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Document: DTU 31.3 (NF P21-205-2) (May 1995): Wooden structures assembled with metal connectors or
gussets - Design and calculation rules (Classification index: P21-205-2)

NF P 21-205-2
May 1995

DTU 31-3

Wooden frames assembled by

metal connectors or gussets
Part 2: design and calculation rules

E: Timber structures connected with metal plate fasteners or gussets -

part 2 : design rules
D: Connected by metallic connectors or binding sheets
Timber Structures - Part 2: Rules for Design and Calculation

Status
French standard approved by decision of the Director General of
the AFNOR on April 20, 1995, to take effect on May 20, 1995.

Correspondence
At the date of publication of this document, there are no works
Europeans or international on the same subject.

Analyze
This document is an implementation document for building products
intervening in the area previously covered by a DTU.
This document defines specific rules for design, calculation and
implementation of wooden frameworks whose components are defined
in standard P 21-101.

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gussets - Design and calculation rules (Classification index: P21-205-2)

Descriptors
International Technical Thesaurus: building, construction element
wood framework, assembly, fastening element, connector, product
metallic, design rule, calculation rule, material strength,
buckling

Modifications
Includes the erratum from September 1995 published in Notebook 2833.

Summary
List of authors
1 Scope of Application
2 Normative references
3 General Provisions

3.1 Charges

Permanent charges
3.1.2 Operating expenses
3.1.3 Maintenance Charges
Climate surcharges
3.2 Divers
3.3 Cases of charges and nature of performance justifications
4 Materials

4.1 Characteristics of woods

4.1.1 Resistance Classes (solid wood)

4.1.2 Butt Jointed Solid Wood
4.1.3 Modifications of allowable constraints
4.2 Characteristics of assemblies

4.2.1 Security - Stability

4.2.2 Deformations
4.2.3 General Principles
5 Guidelines concerning the calculation of farms

5.1 Modeling of farms

5.1.1 Positions and modeling of supports

5.1.2 Special cases
5.2 Justifications

5.2.1 Bars
5.2.2 Assemblages
5.2.3 Farms
5.2.4 Movements and arrows

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5.3 Stability

5.3.1 Buckling of the struts

5.3.2 Justification of the anti-buckling devices of the trusses
5.3.3 Buckling of other bars
Appendix A (normative) composite beams - determination of height
equivalent in bending of beams in two superimposed parts
connected

A.1 object
A.2 hypotheses
A.3 calculation principle
A.4 minimum dimension of connectors
A.5 numerical application
Annex B (informative) buckling of a compressed member by
addition of inertia - (calculation method)

B.1 for increasing geometric inertia

hypothesis
B) calculation
B.2 by adding an external inertia

hypothesis
B) calculation
example
Appendix 3 (normative) cases of charges and nature of justifications
performances
Annex D (informative) examples of solutions concerning hoppers
stairs, flue ducts, and roofing accidents

D.1 smoke duct

D.2 skylights, dormers, hipped roof on symmetrical trusses, on
floor or independent flooring

D.2.1 passage between farms

.D.2.2 cut farms
D.3 staircase cage On frame in 'A', on slab or floor
independent
·D.4 skylight, dormer, roof light, and stairwell on trusses
symmetrical to the bearing beam
D.5 stairwell cage on a beam with load-bearing tie
D.6 carrier farms

Members of the normalization committee

Mr. FLORENTIN
Secretariat: Mr. CRUBILE CTBA
M AGOGLIATI ENGINEER CONSULTANT
ANDRIAMITANTSOA CEBTP
BERLAN ETS CHAMPEAU
Bigger Bureau Veritas
BLACHERE ENGINEERING CONSULTING
BONCHE CMF
BONNET CTBA

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BOULLARD CAPEB
BOURDIN COMPUTER BUILDING
CAILLAUD CONTROL AND PREVENTION
CETRE WOLF CONNECTION
CHARMASSON TECHNOBOIS
CLEMENT CIFC
.COMPAROT GIPEN
COMPONENT UNFCSCMP
COQUART ETS COQUART

Mrs. COTTENET CTBA/BNBA

M CROCHET AGINCO
DALIGAND SYNDICATE OF PLASTER INDUSTRIES
DEMANGE CTBA/BNBA
ESCUDIE CALVIGNAC RAMBERT
FLORENTIN CTBA
FONTAN CSTB
Gordy Bureau Veritas
DE GRANDPRE BATCO FRANCE
GUILLOUX SIGA
·HUC FNIBB
DE IRIGOYEN ERIBOIS
JACOB ENTERPRISE JACOB
JUHEM ENGINEERING CONSULTING
OF LADONCHAMPS SNFMI
LAMADON CEP
LECOMTE CONSULTING ENGINEER
LOBEL ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY
MARAINE INFORMATIQUE BUILDING SA
MONTHARRY SCIC
N'GUYEN CONSULTING ENGINEER
NUSSBAUMER STANLEYBOSTITCH FRANCE
PARCILLE ENGINEER CONSULTING
PETETIN CTBA
PRECIOUS ENGINEERING CONSULTING
ROLLET AND BLANVILLAIN
SOUBAIGNE SOUDAIGNE COMPANY
TAN THANH MITEK INDUSTRY
TARRADE UNFSA
TEYSSANDIER ISOROY SA
TRINH CETEN APAVE
VIDON SOCOTEC

1 Scope of application
This document aims to define the specific design and calculation rules for
wooden frameworks belonging to the paragraph defined below, in application of the
regulations in force in France for construction, notably Design Rules
and Wood Framework Calculation (NF P 21-701, reference DTU Rules CB 71).
It applies to components defined by standard P 21-101, namely to trusses and beams.
totally or partially triangulated assembled by gussets or metal connectors
(also called 'chevron trusses' or industrialized trusses).
The farms or beams making use, for their assemblies, of bonding techniques that

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their security does not fall within the scope of this document.
This document only concerns triangulated frameworks assembled with gussets.
or connectors and whose components are made of parts with a thickness greater than or equal to
35 mm.
For spans between consecutive supports greater than 15 m, this minimum thickness is
extended to 47 mm or to two times 35 mm, by the solid coupling of two trusses, done in the workshop.
By twinning, we mean the creation of a farm by the side-by-side assembly of two farms.
identically rigidly linked.)
The use of masonry partitions supported by the framework (in the case of habitable attics by
example) is not permitted within the scope of this document.

2 Normative References
This document contains provisions from other publications by reference, dated or undated.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and publications.
are listed below. For dated references, subsequent amendments or revisions
none of these publications apply to this document unless they have been included
incorporated by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the
the publication being referred to applies.
NF EN 385
Multi-ages with multiple joints in construction wood Requirements - performance and
1
minimum manufacturing requirements (classification index: P 21-360).
NF B 50-003
Wood - Vocabulary.
NF B 52-001-4
Rules for the use of wood in construction - Part 4: Visual grading for use
in the structure of the main coniferous and deciduous species.
B 52-001-5
Rules for the use of wood in constructions - Part 5: Mechanical characteristics
conventional associated with the visual classification of the main resinous species and
leaves used in structure.
NF P 06-001
Calculation bases for constructions - Operating loads of buildings.
NF P 06-002
Rules defining the effects of snow and wind on constructions (Reference DTU)
Rules NV 65).
NF P 06-003
Seismic rules 1969 and annexes (Reference DTU Rules PS 69).
NF P 06-006
Actions of snow on structures (Reference DTU Rules NV 84).
P 21-101
Industrialized wooden framework elements - Specifications.
NF P 21-205-1
Wooden frameworks assembled with metal connectors or gussets - Part 1: Rules of
implementation (Reference DTU 31.3).
NF P 21-701
Calculation and design rules for wooden frames (Reference DTU Rules CB 71).
1
In preparation

UEATC directives for metal connectors for wooden structures.

3 General Provisions

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3.1 Charges

3.1.1 Permanent charges

It concerns the permanent structural loads (self-weight) of fillings and insulations,
covers and fixed equipment, which must be assessed based on their masses
real. It also concerns the loads of the partition walls whose load values
uniformly distributed equivalents are provided by the NF P 06-001 standard, when the
transverse distribution is ensured by the floor.
A portion of operating expenses, at least equal to 20% and varying according to the destination of
concerned premises must be considered permanent.
A portion of the normal snow load can eventually be considered as
permanent (see 3.1.4).

3.1.2 Operating expenses

This concerns the floor loads defined by the NF P 06-001 standard, unless otherwise specified.
contractual.
Due to the usual operating mode of convertible attics, it is accepted in this
document not to take into account the increase for small areas (except specific clause
specific market documents.
For the carrying beam farms studied under asymmetric loading (case 3 of table 1), the
operating charges of the floor are considered asymmetrical if there is at least
an intermediate support under the developable area of the attic. This then reduces the load by half.
exploitation on the shortest span.
Table 1

3.1.3 Maintenance Charges

Maintenance costs must be provided for, as defined by the NF P 06 standard.
001.
They must be applied to the tie rods, and to the struts of the
lost spaces, in areas where the free height for circulation above these bars
is at least equal to 1.20 m.

3.1.4 Climate surcharges

They are defined for snow and wind by the current Snow and Wind Rules.
Normal snow: In certain exceptional cases, depending on the altitude (and based on special clause
specific documents of the market), a portion of this charge (to be defined) is possibly
considered permanent regarding the assessment of displacements.NOTE
Vent perpendicular to the ridge
The asymmetrical farms (by the slope, the position of the posts, the length of the free parts

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crossbowman, for example) should be the subject of two distinct studies (one for each direction
the wind).
Normal dissymmetrical semi-snow
As defined by the Snow and Wind rules and the less loaded slope being located under the
vent.
Suppression or inner depression
At least the following two cases must be studied:
Normal vent perpendicular to the ridge: We retain for this case the presence of a depression.
interior on the totality of the roof slopes;
extreme vent perpendicular or parallel to the ridge: In this case, we keep in mind the presence
of an internal overpressure on the entirety of the roof rafters.

Point loads (brought by other beams, trusses, or equipment such as

smoke ducts) must be regarded as such.

3.2 Divers
Certain functions or requests other than those addressed in this paragraph
may be imposed on the framework. They must then be specified by the documents.
market participants.
These include the following aspects:
specific rigidity depending on certain materials associated with the structure or certain
operating characteristics;
resistance to specific predictable stresses in terms of transport, handling,
implementation
resistance to alternating dynamic stresses or not;
stabilization by the studied framework of other elements or structures (long spans, gables,
etc.) ;
fire stability.

3.3 Cases of charges and nature of performance justifications

The combinations and weightings of loads defined by standard NF P 21-701 (Reference
DTU Rules CB 71) apply.
Appendix C provides the list of charge cases to be applied to the structure and the verifications.
corresponding to be carried out, regarding its behavior.
The details of the justification criteria to be met for the various performances are listed in the article
6.

4 Materials
The materials usable under this document are solid woods, glued laminated timber
glued and lamibois (defined by the NF B 50-003 standard, item 37, and to the extent that they have made
the object of the tests necessary for their qualification).
The reference humidity for the dimensions of solid wood pieces is set at 20%.

4.1 Characteristics of Woods

4.1.1 Types of resistance (solid wood)

Solid softwoods (fir, spruce, Scots pine, maritime pine, laricio pine, Douglas fir) or
poplar used for the construction of farms corresponding to the application area of this

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documents must belong to one of the resistance classes defined by the NF B 52 standard
001-4.

4.1.2 Glued solid wood

Spliced wood is only permitted in cases where the execution and quality of the splices
glues are in compliance with the European standard EN 385. They must be subject to certification
of quality.

4.1.3 Modifications of admissible constraints

The changes in constraints and elastic limits in bending, as defined in the NF P 21 standard.
701 (Reference DTU Rules CB 71) for bending heights different from 15 cm, are not
not applicable.
No correction of admissible constraints and instantaneous elastic modules according to
Humidity must not be applied when the operating conditions of the work do not
do not allow the wood moisture to exceed 18%.

4.2 Characteristics of assemblies

One must take into account, in the calculation of structures (stresses and deformations), the slip.
of assemblies.
For gusset assemblies that rely exclusively on bonding techniques, the
Justification of resistance and stiffness characteristics is subject to specific methods.
not treated here.

4.2.1 Security - Stability

Mechanical assemblies by spikes, bolts, connectors are assumed for calculations.
of stability, having a conventional yield limit derived from the allowable load by the
multiplier coefficient 1.75.NOTE
The elastic limit of an assembly is the value of the effort beyond which the deformations
snapshots are no longer exactly reversible.

4.2.2 Deformations
The slip modules of the assemblies are evaluated based on test results (the
reporter, for the connectors, metallic according to the provisions of paragraph 4.2). The creep of
assemblies are supposed to be equal to that of assembled woods.

4.2.3 General Principles

The allowable forces in the tooth connectors and assembly brackets are defined,
for each process, using tests (according to Appendix A of standard P 21-101 or according to the
EUATC directives or according to the European standards in preparation), on test specimens
assemblies involving in particular the relative orientation of the connectors, the wire of the wood
and effort; they correspond to a safety factor of 2.75 relative to the average of
breaks and a displacement of the lower assembly of up to 1 mm; they are provided in
dekanewtons per square centimeter of wood coverage by a connector or per unit
assembly (see also Annex A of standard P 21-101), and related to a density
nominal of 450 kg/m³.
An allowable effort in decanewtons per centimeter of joint is also defined for each
type of connector or gusset following tests. It corresponds to a safety coefficient of
2.5 is provided partly in tension, partly in shear, and depending on the situation, if necessary,

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from the angle of solicitation.

5 Guidelines regarding the calculation of trusses

5.1 Modeling of Farms

The calculations are conducted with the following assumptions:
The calculation model must be made up of bars corresponding to the outline lines of the
elements;
The centerlines of all elements must be located within them;
The baseline lines of the peripheral elements must correspond to their neutral axis;
assemblies by connectors or gussets are considered articulated;
Uniform loads are applied to the lengths of the bars in the calculation model;
All support contacts with the infrastructure are considered either as hinges or
As rolling supports, the consideration of two distinct close supports is not
admit that under certain conditions (see b) in 5.1.2);
in the case of farms without incorporated carrying beams, implemented on the floors
whose stiffness cannot be considered very great compared to that of the farm
(wooden floors for example), the stiffness of the floor at the support points of the truss
(knee supports in particular) must be incorporated into the static model of the farm
(elastic support, fictitious beam, equivalent fictitious tie, etc.) and we use assumptions of
liaison at these points which correspond to the actual provisions planned for the implementation
work, by checking their ability to resume the pulling efforts between farms and
floors
We take into account the continuity of the bars;
The geometry of the calculation model must correspond to the sections shown in the plan.
fabrication.
a) calculation outline, general principles
All types of farms made of constant inertia beams (made of solid wood, laminboard,
glued-laminated or reconstituted in connected pieces or with a continuous core) must be modeled
for the calculation according to segments of straight lines coinciding with their neutral fiber in bending (with
their axis of symmetry for the pieces of symmetrical section). The nodes must generally be
located at the intersection point of the neutral fibers of the beams.
The peripheral bars, tie beams, and rafters in particular, are 'prioritized' compared to the
internal bars of the lattice. It follows that:
the position alterations of the bars in the calculation model (in relation to the neutral fibers of
Parts defined in the manufacturing plan must be made primarily (and if possible
exclusively) on internal bars;
The lengths of the model bars must be equal to the distances between reference points.
as defined in the manufacturing plan.
b) special cases
At a joint assembly between a straight peripheral piece (rafter or beam) and one or
several internal parts, the position of the calculation node is defined by the point of intersection
unique axes of these parts with that of the peripheral part when possible. A
default, the position of the calculation node is determined, on the axis of a peripheral part, of
in such a way that the line segments used to model the secondary pieces are
entirely contained within the width of the concerned wooden parts, as provided in
manufacturing plan.
At an assembly node between two bars of different slopes of a peripheral part
(strut or tie beam) and one or more secondary pieces, the position of the calculation node is
defined by the intersection of the neutral fibers of the two peripheral bars (see figure 1).
Figure 1 Node defined by peripheral bars

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In cases where it is not possible to comply with the rules of this article, the flaws of
the concurrence of the neutral fibers of the bars must be incorporated into the calculation model under the
form of additional fictitious bars.
The struts of the upper part of the truss above the upper tie beam of a roof
habitable, when this part is prefabricated separately, lose their priority for the
determination of node positions of the model and their positions can be altered as
those of the secondary bars. One can adopt, for these bars, a calculation outline aligned with
that of the main crossbowman.
For the composed rafters (in a livable attic area for example) of two rooms
stacked and connected, we keep, for the calculation, the neutral axis of the lower part, in
continuity with the non-reinforced parts of the tie beam.
c) cases of assemblies between struts and ties
If the neutral fiber intersection point of the two bars is located outside the wood, if this point
is outside the actual support and if the contact length between the two parts is at least equal to
the length of the assembly required to take up the shear force parallel to this joint,
It is permitted to alter the inclination of either of the first brace or tie bars.
to bring the point of competition, at most, to the edge of the wood.
However, in the case of an internal offset of the support (see 6.1.2), the position of the node of
calculation can be related to that of the support node (while remaining on the average fiber of
the tie) provided that the model bar does not extend beyond the cut of the rafter (see figure
2).
Figure 2 Examples of accepted alterations of drawing

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Figure 2 Examples of accepted alterations of the drawing

If the contact length between the two pieces of wood is less than the length of
the assembly necessary to resume the shear effort parallel to this joint, it is necessary to anticipate
the addition of a reinforcement piece of the crossbow or the tie beam. This piece and the one it
doubles are then modeled as a single bar starting from the previous node of the bar
doubled and leading to the same point of draft as that which would result from the application of the first
Paragraph. The total section of the doubled piece must ensure a concurrence within the wood, and
if this is not the case, an additional fictitious bar (usually vertical) must be
incorporated into the calculation model.

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5.1.1 Positions and modeling of supports

The supports must be represented by nodes.
The support nodes are confused with the triangulation nodes when the contact area
elements cover the length of the support by at least 5 cm.
Otherwise, a specific support node must be created.
It is not permitted to trim the moments on support.
For very short support bars (representing a post or wedge) the slips
assemblies, very large compared to the elastic deformation of wood, lead to the use of,
if these shifts are not directly taken into account by the calculation method, a module
reduced axial elasticity; a value equal to one tenth of that of wood is recommended.

A) internal support offset and construction arrangements

We denote by d the value of the offset, defined as the horizontal distance between the end.
inside the arbaletrier cut and the point closest to the support (see figure 3b). It is not
accepted, within the scope of this document, of an offset greater than 50 cm. If this is the case, a bar
additional support must be added to ensure the triangulation of the support node.
Figure 3 B) Offset value

In the case of a shift of 50 cm or less, the implementation of a wedge or a

A post is necessary. NOTE
It is suggested to resort to the use of a corbel only if:
hA > (d + 5) × tan a
where: hA is the height of the section of the rafter;
a is the angle between the rafter and the tie beam;
d (offset) and hA are expressed in centimeters, as this condition alone allows for recovery.
the fall of the arbalétrier's brace like a wedge.

Figure 3 A) Non-shift support criterion

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Figure 3 C) Offset support - Modeling for computation

In all cases of shifts, the verification by calculation must also address the constraints of
bending and shearing. The wedge must be assembled to the rafter and the tie beam, on the same basis
that a post, with one or more connectors sufficient to transmit the effort that has been calculated.
The axis of the post must be located in the axis of the support or at least 5 cm inside the support.
When a pole or a corner piece is implemented to satisfy this article, it must be
included in the calculation model, like any other internal bar.

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B) pull-out performances in the case of close supports

The transmission of couples to the infrastructure (leading to local tearing forces
anchoring) by two closely spaced supports is only permitted if the distance between them is at least
equal to 40 cm. The resistance, rigidity, and reliability of the load recovery devices
Tearouts must be justified (see figure 4).
Figure 4 Pull-out recovery

C) support technology
For the farms whose model supports consist of a ball joint and one or more
rolling supports, and when the displacement (calculated under load case 1) of a rolling support
does not exceed 5 mm, the use of simple technology support devices (brackets,
cases) that have low rigidity in horizontal movement.
This simplification is only acceptable provided that the span between the supports of the truss
does not exceed 18 m.
In any case, the supporting devices must have resistance characteristics and
of rigidity compatible with the hypotheses and calculation results specific to each of
supports.

5.1.2 Special cases

A) asymmetrical dog-sitting clamps (see figure 5)

Figure 5 Operation and modeling of an asymmetric truss a) A connection between truss and
crowning facade of a sitting dog cannot, most often, oppose the thrust of the
farm

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Figure 5 Operation and modeling of asymmetric farm b) Forces at the supports

Figure 5 Operation and modeling of asymmetric farm c) Transfer of thrust by

a horizontal thrust beam

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Figure 5 Functioning and modeling of asymmetric farm d) Static diagram for

calculations

Figure 5 Operation and modeling of asymmetric farm e) Creation of a support by

vertical beam

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Figure 5 Operation and modeling of asymmetric farm f) Static diagram for

calculations

This concerns habitable attic farms supported at two different levels.

(high gable of the dormer and lower floor for example), by applying it, under
vertical load, horizontal thrusts that the infrastructure cannot accommodate,
due to a lack of resistance or rigidity.
The implementation of a thrust recovery device (longitudinal beam in the plane of
traits), of a longitudinal tie beam providing additional support to the trusses, or
Any combination of the two systems is then necessary. The calculation must be conducted as

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indicated in 5.2.3.

B) firm supports of the crossbeams

Whatever the number of trusses cut to make way for the hoppers, the supporting trusses
the struts are sized according to their load and in a way that respects the
same security and rigidity criteria as the adjacent trusses.
Their deformations must be compatible with those of adjacent frames and with the nature.
the materials used.

C) ridge farms, cladding support

These farms must be subject to the justifications required by the requests.
particulars to which they are subjected (notably by wind forces).

5.2 Justifications

5.2.1 Bars

A) calculation of the bars

The compressed bars with buckling risk must be checked in accordance with
Paragraph 4.9.34 of the NF P 21-701 standard (Reference DTU Rules CB 71) except for requirements
particulars indicated hereafter.
The bars subjected to combined bending must be checked using the formulas
following :

considering successively the buckling in the plane of the truss and perpendicular to it
this one.

B) calculation of the buckling coefficient K

This coefficient is calculated according to the standard NF P 21-701 (Reference DTU Rules CB 71)
paragraphes 4,932 à 4,934.

C) buckling lengths
For the verification according to the plan of the peripheral bar farms of totally farms.
triangular (continuing over at least two spans and receiving a uniformly distributed load
bending generator), one must take a buckling length equal to 0.8 times the length
bar design.
For the verification (in the farm plan or in a perpendicular plan) of the internal bars
compressed, the total length of the bar is retained.
As for the buckling perpendicular to the truss plane of the peripheral bars
Compressed (particularly struts), the buckling length (Lf) is defined as follows,
when anti-buckling is ensured by devices of type A, B or C:
Lf = c × e
where:
it is the spacing of the trusses; and
c = 0.9 for farms not exceeding 9 m in span;

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gussets - Design and calculation rules (Classification index: P21-205-2)

c = 1.1 for farms having a range of at least 11 m;

It is the range in decameters for intermediate values.
By 'span', we mean the greatest distance between two consecutive supports.
account in the calculation) of the studied farm.
In the case where the cover is supported by struts or small panels fixed to the
firm and at least 60 cm apart (on the axes), the value of "e" is taken as the
distance between the axes of these beams.
When the anti-buckling is ensured by nailed roofing support panels.
directly on the farms, Lf is equal to:
1.1 × d
where
d is the distance between fixing points on the truss.

(The three types of anti-wrinkle considered below are defined in paragraph 5.3.2:
Type A: Continuous anti-buckling by diagonals under trusses;
Type B: Buckling by wind beam;
Type C: Buckling prevention by the chaining of brickwork gables.

The justification methodology for these anti-buckling devices is provided in the paragraph
5.3.2.

D) combinations of constraints
We must justify the combined work rate (under the solicitation of bending moment and effort)
normal) from the most unfavorable section of each bar for the different combinations of
charges.

5.2.2 Assemblages
principles of calculation of assembly nodes
All assemblies must be symmetrical (a plate on each side of the truss).
efforts to take into account
At the assembly nodes, all the shear and normal forces brought by each
the bar must be taken up by the gusset or connector, whether it is a pull or a
compression, and for the loads defined in table C.1 of appendix C.
Table C.1

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goussets - Design and calculation rules (Classification index: P21-205-2)

The transfer of a bending moment by a single pair of metal connectors (one per
The assembly face) is not allowed within the scope of this document.
The required connector surface on the bars must be calculated based on the force.
resultant on this bar, from the angle of this force with the bar and from the orientation of
connector.
The dimensions of each connector must be able to withstand the load of
shear and tension in all directions of the farm plan.
The dimensions and positions of the connectors must satisfy all load cases.
Farms are subjected to handling efforts during manufacturing and transportation.
and the installation. To take this into account, the connectors must be able to resume a
a force of 100 daN in any direction on the plane of the farm.

5.2.2.1 Local checks

In addition to the minimum surface area of the wood piece, it is verified:
the shear and tensile efforts in the gussets or connectors;
When the grip (hm) of the gusset or connector on the part (the greatest distance to
starting from the joint) is less than half the width of the piece plus 1 cm, we check in
this case:
the axial traction driven by the assembly effort on a section equal to the part of
the part covered by the pocket or connector (see figure 6);
Figure 6 Reference section for axial tension verification

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goussets - Design and calculation rules (Classification index: P21-205-2)

the transverse traction is assumed to be evenly distributed over the thickness of the part and on the
length of the assembly joint equal to the length of the connector (parallel measurement
increased by a value equal to its footprint (perpendicular dimension) h (see figure
7).
Figure 7 Reference section for the verification of transverse tensile

If the footprint of the connector is greater than (1/2 + 1) cm, these checks are not
requested.
Figure 8 Definition of the footprint Hm

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A) reduction of resistance according to the slope

For the king post assemblies on the tie beam, when the tie beam is cut ('cow's tail' by
for example), the unit resistance of the connectors is reduced, depending on the slope (see table
1).

5.2.2.2 Bar joints

The assemblies made on a bar outside of nodes are considered below
triangulation.
It is not permitted, within the framework of this document, to make the assumption of a transfer of moment.
of bending, under the effect of permanent loads, through the connector joints, without justification
by way of testing on assembly specimens or on prototype farm.
However, for the beams supporting habitable attics and for the bars receiving
significant one-time charges (such as wetland farms), we can make exceptions to this rule (we can)
refer to 5.2.2.4).
If the calculations are conducted assuming the continuity of the bar, the joint must be placed at a
zero moment point under permanent loads (or permanent loads + snow) with a
tolerance of plus or minus 15 cm from the theoretical position.
For beams other than those carrying habitable attics, only the normal force is
taken into account for the calculation of the surface of the gusset or connector.
However, the minimum dimensions of the pocket or connector are:
for the width: 0.6 times the width of the wood used
For the length: 1.2 times the width of the wood used.

A) minimal sizing of connectors or gussets

The minimum dimensions of the gusset or connector having been defined (surfaces, width of
joint, etc.) in accordance with the provisions mentioned above, the final dimensions are established in
function of the following rules:
The average real grip, hm, of a connector or gusset on a part must never be

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less than 25 mm. In order to take into account manufacturing tolerances, the minimum dimension of
The connector must be increased by 10 mm on each edge for which a translation
The perpendicularity of the plate varies the connector's coverage area on the wood.
consequently, the average influence defined above must never be less, on paper, than
35 mm.

5.2.2.3 Construction Assemblies

All the construction assemblies (and involving pre-drilled steel plates, gussets
plywood nailed, solid wood battens, bolts) must be studied and calculated according to
the rules that are specific to them (Regulations and Recommendations in force) and defined on
plan (see figure 9).
Figure 9 Construction assemblies - a) Overlapping joints

Figure 9 Construction Assemblies - b) Joints by furring (Effort recovery diagram)

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5.2.2.4 Continuity Assemblages

One can consider coaxial assemblies of bars (joints by connectors for the
trusses or ties that can transfer bending moments under
the following conditions:
case of farms that do not support a floor (lost attics):
The joint is necessarily placed at a point of zero moment under load case 1 (account.
you have a tolerance of ± 15 cm), and in addition to the resistance checks regarding stress
sharp and normal effort for all load cases, we refer to the provisions
general minimum dimension requirements for connector joints (width ≥ 0.6 h and
length ≥ 1.2 h) ;
case of farms supporting a floor:

It is accepted to ensure the continuity of the tie beam by a connected joint made using two pairs.
of connectors of identical dimensions (see figure 10), under the following conditions.
Figure 10 Continuity joint of load-bearing tie

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The connected continuity joint can only be placed in an area of the room where the moment
the flexion, whatever the load case considered, does not exceed half of the permissible moment
from the piece of wood itself.
We neglect the polar resistance of each pair of connectors.
We only calculate the most stressed connector, to which half of the effort is allocated.
traction and half of the shear force.
The traction effort due to the moment is calculated using the distance between the axes of the two.
connectors.
The total height h' of the assembly is at least equal to 0.9 times the height of the pieces.
Finally, in all cases, we increase the calculated minimum areas by 50% in order to enhance the
rotational rigidity.
WARNING: The correct operation of this type of connected joint ensuring the
the resumption of moments is only possible in the assumption of an initial contact of the woods in
fabrication. This necessity is deemed satisfied if the opening of the cut does not exceed in
no point 1.5 mm.

5.2.2.5 Transport or construction seals

The assemblies made on site must be designed, sized, and indicated in the
framework of the farm study and their mechanical characteristics incorporated into the assumptions of
this study.
They must be studied, according to the type of assembly used, based on standard NF P 21-701.
(Reference DTU Rules CB 71) (nails, bolts, pins, etc.) or according to the recommendations of
manufacturers (rings, spikes, etc.).
We particularly check the correct recovery of moments, normal forces, and shearing forces, and
we take into account the specific preparation and implementation conditions on site
for the evaluation of their mechanical behavior.
When one cannot avoid the creation of secondary moments perpendicular to the plane of
closed, we are studying the measures to be implemented (reversals, bracing,
anti-fluctuation) to eliminate its harmful consequences.

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5.2.3 Farms

5.2.3.1 Intermediate supports

When a farm rests on more than two walls, the intermediate supports are located directly under
triangulation nodes.
In this case, the truss is generally considered to be hyperstatic unless some
measures are taken to eliminate continuity on the intermediate supports.
Supports on beam: The load-bearing or thrust beams must be considered
like essential elements of the framework.
Two cases are to be distinguished:
The deformations of the (or the) beams influence the functioning of the supported trusses.
(hyperstatic interaction) (see figure 11).
Figure 11 Modeling of a ridge beam by an elastic support

The most accurate method involves performing the overall calculation of a model that incorporates everything.
of carried farms and of the (or the) load-bearing beam(s).
Such a calculation does not necessarily require the use of a three-dimensional program and
can, subject to certain precautions (notably: connections, between trusses and beams, free
in a horizontal plane), to be guided onto a program of plane structures by 'folding'
in a single plan.
In the case where the trusses are subject to a calculation separate from that of the beams, these trusses
must be justified under the two extreme operating conditions:
without imposed displacement, the (or the) supporting beam(s) being considered as
infinitely rigid in their own plane;
with an imposed displacement (at the level of supports on beam(s)) corresponding to
calculated displacement of the beam (previously calculated) under the effect of the thrust or
natural action of farms (that is to say functioning as in 1).

The movements of the beam supports are, of course, taken into account.
For the justification of this type of load-bearing beams (or trusses) having an interaction
hyperstatic with the supported elements, it is not possible to take into account a
possible manufacturing backlash;
NOTE

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In the case where the (or the) beam(s) are designed to present under case of
charge 1, an arrow less than 1/500 of their range without exceeding 10 mm, the interaction
hyperstatic can be ignored and the carried farms can be justified as being
on infinitely rigid support (according to the plan of the carrying beam(s)), which amounts to
to place oneself in the context of b).
when the deformations of the beam(s) do not affect the operation of the
supported trusses (no hyperstatic interaction, for example, hip trusses), the calculation
The framed structures are managed like an isolated frame.

5.2.3.2 Anchors
The trusses and the various main supporting elements of the framework must be equipped with
support devices likely to safely withstand the various forces corresponding to
load cases studied and best respecting the assumptions of the theoretical calculation (hinged supports)
or free for example). We must check in particular:
the support surfaces (localized compression and longitudinal shear);
the resistance to possible lifting efforts;
the resistance to horizontal efforts in the parallel and perpendicular planes to the
farms.

These checks must rely on eligible efforts of the duly appointed liaison bodies.
justified (notably by trials).

5.2.3.3 Reduction of the lift of multiple trusses (laterally loaded)

When planning to use multiple thickness elements (doubled trusses,
triplets, etc.) and if the transmission of the loads must be ensured by the connection elements between
trusses (for example, nailing in the case of a multiple support truss loaded from the side)
the strut), it is appropriate to reduce the calculation thickness of the trusses according to the total number
unit thicknesses.
What leads in the calculation to adopt for the supporting structure an equivalent thickness drawn
from the following table 2:
Table 2

We must also check the shear transfers between elements depending on the method.
assembly used.
Finally, we avoid assembling a number n of elements such that the total thickness (n × e) is
higher than the height of the main elements of the truss (tie beam or strut) increased by 10
% (n × e ≤ 1.1 × h).
We ensure that the dimensions of the timber making up the load-bearing trusses and the supported trusses
allow for the correct fixation of the connection devices.)

5.2.3.4 Particular case of ties in two superimposed pieces assembled by

connectors
It is possible, for practical calculation reasons, to consider this type of horizontal brace as a
unique piece.
Given the notable increase in deformation due to shear stress compared to a
massive part of identical bulk, it is nevertheless necessary to model this part in
by first calculating the inertia (or the equivalent height) of the unique equivalent part in
flexion.
Annex A provides an example of a calculation method for assessing this height.

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equivalent. The effect of the withdrawal on these beams must also be taken into account depending on
the gap between manufacturing humidity and stabilization.

5.2.4 Movements and arrows

5.2.4.1 Calculation methods

Movements and arrows are calculated based on the load cases specified under
references 1 and 3 of table C.1 in annex C.
The creep coefficient is assigned to the displacements and deflections due to the permanent part of the
charges. In the case of justification by trial, this coefficient must be applied at the time
of the interpretation of the results by increasing the measured results.
If complementary behavior criteria are to be anticipated (movements and arrows
absolute in particular), they must be specified at the level of the specific documents of
market.
Displacement calculations must account for assembly slips (see 4.2).
For the stamped tooth connectors, an alternative is to take into account an estimated amount of
assembly slips by reducing the tensile and compressive modulus of
wood (instantaneous or deferred) by the following coefficients:
1 (no reduction) for continuous bars at their two end nodes;
0.75 for the bars assembled at one end and continuous at the other end;
0.50 for the bars assembled at both ends or for the bars with a
joint of splicing by metallic connector, even if one end is continuous.

The same assumptions must be used for effort calculations requiring the use of
bar stiffness under axial loads (hyperstatic models).
One can also use, for simplification purposes, a single flat coefficient for
the entire set of bars of the farm.
This coefficient (reducing the axial compression and traction modules) is set:
for habitable attic frames on concrete slab at 0.90
for habitable attic farms with a supporting tie or resting on a beam
composite or on a floor at 0.80
for triangular trusses of lost attics having a slenderness (e):
less than or equal to 8 0.66;
between 8 and 120.66 0.04 (e-8);
greater than 120.50.

Here, 'élancement' refers to the ratio between the largest clear span of the structure and its
height in the middle of this staff.

In the case of mechanical assemblies completed with adhesives made using glues
of low creep structure (resorcinol, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea-formaldehyde), the slips are
considered useless. These collages and the mechanical assemblies associated with them must
to be able, each, to take on (in acceptable value) the entirety of the efforts.

5.2.4.2 Creep
Unless otherwise indicated regarding specific conditions of humidity and temperature,
one can, for the attics (habitable or not) of individual houses and all the frameworks
interiors exposed to normal hygrothermal conditions, use a creep coefficient
of 1.5 corresponding to the permanent part of the charges.
Are considered as permanent charges with regard to deformation characteristics:
the dead load of the structure;
the coverings, fillings, ceilings, insulation, floor coverings, and fixed equipment
divers;

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For residential premises, 20% of operating costs, unless otherwise stated.

WARNING: Some types of operating expenses are permanent by nature

and must be considered as such (fluid reservoirs at constant level by
example, discounts and various storage, etc.).
When calculating displacements and deflections for a load case combining loads
permanent and temporary loads, we must calculate arrow deflections separately and then sum them
and movements due to the permanent parts of the loads on one hand, and to the temporary parts
on the other hand, by using the appropriate elasticity modules.
Table 3 Acceptable deformations of structures or parts of structures of frameworks for the
residential buildings or similar and establishments receiving the public

As an alternative, one can also use, for each bar, a weighted module Ep = E / [t + f ×
(1 t)], of the form, function of the creep coefficient (f), of the instantaneous elastic modulus (E) and of
temporary load rate (t) for this beam.
As for the straight trusses with wooden or metal diagonals, we retain,
Apart from the effect of assembly slips, and unless justified by means of testing, a coefficient of
creep equal to 1.9 (instead of 1.5) when their slenderness is greater than 10.

5.2.4.3 Criteria for displacements and deflections

WARNING: It is necessary, in all cases, to take movements into account.
and the arrows of the supporting elements on the behavior of the associated structures (supported by
or related) to these elements.
The displacements of the nodes of an element, or of its most displaced points, must be
limited as indicated in table 4.
Table 4 Other buildings

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The largest calculated displacement (measured perpendicularly) is called the arrow between the
deformed from the considered element and the straight line connecting its supports.
Figure 12 Reference span

Flying buttresses
The manufacturing counterweights can be deducted in the previous justifications, but
The total deformation of the element must not exceed 1/200 of its span under any circumstances.
They should not be taken into account for the justifications of the truss elements.
supporting floors.
The accounted counter-slope cannot exceed the value of the value of the slope under the
permanent charge, including the effect of creep.

5.3 Stability
anti-buckling
Buckling prevention is necessary, in all cases, to ensure the trusses their
nominal load capacity.
This device must have minimum characteristics of resistance and rigidity.
The position and nature of the anti-flame devices must be explicitly mentioned.
on the execution plans.
The buckling of the parts can be ensured:
by high rigidity elements such as roofing support panels
wood-derived materials if they are bonded to the anti-twist parts (some

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case of crossbows or struts;

by creating points that are sufficiently rigid (according to the plane in which we must prevent
the buckling) at sufficiently reduced spacings to eliminate the risk of
buckling. These rigid points can be made as follows:
either by simple reminder (over a distance never exceeding 12 m) by coins
transverse beams assembled to a rigid element of the construction (wind beam,
rigid pinion) ;
Either by a reminder (as above) relying on a triangulation ensuring the
report of efforts and the connection with the infrastructure. The lower end of this
Triangulation must be rigidly linked to the foot of the trusses and to the support sill.

The most reliable method concerning the implementation conditions of the framework
consists of creating this triangulation in the form of one or more beams
prefabricated structures that can also, in many cases, fulfill a function of
bracing.
by the addition to the concerned bar of a piece presenting, in the plan where one must
ensure anti-buckling, sufficient inertia (see calculation method in appendix B).
In any case, the goal is to prevent the translation of intermediate points of the
piece in relation to its ends, which implies that the chain of connections between these
points and the ends should be continuous.

5.3.1 Anti-buckling of the struts

A) type A (continuous anti-buckling) (figures 13 and 15)

Figure 13 Continuous Anti-buckling

Figure 15 Continuous anti-buckling, layout of bars

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The anti-buckling is accomplished using laths fixed under the struts and making with them
an angle close to 45° so that their intersections with the rafters are distant,
according to their direction, at a value close to the spacing of the trusses.
These smooth surfaces must exist along the entire length of the frame and along the entire length of the
compressed portions of the crossbowmen (under load case 1 of Table C.1 in Annex C).
Each of their lower extremities must be rigidly secured to the support point.
correspondent of a farm and based on the effort to be transmitted.
Alternatively, each anti-buckling brace can be replaced by a pair of strips.
steel arranged in a Saint Andrew's cross.
Sliding plates are placed at each node of the trusses.
This anti-buckling method is only valid insofar as there exists, in the plane of
struts, elements of recall, perpendicular to the plane of the trusses (supports of
coverage among others), individually fixed on the trusses, with a spacing not exceeding 60
cm.

B) type B (local buckling) (figures 14 and 16)

Figure 14 'Local anti-buckling' (by road)

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Figure 16 Anti-buckling by prefabricated beam

The anti-buckling is achieved, in one or more spacings of the trusses, using diagonals.
assembled to bars perpendicular to the tie beams (specific bars or purlins, by
example) in such a way as to form one or more 'wind-beams' (which can also serve for
bracing of the framework.
Such a beam can eventually be prefabricated and assembled with two struts.
consecutive.

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C) type C (bracing by a masonry pinion)

The purlin bracing can be considered as a buckling prevention beam under the
following conditions:
the distance between two gables or inflections does not exceed 12 m (to the axes);
the purlin beam of the gable meets the same resistance criteria as a beam
anti-buckling (as provided for type B);
the elements for anti-buckling reinforcement (the continuous beams of the truss nodes and the
panels or battens) are rigidly fixed to the chain by devices (hardware, nailing
a face in a wooden piece attached to the chain) presenting a resistance
compatible with the efforts to be transmitted.

5.3.2 Justification of the anti-buckling devices for struts

The following method assumes that the installation of the trusses is carried out in compliance with tolerances.
specified in the standard NF P 21-205-1 (Reference DTU 31.3).

A) type A (continuous anti-buckling)

The diagonals and their end connections to the infrastructure must be checked for effort
axial equal to:
The N / (42 × e)
where:
The is the length of the compressed zone of a strut;
N is the average normal effort of this strut area;
it is the spacing of the trusses.

B) types B and C (local buckling or by purlin chaining)

The resistance of the anti-buckling beam and its assemblies must be ensured under the effect
of a uniformly distributed load (q), possibly combined with the load due to wind if
the beam also provides bracing, with:
q = n × N / (30 × Lp)
where:
n is the number of farms related to the beam;
N is the average normal effort in a strut;
Lp is the length of the beam.

C) case of common works (see figure 17)

Figure 17 A) Anti-buckling of the struts of common works (maximum axial load less than
1,500 daN

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Figure 17 B) Bracing of the struts of standard structures (maximum axial load less than
1 500 daN

When the following characteristics are present in the work concerned:

the length (distance between peaks) does not exceed 15 m;
the maximum axial compression effort in the struts does not exceed 1,500 daN;
The gables or return walls are load-bearing and rigid;
the spacing of the trusses does not exceed 1 m;
There are, in the plane of the struts, elements of support, perpendicular to the plane of

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trusses (covering supports among others), fixed individually on the trusses, of which
the spacing does not exceed 60 cm.

A type A device is considered sufficient for the anti-buckling of the trusses.

(continuous anti-buckling), provided that a truss is added and rigidly connected to
each cog or rib.
In this case, the buckling length, out of plane of the struts (necessary for calculating their
combined constraint rates) are set at a flat rate of 60 cm.
WARNING: For all anti-flame systems, the consideration of
supports of coverage in the justification of the assumed framework, in particular, that
their ends are nailed at a sufficient distance from their extremities, which leads to,
for struts with a thickness less than 45 mm, to add furring for the
fixation of battens, fixed by twisted or serrated nails at a medium spacing
of 15 cm.

5.3.3 Anti-buckling of other bars

The anti-buckling of a diagonal can be achieved by one (or more) horizontal brace(s).
connecting the diagonals of all the trusses and blocked in translation, at least at each
end of the building, either by an oblique room connecting them to one of the ends of the
diagonal, either by fixation or stop on a hard point of the structure.
The bracing elements can achieve this blockage. Each brace can be
individually fireproofed on each farm by reinforcements placed either laterally,
either on one of the songs of the play.NOTE
Figure a) does not show the main components of bracing and strutting of
traits.
Figure b) recalls the usual arrangement of anti-buckling elements, as well as those of
bracing and cross-bracing (of the strut in particular) that must complete the system of the
figure a).

Annex A (normative) composite beams - determination of height

equivalent in bending of beams in two superimposed pieces
connected

A.1 object
Determination of an equivalent height of a unique piece presenting the same deflection in the middle.
taking into account the shifts of connectors under longitudinal shear, for introduction
in computerized model.

A.2 hypotheses
beam supported on two free supports (span L);
uniformly distributed load p (expressed in decanewtons per centimeter);
·evenly spaced connectors (corresponding to an allowable shear F, expressed
in decanewtons per centimeter) ;
beam in two pieces (total height H), with inertia I;
thickness of the parts b.

A.3 principle of calculation

Define the relationship with the bossFof a unique piece of height H (the sliding of the wood is

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neglected), and the arrow of the beam in two parts, increased by a component fTdue only to
connector slides.
The equivalent height h will then be defined by the following expression, reflecting the equivalence.
inertia:

you

A.4 minimum dimension of connectors

The shear force to be taken up, depending on the shear force at the support pL/2 is:

(if it is the L/H ratio)

Fc is expressed in decanewtons per centimeter.
Let gothe nominal slip of the connector subjected to its allowable adhesion stress F
in the wood if Fc < F we have:

where:
g is the slip to be taken into account in the calculation of fTwho follows:
Calculation of fT:

let it be:

Calculation of fT/fF:

where:
go 0.006 cm.

A.5 numerical application

Below is a reference table of the ratios h/H and by fixing, in formula (A.6), the
following parameters:
E = 100,000 daN / cm² (or 10,000 MPa);
b = 3.6 cm.

So: fT/fF= 51 840 /Le'F.

The effort F per centimeter of beam depends on the type, dimensions, and spacing in
connectors.
For example, for a connector providing an allowable shear force of 100 daN/cm
of the joint, and if the joint between the two pieces of wood is filled with connectors along its length, F is
equal to 10 daN/cm.
The following table A.1 is established for F = 10 daN/cm and provides the ratio h/H, as a function of

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report L/HNOTE
The introduction of these reduced beam heights into a computerized calculation amounts to a
reduction of the elasticity modulus in bending in a proportion equal to the cube of the ratio h/H
in table A.1 (for example, for 0.90(0.90)³ = 0.73) and to the reduction of stress
admissible proportional flexion to its square.

Table A.1

Annex B (informative) buckling of compressed member by addition

of inertia - (calculation method)

B.1 by increasing the geometric inertia

A) hypothesis
The rib is closely related to the original piece.
It is urged by global compression.

B) calculation
The calculation considers a monolithic section formed by the two associated parts.
WARNING: This calculation method neglects the sliding between the parts.
is only correct if the two pieces are assembled by gluing, a solution that is hardly
habitual.

B.2 by adding an external inertia

A) hypothesis
The additional part is free in longitudinal shear but connected by fasteners.
regularly spaced that impose the same transverse deformation on both parts.
The additional part is therefore not axially loaded.

B) calculation
Under these conditions, one should no longer refer to the radius of gyration of the entire system according to the plane.

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of buckling. It is appropriate to consider the expression of the critical buckling force (Fc)
before the introduction of the concept of radius of gyration:

(bi-articulated piece of length L and inertia I in the considered plane).

The calculation becomes very easy since the critical force is proportional to the inertia. It's enough
to add an inertia piece Is such that the ratio:

where:
It is the actual compression effort to be resumed;
Nc is the allowable compression effort according to the usual calculation for the initial part alone.
WARNING: This anti-buckling method is preferable to the first one because
the fact that the quality of the connections has very little influence on safety.

C) example
Consider a compressed bar under a force of 2,100 daN, buckling length 120 cm, section (3.6
× 14.7 cm. (Allowable axial compression stress of the wood used: 10 MPa = 100
daN/cm².
Buckling in the plane of the frame:

Out-of-plane buckling:

Attention: For this calculation, use the formula below, even beyond a slenderness of 133.

let it be:

and:

so:

This involves the installation of a stiffener of:

(4.7 × 4.7) cm (ls = 40.66 > 40.4)
or from:
(2.5 × 6.0) cm (ls = 45 > 40.4).

Annex 3 (normative) cases of charges and nature of justifications

performances
Figure C.1 Examples of load cases with wind (3 and 5) a) Load case 3

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Figure C.1 Examples of load cases with wind (3 and 5) b) Load case 5

Annex D (informative) examples of solutions regarding hoppers

of stairs, of flue ducts and roof accidents
It is reminded that any local structure intended to transfer loads onto the load-bearing beams.
punctual must be subject to sizing justifications of its elements and
assemblies, as well as supporting farms, and that the positions and dimensions of all the
coverage accidents must be specified on plans.

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The examples in this annex are not exhaustive and do not exempt from
justifications for sizing and construction arrangements.

D.1 smoke duct

NOTE
All structural wood must have a minimum distance of 16 cm (or more, see 4.6) from
the flame.

The entire masonry conduit must be subject to reinforcement of the side trusses by
link of triangulation and/or by doubling the stressed bars between nodes (see figure D.1).
Figure D.1 Fire guard principle for smoke ducts

D.2 roof windows, dormers, ridge on symmetrical trusses, on slab or

independent floor

D.2.1 passage between farms

The stringer shall have a height at least equal to 2/3 of that of the elements that support it.

D.2.2 cut farms

Reinforcement of the cross braces of the lateral trusses, if necessary.
Except for contractual provisions, the bearer farms of the tie beam remain entire and
conforming to their basic geometry.
For livable attic farms, positioning of two vertical support beams
in the farm's hat while being careful to block them with posts.
When using reinforcement through doubling, it is important to carry out verification.
of anchors and assemblies of the trusses, load-bearing [see figures D.2 a), b), and c)].
Figure D.2 A) Reinforcements of cross braces for skylight openings and reinforcements for load transfers
dissymmetric

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gussets - Design and calculation rules (Classification index: P21-205-2)

Figure D.2 A) Reinforcements of struts for skylight hoppers and supports for load transfer
dissymmetric

Figure D.2 B) Principle of load transfer at the location of a roof opening

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Figure D.2 C) Example of longitudinal rigidification on symmetrical sitting dogs, by

strengthening of the bracing

D.3 stair cage On frame in 'A', on slab or independent floor

The side farms are strengthened in accordance with the previous article.
The staircase farm is reinforced if necessary by a tie beam of suitable section.
going up to the support of the foot of the frame [see figures D.3 a) and b)].
Figure D.3 A) Example of a beam and brace reinforcement on a staircase opening

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Figure D.3 B) Truss brace reinforcement

D.4 roof window, dormer, top light, and staircase shaft on symmetrical trusses
carrier entrance
WARNING: We only deal here with the case of a cut farm [see figures D.4 a) and
b)].
Figure D.4 A) Reinforcement of the strut for dormer opening

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Figure D.4 B) Reinforcement of the strut for the hatch

On the cut farm, reinforcement of the tie beam, at least in the case of a change in width
habitable between a stumble right of the accident.
Reinforcement of side farms by doubling the struts and/or tie beams, symmetrically
or complete lining of the lower trapezoid part of the farm.
Installation of vertical and symmetrical recovery arms and blocking by posts in the
farm hat.
Installation of a vertical recovery arm in the foot of the trapeze and symmetrically fixed on
stool

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D.5 staircase cage on a supporting beam

The stairwell funnel transfers loads to the adjacent trusses through their cross beams.
punctual ones that must be taken into account for their justification and any potential
reinforcements.

D.6 carrying firms

The supporting farms are specially designed, justified by calculations and defined on plans.
The recovery of the carried farms is carried out by suitable cases and with a height at least equal to
at 3/4 of the load-bearing wood in overlap.
Wood sections must be chosen to ensure implementation and the
proper functioning of boxes (or any other type of assembly used)
(see figure D.5).
Figure D.5 Minimum height of a bulkhead housing

h=H3/4
In the case of supporting frames made by multiple frames, they must be bonded together by
clamping or bolting on all the ribs.
It is recommended that this solidification be carried out in a workshop.
List of referenced documents
P21-101 (July 1990): Industrialized Wooden Frame Elements - Specifications (Index
of ranking: P21-101)
#2 - NF B50-003 (April 1985): Wood - Vocabulary (second list) (Classification index: B50-
003)
#3 - NF B52-001 (March 2007): Rules for the Use of Wood in Construction - Classification
visual for employment in structure of sawn French softwood and hardwood (Index of
ranking: B52-001
#4 - NF P06-001 (June 1986): Calculation bases for constructions - Operating loads
buildings (Ranking index: P06-001)
#5 - NV65 Rules (DTU P06-002) (April 2000): Calculation rules defining the effects of snow
and wind on the constructions and annexes

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#6 - Modified N84 Rules 95 (DTU P06-006) (September 1996): Action of snow on the
constructions + Erratum 2 (August 1997) + Amendment 1 (April 2000)
#7 - DTU 31.3 (NF P21-205-1) (May 1995): Wood structures assembled by connectors
metallic or gussets - Part 1: Implementation rules (Classification index: P21-205)

List of figures
Figure 1 Node defined by peripheral bars
Figure 2 Examples of accepted alterations of the drawing
Figure 2 Examples of accepted alterations of the drawing
Figure 3 B) Value of shift
Figure 3 A) Non-shift support criteria
Figure 3 C) Offset Support - Modeling for Calculation
Figure 4 Pull-off resumption
Figure 5 Operation and modeling of asymmetric truss a) A connection between truss and
the crowning of a dog sitting façade cannot, most often, oppose the push of the
closed
Figure 5 Operation and modeling of asymmetric farm b) Loads at supports
Figure 5 Operation and models of asymmetrical farm c) Transfer of thrusts by
a horizontal thrust beam
Figure 5 Operation and modeling of asymmetric farm d) Static diagram for
calculations
Figure 5 Operation and modeling of asymmetric farm e) Creation of a support by
vertical beam
Figure 5 Operation and modeling of asymmetric farm f) Static diagram for
calculations
Figure 6 Reference section for axial tension verification
Figure 7 Reference section for the verification of transverse traction
Figure 8 Definition of the footprint Hm
Figure 9 Construction assemblies - a) Overlapping joints
Figure 9 Construction Assemblies - b) Joints by furring (Load transfer diagram)
Figure 10 Continuity joint of load-bearing tie
Figure 11 Modeling of a ridge beam by elastic support
Figure 12 Reference range
Figure 13 Continuous anti-buckling
Figure 15 Continuous anti-buckling, arrangement of the bars
Figure 14 "Local Buckling" (by road)
Figure 16 Anti-buckling by prefabricated beam
Figure 17 A) Buckling of the struts of common structures (maximum axial load less than
1,500 daN
Figure 17 B) Buckling of the braces of common structures (maximum axial load less than
1,500 daN
Figure C.1 Examples of application of load cases with wind (3 and 5) a) Load case 3
Figure C.1 Examples of wind load cases (3 and 5) b) Load case 5
Figure D.1 Principle of "fire protection" for smoke ducts
Figure D.2 A) Reinforcements of struts for skylight openings and supports for load transfer
dissymmetrical
Figure D.2 A) Reinforcements of the struts for dormer openings and headers for load transfer
dissymmetrical
Figure D.2 B) Principle of load transfer at the location of a roof opening
Figure D.2 C) Example of longitudinal stiffening on symmetrical sitting dogs, by
reinforcement of the bracing
Figure D.3 A) Example of a beam and bracing reinforcement on a stairwell opening
Figure D.3 B) Brace of the arch brace
Figure D.4 A) Bracing of the roof truss for dormer opening
Figure D.4 B) Reinforcement of the strut for the hatch

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Figure D.5 Minimum height of a bulkhead casing

List of tables
Table 1
Table C.1
Table 2
Table 3 Acceptable deformations of structures or parts of structures of frameworks for the
residential buildings or similar and establishments receiving the public
Table 4 Other buildings
Table A.1

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