan, daughter of the Earl of Holland, by whom he had an only
daughter, Essex, married to Edward, Lord Griffin of Braybrooke;
secondly, Barbara, daughter of Sir Edward Villiers and widow of Sir
Richard Wenman, by whom he had a daughter, who became the wife
of Sir Thomas Felton; and, thirdly, to Anne, daughter of the Earl of
Manchester, by whom he had no issue. Dying in 1688, he was
succeeded by his brother, George Howard, as fourth earl, who
enjoyed the title only three years; when, dying without surviving
male issue, he was succeeded by his brother, Henry Howard, as fifth
earl. This nobleman married twice: first, Mary, daughter of Lord
Castle Stewart, by whom (besides a daughter) he had three sons—
Henry, Edward, and Charles—who each successively became Earl of
Suffolk; and, secondly, the widow of Sir John Maynard, by whom he
had no issue. He died in 1709, and was succeeded by his eldest son,
Henry Howard, created in his father’s lifetime Baron Chesterford and
Earl of Bindon, who was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles
William, as seventh Earl of Suffolk, and second Earl of Bindon and
Baron of Chesterford. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas
Astrey, but had no issue; and, dying in 1721-2, the titles of Baron of
Bindon and Earl of Chesterford became extinct, while those of Earl of
Suffolk and Baron Howard of Walden passed to his father’s brother
Edward, and, at his death, to his brother Charles, as ninth earl. He
dying in 1733, left one only son, Henry Howard, who thus became
tenth Earl of Suffolk. This tenth earl married Sarah, daughter of
Thomas Irwin, but died without issue in 1745, his widow afterwards
becoming the wife of Viscount Falkland.
On the death of the tenth earl, the title of Earl of Suffolk, &c.,
passed to his distant relative, Henry Bowes Howard, Earl of
Berkshire, Viscount Andover, &c., who, descended from Sir Thomas
Howard, second son of the first Earl of Suffolk, was direct ancestor
of the present Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, the barony of Howard
de Walden remaining in abeyance between the descendants of the
two co-heiresses of the third earl.
These were, as already shown, Essex, wife of Edward, Lord
Griffin of Braybrooke, and Elizabeth, wife of Sir Thomas Felton. The
representatives of the elder of these were the Hon. Elizabeth Griffin,
married, first, to Henry Neville Grey, and, secondly, to the Earl of
Portsmouth; and her sister, Ann, wife of William Whitwell. Lady
Portsmouth having no issue by either of her husbands, the real
descent lay with the son of Mrs. Whitwell, in whose favour the
abeyance terminated, and who thus became Lord Howard of
Walden. The possession of the Audley End estates was disputed by
Thomas Howard, second Earl of Effingham, who claimed under a
settlement in his favour, made by the seventh Earl of Suffolk, who,
however, having been proved to have himself only been a tenant for
life, the claim was disallowed, and the estates passed to Lady
Portsmouth, from whom, by bequest, they ultimately came to John
Griffin Whitwell, Lord Howard of Walden.
This nobleman was created Baron Braybrooke in 1788, with
remainder to his relative, Richard Neville, whose father, Richard
Aldworth, was maternally descended from the Nevilles; and, dying
without issue, the title of Lord Howard of Walden passed to a distant
descendant of that family. He was succeeded, as second Baron
Braybrooke, in 1797, by this Richard Neville, who assumed the name
of Griffin. He married, in 1780, Catherine, daughter of the Right
Hon. George Grenville, who was maternally descended from
Theophilus, second Earl of Suffolk, and sister of the first Marquis of
Buckingham, and had by her, besides other issue, the Hon. Richard,
who succeeded him, and who, by arrangement with the deceased
peer’s only sister and heiress (wife of the Rev. Dr. Parker), obtained
immediate possession of the mansion and unentailed portion of the
estate, the other portion coming to him at the death, without issue,
of that lady.
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