Cost of Safety and Hygiene

Costs of safety and hygiene.

The Safety and Hygiene Commission is the body through which the employer can
to know the deviations in safety and hygiene in the following aspects:

Compliance with safety and hygiene regulations.

Maintenance of facilities and machinery.

Application of security and hygiene policies.

Participation of middle management.

Application of the preventive program for safety and hygiene.

Effectiveness of training in safety and hygiene.

Efficiency of information systems for the worker.

Proper handling of personal protective equipment.

Evolution of direct and indirect costs arising from occupational risks.

The worker can:

Report deviations from regulations on safety, hygiene, and ecology.

Propose improvements to work processes.

Participate in safety and hygiene activities.

The union can:

Monitor compliance with workers' rights in the field of

safety and hygiene.

Labor authorities can:

• Realizing, through the Commission's minutes, the major risks that are
present in companies and adjust the corresponding actions accordingly
effectiveness.

The work risk system is based on a mandatory insurance that must be contracted.
all employers, both in the private and public sector. Management is allowed.
decentralized in private insurance entities, the Risk Insurers
of Labor (ART), and self-insured companies.
Both modalities are under the regulation and control of the State through the
Superintendency of Labor Risks, and the Superintendency of Insurance of the Nation.

In order for the modality of self-insurance by the employer to occur, one must
they require a series of requirements that support the coverage and guarantee of the risks of
work accidents and occupational diseases; that is to say, that have support.
economic-financial.

A very important consideration to keep in mind is that in the organization, the

Employees assigned to unhealthy tasks work eight-hour shifts.
These are distributed into six hours of unhealthy work and two hours of normal work.

From a legal point of view, this constitutes an irregularity, because the

People with unhealthy tasks should not exceed six hours of work.

Therefore, we propose to correct this deviation that employees with such tasks
they work the six legally established hours.

Safety and Hygiene Expenses

The Security and Hygiene Commission aims to coordinate the review.
of the safety and hygiene conditions in which the facilities are located
The company is made up of personnel from both the employer side and the employee side.
worker, in an equitable manner. The federal labor law establishes as an obligation
patronal the periodic review of the facilities and, if applicable, carry out the
relevant modifications to adapt them to what is established by the REGULATIONS
MEXICAN OFFICIALS, and the Federal Regulation of Safety, Hygiene and Environment
Work Environment, and in case of refusal, fines will be imposed as a measure of
coercion and even despite having to pay those fines, does not exempt the employer from the
consequences and repercussions that this entails.

The Secretary of Labor published in the Official Federation Diary on Tuesday the 21st.
January 1997, the Federal Regulations on Safety, Hygiene and the Environment of
Work, in which a series of mandatory guidelines on the subject are established.
industrial safety and hygiene, which along with the Official Mexican Standards published
on various dates from 1993 until now, they complement each other so that in all
Mexico has unified a series of basic criteria on which it is based
integrity of all workers in Mexico When we refer to basics, we say it
literally, since they are not contained in the Mexican Official Standards
many security measures that have been developed in other countries, such as the
These are the Ergonomics Techniques with everything it entails, for example, and in
our legislation only mentions it, without any obligation to conduct a study, nor the
subsequent modifications of the arrangement of machinery, equipment, and tools
of the workers.

For the above reasons, this commission must be present for its proper functioning.
which is perfectly established in the Official Mexican Standard 019,
OFFICIAL MEXICAN STANDARD NOM-019-STPS-2004, CONSTITUTION,
ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE COMMISSIONS OF
SAFETY AND HYGIENE IN THE WORKPLACES. In it
establishes:

The obligations of the Employer.

The obligations of the Workers.

Integration.

The operation.

The organization.

Roughly speaking, this is the content of the standard, and for the review of the installations.
At the workplace, one must have at least knowledge of safety and industrial hygiene.
since that is what will be reviewed during the tours.

It is extremely important to have a well-established committee to delegate to it.

all responsibility for controlling personnel safety and preventing
occupational diseases through the prevention and elimination of risks
of work. If a good control is established in the company, it will lead to
entrepreneur the following benefits:

Decrease in accidents.

Increase in productivity.

Reduction of downtime.

Reduction of indirect costs.

It will have all the documentation required during an inspection visit.

like the Trip Reports, the Annual Verification Program, the routes
extraordinary among others.

And as a logical consequence, they will not have to give 'kickbacks', and therefore WILL NOT HAVE
ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTION ANY.

Losses Accidents And Diseases

Losses due to accidents and illnesses.

In the face of the increase in deaths, injuries, and work-related illnesses, it is

it is necessary to develop a culture of preventive safety worldwide
agreement reached by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Organization
World Health Organization (WHO), on the occasion of World Day for Safety and Health
at work.
According to data from the ILO, the number of accidents and diseases related to the
work, which annually claims more than 2 million lives, seems to be increasing
due to the rapid industrialization of some developing countries.

Furthermore, a new assessment of occupational accidents and diseases

indicates that the risk of contracting an occupational disease has become the
most frequent danger that workers face in their jobs. These
diseases cause about 1.7 million deaths related to the
work and exceed fatal accidents by a ratio of four to one.

In its latest estimates, the ILO discovered that in addition to related deaths
With work, each year workers are victims of about 268 million accidents.
non-fatalities that cause absences of at least three days from work and about 160 million
of new cases of occupational diseases. Previously, the ILO had calculated
that accidents and occupational diseases are responsible for around
4 percent of the world's GDP is lost in compensation payments and
absences from work.

Broken down by regions, the figures indicate that the number of workplace accidents
has been established in many industrialized and newly industrialized countries,
while it increases in rapidly developing countries in Asia and
Latin America. For example, the analysis by the ILO showed that although the number of
fatal and non-fatal accidents in the workplace remained stable or
The estimated number of accidents decreased in most regions in China.
mortality increased from 73,500 in 1998 to 90,500 in 2001, while accidents that
They caused three or more days of absence from work to increase from 56 million to 69.
millions. In Latin America, the increase in the total number of employed people and the
growth of the construction sector, especially in Brazil and Mexico, seems to
caused an annual increase in fatal accidents from 29,500 to 39,500
during the same period of time.

The improvement of workers' health has led the ILO and WHO to collaborate.
closely on issues related to occupational safety and health. The
WHO supports the implementation of preventive strategies in countries with a network of 70.
Collaboration Centers, within the framework of its Global Health Strategy
Occupational for All.

Commemorative activities for World Day have been planned in more than 100 countries.
Both the ILO and the WHO are committed to promotion and cooperation.
increasingly narrower that occurs at the national level between the ministries of Labor and
Health, as well as with business organizations, unions, and other representatives of
civil society.

COST OF ACCIDENTS:

According to the statistical yearbook of Spain in 1974, work accidents in

19780 were 1,090,166, of which 1,537 caused death. In that same year
the cost of the pensions was 272,887,000 pesetas.
According to Leplat in 1972, there were 1,124,933 workplace accidents in France.
which 2,406 caused deaths. These accidents represent 28,885,245 workdays.
work losses. The average cost of the accident for that year was calculated in a term
an average of 15,000 francs in cases with a pension and 1,200 francs for others.

Statistics show that for every 330 accidents:

1 result with serious injury (right to compensation)

29 cause minor injuries (medical treatment)

300 do not cause injuries (failed accidents)

Every industrial accident has a cost for the worker, the employer, and society.
who pays the indirect costs through administrative and judicial bodies,
medical and social professionals, who address the consequences of the event. Our study deals with
of the cost to the company, however, it should be noted that the calculations of these costs are
inaccurate, due to various factors, among others the difficulty in quantifying them based on
on unpredictable effects and according to an unknown probability of the event.

When talking about accident cost, this measure is relative and specific to
a specific point: minimization of expenses and optimization of profits, like
result of the decrease in the number of accidents.

On another pole of the issue, it cannot explain in economic terms the damage suffered.
for the worker, when it is of a permanent and irreversible type. This allows employing the
social cost term.

Every accident has two types of costs as a consequence: Direct costs and indirect costs.
indirect or incidental, in a ratio of 4 to 1 of the latter with respect to the
first. Most companies apply this ratio indiscriminately,
when in reality it does not exist, if the diversification of the industry is taken into account and
their respective risks, of greater or lesser severity.

The direct cost corresponds to the monetary value paid to the insurance company.
(or social security) for daily compensation and medical care,
provided to workers in accordance with the law.

When talking about the direct cost of an accident, it generally refers to the cost
caused by social security, which falls directly on the individual. It
they consider indirect the costs of other elements, such as material task and means
environment.

A starting point for this study is to classify the accidents as follows:

Accidents that cause injuries (this classification also serves to calculate

the frequency and severity indices

Accidents (or incidents) that cause damage to objects.

 Mixed accidents cause property damage and personal injuries.

Industrial Safety and Hygiene

INTRODUCTION

Industrial Safety in the modern concept means more than just a simple situation
of physical security, a situation of personal well-being, an ideal work environment,
an economy of significant costs and an image of modernization and philosophy of life
human in the context of contemporary work activity.

INDUSTRIAL SECURITY AND HYGIENE:

DEFINITION:

If the accident as a result obeys certain elements within a system of

Determined structure, the first step in the research consists of the study of
accident and its consequences.

Industrial Safety and Hygiene are concerned with protecting the health of workers.
controlling the work environment to reduce or eliminate risks. Accidents
work-related or unsafe working conditions can cause illnesses and
temporary or permanent injuries and even cause death. They also cause a
reduction in efficiency and a loss of productivity of each worker.

BACKGROUND:

Before 1900, many entrepreneurs were not too concerned about

workers' safety. They only began to pay attention to the issue with the approval
from the laws of compensation for workers by governments, between 1908 and
1948: making the work environment safer was cheaper than paying
compensations.

In recent years, engineers have tried to develop a systemic approach (the

called safety engineering) for the prevention of workplace accidents. As
Accidents arise from the interaction of workers with the work environment.
Both elements must be carefully examined to reduce the risk of injury.
These may be due to poor working conditions, the use of equipment and
poorly designed tools, fatigue, distraction, inexperience or
risky actions. The systemic approach studies the following areas: the places
work (to eliminate or control risks), the methods and practices of action and
the training of employees and supervisors. Furthermore, the systemic approach demands a
examination with care of all the accidents that have occurred or have been at
point of occurrence. Essential data regarding these contingencies is recorded, along with
with the history of the worker involved, in order to find and eliminate
combinations of elements that may provoke new risks.
The systemic approach also devotes special attention to the capabilities and
limitations of workers, and recognizes the existence of great differences
individual differences between the physical and physiological capabilities of people. That is why always
As far as possible, tasks should be assigned to the most suitable workers for them.

Industrial development led to an increase in workplace accidents, which forced to

increase security measures, which were solidified with the advent of
the labor conquests. But all of this is not enough, it is the awakening of consciousness of the
businessman and worker, the one who perfects safety at work and this is only
possible through ongoing training and consistent investment in the aspect
training.

Since the dawn of history, man has made his instinct for survival a
defense platform against bodily injury, such effort was probably in a
principle of personal, instinctive, defensive character. Thus, industrial safety was born,
reflected in a simple individual effort rather than in an organized system.

In the year 400 BC, Hippocrates recommended hygienic baths to miners.

in order to avoid lead saturation. Plato and Aristotle also studied certain
physical deformations produced by certain occupational activities, presenting the
need for its prevention. With the French Revolution, corporations were established
security aimed at safeguarding artisans, the economic base of the time.

The Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of industrial safety as a consequence.

the emergence of steam power and industrial mechanization, which produced
the increase in accidents and occupational diseases. However, the birth of the
industrial strength and industrial safety were not simultaneous, due to the
degradation and the deplorable working and living conditions. That is to say, in 1871 the
fifty percent of the workers died before the age of twenty, due to the
accidents and poor working conditions.

In 1883, the first government inspections were carried out; but it wasn't until 1850 that
they verified certain improvements as a result of the recommendations made at that time. The
legislation shortened the working hours, established a minimum age for working children and
made some improvements in safety conditions. However, the legislators
They took too long to legislate on the common good of the worker, as the concepts
about human value and the capitalization of labor effort had no meaning in front of the
indiscriminate profit of businessmen. However, it adds to its asset the
ignorance of the economic losses that this would entail for them, and on the other hand the
lack of knowledge of certain techniques and advancements that were under development, with the
many accidents and occupational illnesses could have been avoided.

COST OF ACCIDENTS:

According to the statistical yearbook of Spain in 1974, workplace accidents in

19780 was 1,090,166, of which 1,537 caused death. In that same year
The cost of pensions was 272,887,000 pesetas.

According to Leplat in 1972, there were 1,124,933 workplace accidents in France.

which caused 2,406 deaths. These accidents represent 28,885,245 days of
work losses. The average cost of the accident for that year was calculated in a term
an average of 15,000 francs in cases with pension and 1,200 francs for others.

Statistics show that for every 330 accidents:

1 result with serious injury (right to compensation)

29 cause minor injuries (medical treatment)

300 do not cause injuries (failed accidents)

Every industrial accident has a cost for the worker, the employer, and society.
who pays the indirect costs through administrative, judicial organizations,
medical and social professionals who address the consequences of the event. Our study focuses on
of the cost for the company; however, it should be noted that the calculations of these costs are
inaccurate, due to various factors, among others the difficulty in quantifying them based on
in unpredictable effects and according to an unknown probability of the event.

When we talk about accident cost, this measure is relative and specific to
a specific point: minimization of expenses and optimization of profits, as
result of the decrease in the number of accidents.

On another pole of the issue, it cannot explain in economic terms the damage suffered.
by the worker, when it is of a permanent and irreversible type. This allows for the use of the
term of social costs.

Every accident has two types of costs as a consequence: Direct costs and costs
indirect or incidental, in a proportion of 4 to 1 of the latter to the
first. Most companies apply this proportion indiscriminately,
when in reality it does not exist, if we take into account the diversification of the industry and
their respective risks, of greater or lesser severity.

The direct cost corresponds to the monetary value that is paid to the insurance company.
(or social security) for the concept of daily compensations and medical attention,
provided to workers in accordance with the law.

When talking about the direct cost of an accident, it generally refers to the cost
caused by social security, which directly affects the individual. It
they consider indirect the costs of other elements, such as material, task and means
environment.

A starting point for this study consists of classifying the accidents as follows:

Accidents that cause injuries (this classification is also useful for calculating
the frequency and severity indices

Accidents (or incidents) that cause damage to objects.

Mixed accidents cause property damage and personal injuries.

ELEMENTS OF ACCIDENTS:

INDIVIDUAL:

The individual is the result of the interrelationship of certain characteristics that define them:
Temperament, potential, character, motivation, the self and personality.

TEMPERAMENT

Temperament is determined by the functional systems that compose the

human organism.

Mesoderm or the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, and adipose system, originates a system
of motor coordination, the muscular system predominates resulting in a
athletic character.

Endoderm, formed by the visceral system, glands, internal organs,

reticular formation and a large part of the anterior brain. When it predominates,
the individual possesses a sentimental or picnic temperament.

Ectoderm, formed by the nervous system, the senses, and epithelial tissue.
When it predominates, the individual has an asthenic temperament or of
thought.

These three types of temperament should be taken into account for the
knowledge of the individual, define different and particular characteristics inherent to
each of them, translating into different behaviors and motivations. Hence
Physiological differences between individuals are born: build, energy, development
muscular, etc. And on the other hand, the psychological differences as a result of the
differences between those. However, psychological deviations may occur in the face of
the physiological ones and although these tend to be the most rigid, they influence the
psychological.

THE POTENTIAL

The potential comes from the functional capacity of the already mentioned systems and
translate into a vital energy classified as:

Mental energy or thinking capacity generated by the Ectoderm. A

A low amount of mental energy can produce a large amount of emotional energy.
and mechanics, which demonstrates its superiority over these. On the other hand, the
mental energy evolves until it transforms into information which is the result
final known to date. Intelligence, as a fact, establishes the degree of
mental energy possessed by the individual and its capacity for use in the
problem solving.

Affective energy or capacity for feeling generated by the Endoderm.

Develop a great reactivity in the organism regarding its content
biophysicist. Sympathy is the measurable result of affective energy and its
ability to relate to peers.
 Physical energy or the ability to move generated by the Mesoderm, whose
free energy is consumed by the muscular system when developing a
physical activity. Strength, as a result, is the parameter of physical energy.
possessed and of its capacity for action.

THE CHARACTER:

Character is the result of the orientation taken by the different sources of energy.
of the individual when responding to environmental stimuli. It is basically defined
by the reactions of the individual; thus, according to the reaction of the internal systems that
they act on the energy centers, as one of them is predominant, there is
subjects:

Assets or liabilities determine your aggressiveness or passivity guiding action.

corresponding.

Emotional or rigid. The indicated reaction generates these characters, according to its
quantity and intensity.

Primary or secondary. They react to last and previous stimuli,

respectively.

MOTIVATION:

Motivation arises from the individual's needs, produced by an element.

unbalancing, which shifts internal reactions towards its acquisition and
satisfaction.

THE I

The self is the integration of all internal components of the individual, just like a
system where all components are interrelated creating an image
determined by it with its own characteristics. In the progress of integration
factors such as self-perception, the circumstances that surround him and his
specific behavior norm. What it produces, according to its degree of integration, three
differentiated states of the self.

The child state, where the primary subconscious instincts predominate.

immature, it is produced from childhood, when the subject is limited in their freedom
and lives dependent on the elderly, which generates in their subconscious a certain
repression that only surpasses when reaching adulthood when one is allowed
become independent.

The parent state, in which they are most strongly present.

corrective and normative knowledge; acquired in childhood
taxes generally by the society in which the subject develops; it
producing upon gaining certain independence, then adopting the stance of the
adults.
 The adult state is characterized by the dominance of conscious forces and
logics according to the evolution of the self, by substituting the patterns of the two
first states based on rational, free, and conscious criteria. In this state
they present two variations: the imposing adult in its masculine form and the
female adult adapter.

PERSONALITY:

Personality is the degree of integration achieved by the individual among their traits.
the environment and the continuous evolution of the surroundings.

The subject's ability to adapt allows him to take a defined image through the
maturity achieved, the more or less rational elaboration of knowledge and
acquired experience and the development of innate potential.

So far, the different elements that make up the system have been described and analyzed.
what causes the accident.

Before modeling this system based on the described elements, they must be reviewed.
some concepts related to this topic:

DEFINITIONS:

Accident: It is any unforeseen, uncontrollable, and undesirable event.

interrupts the normal development of an activity. It occurs due to conditions
unsafe related to physical order, machines, tools, etc. And by
insecure acts inherent to human factors.

Injury: It is the physical damage caused by an accident to people, consequence

from a series of factors, the result of which is the accident itself. This occurs due to
two circumstances, or at least one of them; the carelessness of a person
and the existence of physical or mechanical risk. The former is called an act
unsafe and is the cause of most accidents, the second one is
denote unsafe condition.

Not always does an unsafe act or exposure to a danger result in an accident. For
Another part, it should be noted that the severity of an injury is accidental, whereas the
The occurrence of the accident, which causes the injury, is almost always avoidable. Both the
reasons such as the ways of unsafe actions provide the selection of measures
corrective actions, which in turn determine the methods of accident prevention.

ELEMENTS AND FACTORS:

The agent. It is the object or substance directly related to the injury.

Examples: machines, engines, various devices, vehicles, electrical appliances,
tools, etc.

Agent part. It is the specific part of the agent directly related to

the injury, which should have been protected or corrected.. Examples: a drill, a chuck, the
drill, the gears. Etc.
 Unsafe condition. It is the condition of the agent causing the accident that could
and should have protected or sheltered itself. Examples: lighting, ventilation, clothing
unsafe, poorly protected agents.

Types of accident. They are the various outcomes within the sequence of
accident, based on several factors Examples. Hit by, against, caught in
o entre, caída a un mismo nivel, a diferente nivel, resbaladura, sobreesfuerzo,
contact, inclination, etc.

Unsafe act: Violation of a procedure accepted as safe, the

which causes a certain type of accident. Example: operating without authorization, to
unsafe speeds, being without safety, use of inadequate equipment
distraction, not using safety equipment, etc.

Factor insecure personal. It is the mental or physical characteristic that causes a

unsafe act. Examples. Improper attitude, intentional disobedience, negligence
nervousness, violent character, lack of understanding of instructions, lack
of knowledge of safety factors, physical defects of sight, of the
ear, due to fatigue. Etc.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF FACTORS IN THE SEQUENCE OF

ACCIDENT:

The knowledge of the factors mentioned in the sequence of the accident serves to:

Help and guidance for selecting the point of attack in prevention work.

Simplification of security plans and development of safety habits in the

human behavior.

Opportunity to apply general educational programs.

UNSAFE ACTS AND UNSAFE CONDITIONS:

Unsafe acts are the cause of the majority of accidents, although defects
Humans cause most of them, mechanical protection and the
Technical investigations are, however, important factors in prevention.
majority of these.

The causes of most industrial accidents have not been specified.

clearly and definitively, nor is it known to what extent they are avoidable. The origin of the
industrial accidents are outlined within practical limits, which allows
test much of what was supposed to be there. Among the insecure acts that originate
accidents can be cited:

Operate equipment without authorization.

Work at dangerous speeds.

Disable security devices.

 Using inadequate tools or equipment.

Overload and install the equipment improperly.

Expose oneself to danger unnecessarily.

Distract another worker's attention.

Do not use safety devices, etc.

FOUNDATION OF A SERIOUS INJURY:

Accident analyses show that for every one that causes injury, there are
many others that produce none.

It is estimated that out of 330 accidents of the same nature that affect a single
person, 300 of them do not cause injuries, 29 cause minor injuries and 1 causes a
serious injury.

CONSEQUENCES OF ACCIDENTS;

For the worker: partial loss of salary, physical pain, disability

permanent, reduction of his potential as a worker, complexes derived from
the injuries.

For the family: anguish, uncertain future due to economic limitations, extra expenses
during the worker's recovery.

For the company: direct costs, indirect costs.

For the Nation: Lower income

For the material: deactivation.

For the team: damages, repair costs.

For the time: increase in costs

For the task: delays, poor quality.

For the environment: bad image.

ACCIDENT PREVENTION:

The accident is the consequence of a deficient functional situation of the system.

The causes must be identified in order to then influence them through preventive measures.
that allow:

Prevent the causes of disturbance of the elements

 Improve the security in the operation of the system

Improve your interrelationship.

The starting point for accident prevention should be the creation and conservation.
of interest in security, at all levels of the organization.

One attitude of human behavior that can be stimulated is interest, for this
it appeals to their strongest senses or desires, such as the instinct to observe, the
loyalty, pride, or a sense of responsibility. The level of interest of an individual
varies according to its reaction to the stimulus received.

The need to have individual interest in security and methods for

creating it and keeping it are fundamental in all phases of industrial safety, it is
to say, the individual interested in accident prevention has an intervention
constructive in a security program and is a positive element, not so for those who assume
an indifferent attitude.

The individual's interest can be stimulated and maintained through motivations.

In this aspect, the main objectives to consider are:

Conservation instinct (fear of personal injury)

Material and personal gain (desire for reward)

Loyalty (desire to cooperate)

Responsibility (recognizing obligations)

Pride (self-satisfaction and desire for praise)

Conformity (fear of being considered different from others)

Rivalry (desire to compete.)

Leadership (desire to stand out)

Logic (ability to reason)

Humanism (desire to serve others)

The predominant characteristic of the individual must be known in order to address the
existing problem between creating interest and maintaining it, to later design the
program, based on that prior knowledge.

Since the various elements are potential causes of the accident, to a greater or
lower grade, industrial safety must be planned through a strategy of
forecasting and defense of the human factor in all aspects and details involved
danger.
Based on a security policy outlined and developed in a program, there
it will address the problem as a whole and by elements.

Security measures must arise from a detailed study of all

elements and their relationships.

The programming, management, and control of the security system is work for a
technician, in charge of its preparation and application.

The heads of the different departments will be responsible for implementing it, in
collaboration with management.

The individual itself through information and appropriate training in usage

of the protective measures to implement this policy.

The coordinated action of the direct responsible for security policy, the executives
of companies and other levels of it, is essential for carrying out a
adequate security plan.

Measures to consider in the security policy include those of a type

technical, legislative, administrative, and medical.

TECHNICAL MEASURES;

Employment of a design before constructing an environment

Replacement of equipment and tools with safer ones

Organization of new technical procedures

Equipment maintenance

Use of efficient security devices.

Technical measures for the storage of materials and tools

Description of tasks and their execution techniques.

LEGISLATIVE MEASURES:

Regulations on safety provisions

Legal provisions for controlling the effectiveness of protective measures and

prevention.

Establish responsibilities

Forcing workers to observe safety regulations

Regulation of work and schedules

 Provisions on the obligation of necessary protection in equipment and
tools.

Compliance with the legal provisions of the state on the matter.

MEDICAL MEASURES:

Arrangement of certain environments and equipment to avoid contamination of

medium.

Improvement of environmental conditions, lighting, ventilation, reduction of

noises, etc.

Personal hygiene measures.

Provision of workers with personal protective equipment.

Research on the causes of diseases.

Pre-employment examination.

ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES:

Periodic inspection of workplaces in order to identify deficiencies.

Ergonomic studies (Included in the technical and medical field.)

Installation of permanent security elements and first aid.

Having an effective information system

Education and training of staff on accident safety.

Delimitation of tasks and responsibilities

Conduct a security study of the company, which must be reviewed and

updated whenever significant changes occur in the structure of the
same.

In summary, a subsystem is described whose elements are prone to imbalance.

By analyzing them, the causes of the imbalance are determined and then, through a
study, the corresponding corrective measures are established, which, once
confirmed, they will be implemented in order to avoid the accident.

EVALUATION OF PREVENTION MEASURES:

The evaluation of prevention measures not only allows for the continuous review of the
security policy and update the plans, facilitates:
 Evaluate accident rates and their relationship with the company environment and
economic juncture.

Evaluate the influence of preventive measures on performance.

worker.

Determine costs due to accidents and the profitability of the system.

Occupational Health:

MANUAL OF POLITICAL STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES:

Putting the content of the manual in the correct form is a huge task in itself. Not
it will be enough to list the applicable rules, the established policies and the
correct execution procedures of the process, users must be able to
understand what is being said, and discover the way in which the sections of
manuals relate to what they already know about the content of the manual.

Writing rules:

Over the years, technical writers have adopted certain principles that are
tools to write in the best possible way an informative material very
complex.

The rules of clear writing are divided into rules of words and structure.
of language. But it should be remembered that writing is actually a mix of
both. For example, if the need to change the vocabulary is detected, many times
It will be necessary to also change the structure of the sentence.

RULESFORWORDS:

When one begins to write the manual of Standards, Policies, and Procedures, it is
I need to be aware of its importance and official status, and perhaps it will end up being
to adopt a formal and official tone, characterized by the use of official words and
formal. Many official communications continue to be written in formal, despite the
movements aimed at using clear language in such documents. It will not be
surprising if the model for writing formal documents, consciously or
unconscious, have long sentences and solemn words.

There is no reason not to use common and direct words in the manual, in fact,
All the reasons point to doing it. Users should not waste time and
unnecessary energy trying to decipher or distracted by words that actually don't
they know or do not understand enough.

A very useful way to review vocabulary is to imagine saying what you write.
If it is not possible to say it to a colleague, it should not be written.

Limit the number of words used: Perhaps many are desired to be used.
words, preferably long, to give greater authority to the manual. However, a
A large number of words will effectively disguise the meaning.
An area where additional and unnecessary words can thrive is in phrases.
common. Many of them contain additional words that mean nothing and only
The text is being extended. This is a very simple point to review.

Explain the technical terms: The technical terms that will be desired to be used in the
manual of procedures, will relate to the work: Abbreviations, terms
own or references to the industry. The public will know a good part of them,
Certainly, there is no issue in addressing experts and novices at the same time.
as occurs in the policy manual. However, it is important to remember that a
An important purpose of the procedure manual is to present these to the staff of
new entry into the organization, as well as its functioning. The new staff perhaps
have some knowledge of common technical terms in the industry, but should
be careful to explain everything that could cause difficulties.

There are several options to explain the technical terms.

A glossary at the end of each section

Footnotes

Explanations after the term.

GLOSSARIES: They are very useful collection instruments that allow for the provision of
detailed explanations of the terms without interrupting the flow of the main text. Without
embargo, they can be quite misleading for readers.

They might find it very complicated to go back and forth in the text and not
I make full use of the glossary.

Perhaps they will not find the words they are looking for and will stop doing so.

Even more confusing, they may find false friends (also known as
false friends) these are terms that seem to have an obvious meaning but that
it is not, however, the one who believed it or the one the organization employs. In these
In such cases, readers will not bother looking for what they think they already know, because
that the glossary will not be effective.

Footnotes: To create footnotes, simply list the terms you wish to.
explain and explanations are provided about them in smaller font at the bottom
bottom of the page. Footnotes have the advantage of keeping the explanations in
the same page, so the reader only has to lower their gaze to find the
information, instead of going through several pages.

Explanations after the term: An alternative to footnotes is to include

explanations of technical terms in parentheses or brackets, right after the
term. If readers are familiar with them, they can skip the explanation. Those who read this
In the end, they will not have to do anything additional to discover what they want to know.
Be consistent: When the reader, in school, learned to write compositions, they were taught to...
he urged to express the same idea with different words, to avoid monotony and
the repetition. This technique is known as elegant variation.

However, the elegant variation is out of place in the manual of standards, policies
and Procedures.

EMERGENCY PLANS

Emergency and personal safety plans:

The scheme to follow in the subsequent plans will be according to the following format:

Determine an effective personal emergency and safety plan.

Answer the classic questions: what, who, when, where, how,

for what.

Planning:

Concepts that will be covered and their limits

Determination of possible forms of action.

Analysis of possible courses of action.

Choice of the best course of action.

Conclusions.

Execution:

What: chosen form of action.

When: the moment to put it into action and until when.

How: indicate the procedures in their execution.

Where: determine the areas of execution of the plan.

Conclusions:

Indicate the general conclusions of the plan.

Present annexes and subplans that involve the plan.

GENERAL SAFETY PLAN OF THE COMPANY:

Objective: To have a security system, made up of a

organization and resources at its disposal, allowing the normal development of the
 various work activities of the company, preventing possible causes and
conditions of accidents and occupational diseases, through regulations,
provisions and control, to achieve safety and hygiene conditions, and of
whose results yield greater productivity for the company.

Concept: The plan will be based on the company's security policy. Its scope
action will encompass activities that impact work and production and
some aspects of the environment.

Its nature will be technical, social, and human.

It will be analytical, deductive, and corrective.

It will be flexible in order to update itself permanently.

Its duration and therefore, its formulation will be based on a criterion of life.
no older than 2 years.

Planning.

Organize a security element, responsible for the study, planning,

direction and control of industrial security policy.

Establish close coordination with the company's other policies.

Organize committees and control teams in charge of supervision of the

compliance with the safety regulations that are established.

Formulate the respective industrial security policy, indicating the scope and
determining responsibilities, as well as the needs for their proper
operation.

Propose all possible protective measures both within the company,

as outside of it and concerning the security of the system.

Execution

Conduct the necessary safety studies on: material, personnel, equipment,

environment and surroundings.

Determine the unsafe conditions and acts, potentially existing in the

system.

Formulate the respective protection plans.

Issue rules and directives on accident prevention.

Implement the company's industrial safety plan and control its

execution.
 Keep track of accident statistics and perform the relevant analyses.

Conduct regular safety inspections.

Coordinate with the other divisions of the company regarding security measures.
adopt

Determine responsibilities at all levels of the organization's structure.

Report periodically and at the end of each production period about the
activities of the organization and on the results of the security policy
industrial.

To program and implement the various training programs on

knowledge of safety and accident prevention.

Investigate, develop and perfect all means of protection used

in the company.

Deployment:

Once the plan is approved by the company's Management, its execution will begin in
principle from the beginning of a productive period, in order to analyze its
results, at the end of each accounting period and in this way easily determine your or
no profitability.

Conclusiones

The industrial safety plan is a basic tool within the structure

business. It allows for the prevention against any risk to human values.
as physicists of the company.

It is another factor of the company's profitability.

It is an effective means of measuring the anachronistic situations of work sometimes.

difficult to detect.

It is a permanent means of analyzing unsafe conditions such as acts

insecure.

It maintains a good image of the company.

It is a decisive factor in the reduction of production costs.

It constitutes a control and collaboration element in relation to others.

directions.

In terms of security and through statistical control, to know the situation of

the company compared to similar ones in its sector.
 It is a means of creating an environment of safety and well-being within the company.
what makes it the main incentive for the elevation and
maintenance of the morale of the group.

FORMATION OF BRIGADES.

ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF ENVIRONMENT, SECURITY AND HEALTH

The Industrial Safety Committee of the Company, the definition, composition and
the competencies of the Industrial Safety committees of the company differ between the
countries based on the legal-legal framework in which they are located. Thus, in Spain the
The Workers' Statute of 1980 defines the Industrial Safety Committee of the
company as the 'representative and collegiate body of all workers in
the company or at the workplace for the defense of its interests, becoming in
"every workplace with a census of 50 or more workers" (article 63). Among its
competencies can be highlighted.

The right to receive information every quarter about the general evolution of the
economic sector in which the company operates, as well as about the
production and sales situation of the same;

Know the balance sheet, the income statement, and the company's report;

Issue reports prior to the restructuring of the workforce, reductions of

journey, professional training plans, review of the systems of
organization, etc.;

Issue reports on mergers or acquisitions with other companies;

Know the contract models that the company makes;

To be informed about all sanctions imposed for very serious offenses;

To know, at least every three months, the statistics on absenteeism in the workplace and
its causes, workplace accidents, etc.;

Carry out surveillance and control of compliance with regulations.

in force in labor matters, social security, employment, conditions of
safety and hygiene, etc;

Participate in the management of the social works established in the company.

benefit for employees and their family members;

Collaborate with the entrepreneur to establish the necessary measures to

increase productivity and

Inform the represented parties about all the previous topics and issues.

STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM:

INTEGRATION OF THE GENERAL COUNCIL:

The Operational and Service Divisions will integrate a General Council that will be
composed of a President, a Vice President, a Secretary, a Coordinator
General, five Presidents of Division Councils, (one for each Operational Division and
one that brings together the Service Divisions) five Coordinators of Councils of
Division (one for each Operational Division and one that represents the Divisions of
Services).

The President, Vice President, Secretary and General Coordinator, and Presidents of
Division advice will integrate the MANAGEMENT COUNCIL.

The Operational and Service divisions will form the DIVISION COUNCILS.

Each Division Council will appoint monitors for each of the areas of the system.
(environment, security, disaster mitigation, etc.)

FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE GENERAL COUNCIL:

Approval of the SASS policies

Summon the members of the Management Council to working meetings.

Request quarterly reports on the status of the SASS (risk indicators,

etc.)
Coordinate the development of the Strategic Planning and budgets of the SASS

Evaluate and authorize the budgets of the SASS

FUNCTIONS OF THE VICE PRESIDENT:

Ensure compliance with policies

Coordinate work meetings at the request of the president of SAS.

Control the compliance with the strategic planning of SASS.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SECRETARY OF THE GENERAL COUNCIL OF SASS:

Call extraordinary meetings of the Management Council.

Preparation of the minutes for each of the meetings of the Management Council.

Control the budget execution of the SASS

FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERAL COORDINATOR OF THE PROGRAM:

Develop the operational and strategic planning of the SASS, in coordination with each
one of the Division Councils.

Prepare the general budget of the SASS Program according to the

budgets of each of the Division Councils.

Organize and coordinate the general activities of the SASS program

together with each of the Division Councils

Responsible for the development of the diagnostic and damage measurement system

Implement corrective measures (education, training, engineering, medical-

clinics, signage, etc.)

Prepare the quarterly report on risks/damages by compiling the records.

statistics and coefficients or indicators of the general situation, in coordination with each
one of the Division Councils.

FUNCTIONS OF THE CHAIRS OF DIVISION COUNCILS:

Develop the operational planning of the SAS in its Division.

Prepare the budget of the SASS for your Division.

Appoint a Coordinator for your Division Council.

Delegate the execution of the SASS to your Coordinator.

Control the execution of the budget of the SASS in its Division.

FUNCTIONS OF THE DIVISION COUNCIL COORDINATORS:

Execute the operational planning of the SASS in its Division

Implement the relevant corrective measures for your Division together with the
General Coordinator.

Control the application of policies, standards, and procedures of the SASS in its
Division.

Organize and coordinate all SASS activities in each specific area of the
Division that represents.

Select the monitors for each specific area required by the SASS
(environment, security, disaster prevention and mitigation, first aid, etc.)

Coordinate with your monitors the execution of the SASS.

FUNCTIONS OF MONITORS:

Promote compliance with the policies, standards, and procedures of the SASSen
their respective areas of work.

Encourage the implementation of the relevant corrective measures in the area of

work that corresponds to him/her.

Carry out and evaluate the monitoring of risks and damages. Preparing the records.
statistics, coefficients, or indices of the situation and scope of the SASS in its respective
work area and inform the General Coordinator of the Council.

PROGRAM SCHEME OF: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HYGIENE

( S. A. S. S. )

1) COMITE S.A.S.S. President: Agricultural Sub-Management

AGRICULTURAL DIVISION Logistics: Executor (Election and Appointment)

Supervisor: (Election and appointment)

COMITE S.A.S.S. President: P and C.

INDUSTRIAL DIVISION Logistics: Executor (Election and appointment)

Supervisor: (Election and Appointment)

COMITE S.A.S.S. President: P and C

DIVISION T.M.T.Logistics: Executor (Election and Appointment)

Supervisor: (Election and Appointment)

COMITE S.A.S.S.President: Materials and Supplies Manager.

SERVICE DIVISIONS Logistics: Executor (Election and Appointment)

(Administration, Quality Management, Comptroller, Supervisor: (Election and

Appointment

Materials and Supplies and Computing

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MODEL:

RISKS

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IMPLICATIONS

Physiological:

Dissatisfaction

Apathy

Confusion

Socio-Psychological

Low quality of work life.

Organizational Stress

Physics

Occupational Accidents

Diseases

Occupational

Physics
Physiological

Energy Loss

Synergy

Stress

Various Diseases

High Turnover and Absenteeism

Dissatisfaction

Increase Medical Care

Low Productivity

Low Efficiency

Increases in Compensation Costs

Low involvement in work.

Human Resources Division

Chief Doctor Occupational Health Department.

General Coordinator Program S.A.S.S.

Advice

Managerial

Advice from

Division