Integral Development in School Age

Summary of chapters 4-5-6 of Papalia

Before the twentieth century, childbirth was a female social ritual, led by the midwife who directed the
event did not have formal training; offered 'advice, massages, potions,
irrigations and talismans." In a matter of days, a peasant mother could be back in the
field work. In those times, birth could be defined as a "struggle against the
death of the mother and the son.

The considerable reduction of the risks surrounding pregnancy and childbirth in countries
industrialized, is due to antibiotics, blood transfusions, safe anesthesia, greater
hygiene and medications to induce labor.

Labor is the process of birth, a difficult event for the mother and the baby.
What triggers labor is a succession of uterine, cervical, and other changes, called
appearance, which generally begins about two weeks before delivery, when the
estrogen levels rise abruptly, which stimulates contractions of the
uterus and that the cervix is more flexible.

The work of partotene has 3 overlapping stages:

The first stage is the longest, a first-time mother can last from 12 to 14 hours, the
uterine contractions, constant and increasingly frequent, cause the cervix to
it dilates in preparation for childbirth.
In the second stage, the contractions become more frequent and stronger; by the end of this stage
stage the baby is born.
In the final stage, the mother expels the placenta and the rest of the umbilical cord.

The cesarean section is an alternative that allows the baby to be taken out of the uterus through an incision in the
mother's abdomen. Cesarean delivery poses serious risks to the mother, also depriving the
There are important benefits of normal birth. Vaginal delivery also seems to influence
the bonding of the mother to her baby due to the action of oxytocin.

The neonatal period, which spans the first four weeks of life, is the transition period.
from the womb, where the fetus is entirely supported by the mother, to existence
independent. At birth, 95% of term babies weigh between 2.5 and 4.5 and measure between 45 and 55.
In the first days, newborns lose 10% of their weight.

After birth, the baby's systems and devices must function on their own.
Initially, the pulse is rapid and irregular, and the pressure does not stabilize until about 10 days later.
of the birth.
It is important to know as soon as possible if the baby has any problems that require care.
special.
One to five minutes after birth, babies are assessed using the Apgar scale.
It consists of 5 subtests:

Appearance (color)
Pulse (heart rate)
Gestures (reflected irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Breathing

The Brazelton Scale The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is used
for parents, doctors, and researchers to value the responses of newborns to their environment
physical and social.

Babies have an internal clock that regulates their daily cycles of hunger, sleep, and elimination.
These periodic cycles of wakefulness, sleep, and activity, which govern the alert states of a baby, or
its level of alertness, states of alertness in childhood:

Regular dream
Irregular sleep
Drowsiness
Inactivity alert
Daytime activity and crying.

Some of the complications of birth can be: low birth weight, birth
overripe and dead.

Low birth weight babies weigh less than 2,500 grams at birth; they can be premature or small.
for gestational age, or both, can cause physical and cognitive problems.
postmature babies are long and slender because they kept growing in the womb, but not
had enough blood supply towards the end of gestation, the post-mature infants are at risk of
brain injury and even death. Stillbirth, the death of a fetus from the twentieth week onward.
of gestation, is a tragic union of opposites: birth and death.

Birth defects are the leading cause of death in childhood, followed by the
disorders related to premature birth, low birth weight, SIDS, among others. The
Diseases that are prevented with vaccination decrease as the
immunization.

The child's body grows more noticeably during the first year, breastfeeding brings
many health advantages and cognitive and sensory benefits, the sensory capabilities,
present at birth and even in the womb, they develop rapidly during the first months, the
touch is the first sense to develop, reflexive behaviors are an indication of the state
Neurological, the nervous system controls sensorimotor activity, vision is the least sense.
developed at birth.

Motor skills develop in a certain sequence, which mainly depends on the

maturation, perception is closely related to motor development, cultural practices
they influence the rite of initial motor development.
The 6 approaches to cognitive development:

The behaviorist approach: Behaviorists are interested in the way experience

modify the behavior.
The psychometric approach measures the quantitative differences between the skills that
Intelligence is composed of tests that indicate or predict such abilities.
The Piagetian approach addresses the changes (or stages) in the quality of functioning.
cognitive.
The focus of information processing is on perception, learning,
memory and problem solving.
The approach of cognitive neurosciences examines the physical part of the nervous system.
central.
The social contextual approach studies the effects of environmental aspects on the
learning, especially the role of parents and other caregivers.

The two types of conditioning are classical and operant.

classical conditioning, in which a person learns to give a reflex response, or

involuntary to a stimulus, which at first did not elicit the response. conditioning
operant, manifests when the baby learns that if it babbles, it awakens loving attention,
Those who learn act, that is, they operate on the environment.

Psychometric tests measure the factors that are believed to make up intelligence, the environment.
family affects average intelligence, if the family environment does not provide the necessary conditions that
Helping cognitive competition may require early intervention.

Children go through primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions and reach
the development of the capacity for representation, the notion of object permanence is developed
gradually.

Information processing researchers measure mental processes through

habituation and other signs of visual and perceptual abilities, the speed of habituation
predicts posterior intelligence. Children even from three to six months have an idea
rudimentary Piagetian skills such as categorization, causality, object permanence
object, numerical meaning and capacity.

Explicit memory and implicit memory are located in different brain structures.

implicit memory: Unconscious recall, usually of habits and skills; also

it is called procedural memory.
explicit memory: intentional and conscious recall, usually of facts, names and
events.
working memory: short-term storage for information that is in process.

Prelinguistic speech includes crying, cooing, babbling, and sounds that imitate language,
Initial speech is characterized by excessive simplification, under-extension, or over-extension of the
meanings and inflexible rules. The influences on language development include maturity
neuronal and social interaction.

The development of emotions is orderly, the development of the brain is closely linked.
With emotional development, self-conscious and self-evaluative emotions arise after
that the self-awareness develops.

Self-conscious emotions: Emotions that depend on self-awareness.

self-evaluative emotions: Emotions that depend on self-awareness and

knowledge of socially accepted conduct norms

Infants have a strong need for closeness to their mothers, parenthood is a

social construction, the functions of parents change depending on cultures.

According to Erikson, in the first 18 months, infants are in the first stage.
of personality development, research based on the strange situation has established 4
attachment styles:

sure
evasive
ambivalent
disorganized

Attachment patterns can depend on the baby's temperament as well as on their upbringing.
mutual regulation allows babies to play an active role in regulating their states
emotional.

The sense of self begins between four and ten months, the self-concept is based on this.
Self-perception is developed between 15 and 24 months with the emergence of the
self-awareness. A precursor to consciousness is the committed obedience of the
demands of the caregiver; young children who show committed obedience tend to
internalize adult rules more easily than those who show situational obedience.

Cognitive development can be adversely affected if the mother works 30 or more hours a week during the
ninth month of your baby's life, although the quality, quantity, stability, and type of care influence
In psychosocial and cognitive development, the influence of family characteristics seems
be generally bigger.

Abuse can come in different forms such as physical abuse, neglect,

sexual abuse and emotional abuse, the abuse can interfere with physical development,
cognitive, emotional, and social, efforts may be required to prevent or stop abuse
coordinated and diverse communities.