SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION

Public Administration within the general field of Administration encompasses

a series of marked differences between her and the Private Administration, said
differences are reflected in the use of the systemic approach, which is nothing other than
the systematic, evaluative, and binding use of systems and processes
with the institution, which allows them to understand how it interacts with its
environment and the satisfaction of those who use it.

To be applied within the Public Administration we must take into account

the Organization as an entity in service of the community, with its own goals and
objectives for the promotion of social well-being, with external agents such as Governments
Foreigners, Private Institutions, with different Legal systems such as the Law of
Public Administration, The Organic Law of Public Planning, Law Against the
Corruption, The Organic Law of the Comptroller General of the Republic and the System
National Fiscal Control, a source of income such as resources from
State GDP, Oil Income, Taxes, which uses a series of Plans
Strategic for the Nation.

To propose the Systemic Approach within Public Administration, it

they present a series of obstacles that arise in public organizations
due to the constant dynamism between the external and internal factors of the
organization, which results in a drawback for the application, for this
proposes a tool for the application of this approach detailing its different
stages for application and development.

Systemic approach applied to public administration

Systemic Approach:
Systems thinking seeks to dismantle the conceptualization that the world is
composed of separate and disconnected forces. By breaking this paradigm, it
they can build Intelligent Organizations, organizations where the
people continuously develop their ability to create the results that
they wish, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are cultivated, where
collective aspirations are set free, where people continuously
learn to learn together, using plans and resources effectively
systematic, summarized, and constant.

The understanding and proper implementation of process management requires

a systemic view of them, which will result in high effectiveness in
moment to visualize them in the organization with their own interrelationships. The
systemic approach allows us to establish that, for a system to achieve its goal,
All its elements must be considered, both external agents and the
interns.
When talking about a systemic approach within Public Administration, we must take
in mind:
First, we must define Public Administration: "it is an organization that the
The state uses to appropriately channel social demands and meet them,
through the transformation of public resources into modifying actions of the
reality, through the production of goods, services, and regulations.
This organization is very diverse in the sense that it includes different entities within it.
spaces and specialists that are specifically dedicated to a task, Not only in
In public administration, there are institutions. There is something within it that drives them.
That motor is the people, or rather the 'officials' who together
they make up the bureaucracy, and it is this bureaucracy that develops, fulfilling
its function driven by values, behavior patterns, emotions, feelings,
interests, etc.

According to the main problems that exist within Public Administration:

The knowledge of the pressing problems that afflict the administration

public for the purpose of contributing to change, a summary of the
main common and recurring deficiencies detected by the Comptroller
General of the Republic and the officials in charge of the different
dependencias

Non-existence of annual operational plans or deficiencies in the formulation of

the same.
Lack of technical criteria in the formulation of budgets and
non-compliance with normative instruments in their execution.
Failures in the programming and physical and financial execution of loans
awakened.
Lack of coordination among the different government agencies to
the achievement of the intended goals.
Administrative structures not in accordance with the assigned functions.
Deterioration of public goods.
Total or partial waiver of the procedures contained in the laws of
national and state bidding, as well as in the regulations on the subject.
Failure to comply with the obligation to provide a guarantee by the officials
in charge of the handling, custody, and administration of funds and assets
public.
Payment of salaries to the highest officials of the states and
municipalities for amounts exceeding the established limits.
Absence of management indicators that allow measuring the indices of
efficiency, effectiveness, quality, and management impact.
Diversion of public resources allocated to specific plans or programs.
Such deficiencies, indicators of public administration behavior, and
product of the lack of planning, control, and prioritization of priorities have
negatively affected the efforts of development and modernization of the
State and have influenced, to some extent, the levels of corruption.
To apply the Systemic Approach within Public Administration we must
to consider a Reform in third place:

MACRO: they are characterized by being global, encompassing the entire structure, as well as being
immediate; "general projects that proclaim the intention to modify in their
set public administration.
MICRO: those carried out by sectors, from the bottom, gradually; 'processes'
of transformation, partial reforms, and the gradual changes that are occurring
modifying organizations, norms, procedures, attitudes and
assessments what conform the Administration Public.
In addition, we must propose the separation between what is a Reform
Administrative proper, of what is a State Reform, since this
the latest is a modification that brings together all sectors and all spectrums
from where the State can and should be observed (which necessarily and
inevitably includes administrative reforms), and which brings with it the
following phenomena:
transformation of the role of the State
restructuring and reduction of its institutional apparatus
cut in the allocation of your position
It can be said that there are reforms:

Outward or FIRST GENERATION: "considerations predominate

of a legal and financial nature.
Inward or SECOND GENERATION: "the transformations have
a more technological and cultural background.
The dual character of administrative reform: the institutional one and the
human character in relation to the agents acting within it.

Aspects of the two major types of reforms: institutional and the

managerial.
Separate the administrative reform into its two most visible aspects, the one that concerns
to changes of an administrative and institutional nature, and the one referring to changes of a nature
value-management, based on the categories: type, time, and scope.

a. As a discontinuous or continuous institutional change.

Administrative institutions regulate a decisive part of the powers of
State. There is no true democracy, nor guarantees of observance of the principle of
legality, without a public Administration that operates with professionalism, neutrality
and objectivity. These principles support the conception of autonomy.
institutional of the Administration, which does not mean independence, but rather action in
the framework of legality and of the 'technical and economic rationalities' that
they safeguard the professionalism of public agents, subject to direction
government superior.
The reform as a discontinuous change refers to changes in the structure of the
administration, but that do not comply with a project of administrative reform,
understood as reform in all its areas and sectors. When we talk about the
interdependence between the different subsystems, if we consider the
public administration from the 'structural-functionalism' The reform relationship -
They are changes of spontaneous adaptation, a result of conservatism
dynamic. The state [and within it the administration], like all social order, tries
preserve its stability, reacting to external pressures through changes
spontaneous and continuous of a peripheral nature.

The failure of the adopted policies is not the only cause of the frustration of the
intention to reform. There are other causes that are not technical, and are located in other
spaces and are developed with different codes: the consensus.

As a continuous change, the reform responds to changes in its identity and in aspects
deep enough to achieve a marked alteration of the
public administration; and not a mere peripheral or spontaneous adaptation of its
components.
Continuous change is closely related to central reforms, and the
discontinuous change, with peripheral reforms. But that does not always happen. The
demands of a specific moment, such as during a crisis stage, like
it was ours, where the state reform and to contain within itself the reform
In the administration, it was carried out with short deadlines, as the moment forced it to be done.
deep changes.

b. As central or peripheral institutional change

These types of changes are not only conditioned by the demand of a
administrative reform program, in the sense of continuous change
becomes in central reforms, or that a discontinuous change manifests in
peripheral reforms or "spontaneous adaptation changes." Rather, the demands
for the implementation of institutional changes are an initiative to address the
system in itself and reform it in whole or in some of its parts, thus achieving
substantial variations or fundamental changes that determine and instruct according to their
content to the officials and therefore to the dynamic sector of it.
There must be certain criteria or considerations to carry out this type of reform.
All of this depends on what you want to reform or what type of administration profile.
we want: austere, efficient, committed, etc.

It can be said that reforms exist:

Outward or FIRST GENERATION: 'considerations prevail'

of a legal and financial nature.
Inward or of SECOND GENERATION: 'transformations have
a more technological and cultural background.
First of a legal and financial nature. It is here that a reform is projected according to
the regulatory framework and the economic resources that are available or desired
recover. Instead, the second generation reforms are inward reforms, they
they make or plan more substantial and deep changes that carry within them the
transformation idea, like changes with very transcendent characters and degrees
of even greater depth.

It is necessary to take into account and also to be very cautious as alterations of this
they do not have repercussions only in the field of institutions and the
hierarchies, but rather affect and can even bewilder the development of
the managers putting proposed goals at risk and instead of improving them
institutions and their function may entail unanticipated changes that could be harmful
instead of contributing. It is easier to carry out peripheral reforms, as they demand
less time because they are generally thought of not as a reform in the
full sense of the word, rather like spontaneous adaptations, it's like
thinking of the modernization of public administration 'as rejuvenation
physical, organizational or technological, which does not imply a true institutional change.

a. As discontinuous or continuous managerial changes

Here, issues that impact the profile of the
administration in its dynamic sense (bureaucrats) and not static / structural, this
It is in the management forms that bureaucracy adopts by establishing a hierarchy.
of values and objectives to be fulfilled. They are reforms of a cultural, moral nature,
assimilation of new values or guidelines that can be, as we said before,
new trends that transcend in administrative culture; also as a result of
new social relationships and also new forms of behavior that
affect the human aspect, etc.; that give it a certain profile and influence the individual in
its relationship with its environment, with its surroundings and of course with society, altering
or their personality and way of working.

So, measuring the speed of these phenomena through the category of

the process is very cumbersome, because, as I mentioned earlier, it can
whether it is a matter of fashions, globalized or not, that come and go
rooted enough in the administrative culture and that do not show nuances of
projection that allows me to characterize it as a process and therefore continuous,
which undoubtedly requires the ordered and factual succession of successive facts and
coordinated (in a program and/or strategy).

b. As central or peripheral managerial changes

To establish what is a central reform and what is a peripheral reform in
dynamic aspects such as behavior within management, must
analyze and clarify what is a trend and what is not. There can be trends that have as
project to reform the entire administration and trends that want to create a kind
of 'rejuvenation' of the administration by removing impurities and cleaning spaces.
In this last case, it would be peripheral because the reform is not a priority.
reforms in the core or matrix of management behavior.

For all this, managerial reforms when they are deep, that is, central,
evidence marked differences compared to the previous model. The central point is
understand the scope of these types of reforms that we could call
valuative, referring to a change in the hierarchy of values that precede and
they determine the acts of the agent.

Application of the systemic approach to public administration

Need for the systemic approach
Physical impossibility of the superior auditing body to act on its own,
integrally, the fiscal control over the enormous and complex universe of
entities and bodies that make up the public administration.
Coexistence of external and internal control bodies acting in isolation,
without coordination among themselves, without unity of plans, objectives, and goals.
Dispersed legal regulation with few points of contact among the bodies.
inspectors.
To implement the Systemic Approach within the Governmental organization
we must take into account the following steps:

Scope of application (totality of state management)

The Centralized National Public Administration.
The National Administration Functionally Decentralized.
The Decentralized Administration Politically-Territorially.
Scope
Incorporation of management auditing as an element that introduces to
system the character of contemporaneity and effectiveness, without discarding a priori
none of the control modalities, nor the techniques or procedures of
audit that are relevant.
Incorporation of the possibilities that, in terms of control, provides the
modern technology.
Rectorate of the system
Under the General Comptroller's Office of the Republic, aimed at establishing the
regulatory substrate for the functioning of the system, guide its activity and
coordinate the effort of the involved entities, accepting that the controls
Internals are the responsibility of the administrative management.

Elements that make up the system

Superior Body of External Control
External Control Organs of Decentralized Political Administration
territorially.
Dependencies of Internal Control of the Central Administration and of the
Functionally and politically-territorially decentralized.
National Superintendency of Internal Audit
 Organizations and entities subject to the control of the governing body of the system.
Audit firms and independent auditors, when contracting with the
Public Administration.
Normative Substrate.
Analysis of the System within Public Administration:
The Structure of the System:
A system is made up of different components:

1.) Objectives
Title IV of its organic part 'Of the Public Power', on the distribution, organization,
assignment of competencies and functionality of the organs of the State, such as the
development of the fundamental principle contained in Article 5, thus remaining
clearly established the constitutional support of Public Power.

The main objective of any Public Administration is to provide...

the nation the largest welfare state, using State Policies for this
that meet the needs of citizens in each of the different
interdependencies: State, Government, Municipality.

Currently, the Venezuelan State has proposed as its main objective the
Nation the inclusion of everyone in Education and health. The Public Administration
for Development is embedded in the hegemony of the Keynesian model of direction
and control of economic processes by the State, designated as
State Interventionism, which aims to protect the economy system
capitalist of the harmful effects of the crises that are caused by its own
contradictions, given the market's inability and its laws to self-regulate
and achieving balance in the economy. To this end, the State fulfills the objective
to equitably allocate the necessary resources to each of the dependencies
for its complete functioning.

The objective of the Public Administration, according to Article 141 of the Constitution:

Art. 141: The Public Administration is at the service of the citizens and the
citizens and is based on the principles of honesty and participation,
speed, efficiency, transparency, accountability, and responsibility in the
exercise of public administration, with submission to the law and to justice.

Environment:
It refers to everything that is immersed outside of it and inside of it, in this case.
Administrative refers to the external factors of the organization, when talking about
Public Administration considers these factors as those necessary
for functioning but not essential, they are not inherent within the
public administration, we refer to Cooperatives, the dynamics with the world
and the different Governments, the private companies.
The internal environment is everything that makes it possible to develop the objectives.
of public administration:

3.) The Resources:

System Entries:
The income to the nation from petroleum, payment of taxes, export
of other products, It concerns the income, expenses, and assets of the
State, whose primary body is the General Comptroller of the Republic,
part of the Citizen Power, form an interconnected control system
on public ethics and legality in the use of public assets and in
administrative activity. (Art. 274 Constitution).
4.) The Components:
Public officials: In what is established in Article 223 of the
Constitution, they are obligated to appear before the Committees of
Research and provide them with information and documentation as needed
required.
The Public Organs: Article 137 of the Constitution: "This Constitution and the
law defines the powers of the bodies that exercise Public Power, to the
which must be subject to the activities they carry out.
The legislative bases upon which Public Administration is developed,
Organic Law of Public Administration, Law on the Statute of the Civil Service
Public, SIGECOF, the Law of State Planning Councils and
Coordination of Public Policies, Law of Local Planning Councils
Public, Law of Communal Councils, Organic Law of Planning, Law
Organic Law of the General Comptroller, Law Against Corruption.
5.) Management:
Planning: Establishes the foundations and guidelines for construction,
viability, improvement, and organization at different levels
territorial. Plans are established that respond to social needs,
transforming the material and social conditions of the population, separates the
distance of wealth and well-being in full recognition and exercise
guaranteeing rights, developing the production process, the creation
of an intersectoral fabric that integrates the internal economy and generates growth
levels of added value.
Control: There is a goal to ensure compliance with the social purpose of the State.
Interact with the environment, considering the essential purposes of the State and the
competencies that the Constitution and the law assign to the public entity; the
needs of the community and the different internal and external interest groups.
It consists of a series of parts that correlate with each other, like a means
to achieve a common goal or purpose, they are interdependent and there is between each
one of them is a cause-effect relationship, which results in that
Control is not an isolated event; it is part of all systems.
management of the entity and is an inherent part of its administrative infrastructure. The
the intervention of individuals in the Control ensures the coordination of the
actions within the entity and in its relationships with other entities. It allows
this concludes the connotation of Control System, its condition as part of the
System that in itself is the public entity and of the macrosystem that configures the
network of entities and organizations that make up the State.
6.) Product: Within public administration, the final product is management.
that guarantees citizens the equitable and corresponding use of income
from the State, creating public policies that promote and develop programs of
employment, creation of new educational, health, and road infrastructures.
7.) System Feedback: It includes the thorough review of each
one of the components that exist and interact within the system, to what
we determine audit, evaluating requires prior knowledge of a situation, of
in such a way that makes it easier to measure its improvement. If the two moments of the
knowledge are different, the goal of the evaluation is to measure the effects of a
program or project, through an analytical and technical process between the
planned and executed that determines the degree (indices) of successes and failures according to
the results, to understand and analyze at what point in the development of
If interference occurs in the system, how can we eliminate it, if each one of the
public administration employees develop or fulfill
with the proposed objectives and guidelines

PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF MANAGEMENT

1.- Administration for James A. Stoner: is "the process of planning,

organization, direction, and control of the work of the members of the organization and
to use the available resources of the company to achieve the goals
establisheds”[1].

It is noteworthy that A. Stoner is the Director of the Department of Political Science at

Washington DC. (1955), which holds important aspects about the structures
of organizations, motivation at work, and human behavior.

For the above, James A. Stoner, according to Claude S.'s classification of schools.
George belongs to the school of behavior, as in it he sees the
administration 'as a universal and practically identical process regardless of its
operational sphere: governmental, industrial or institutional[2]
2.- Administration for Bernardo Kliksberg: "a set of knowledge
regarding organizations integrated by relevant notions to the explanation
scientific of its behavior and relevant notions of its technology of
driving”[3].
Kliksberg is a Doctor in Economic Sciences, International Advisor and scientist.
social, has made important contributions to the social sciences addressing issues
about poverty, ethics, economic and social inequalities, the organization, the
high management, etc.; this is why this author belongs to the school of
behavior since it "incorporates most of the social sciences, including
psychology, sociology, social psychology, and anthropology”[4].
3.- For Valladares Román, administration is: "the process to achieve
positive results through appropriate use of resources
available and the collaboration of others' effort”[5].

Valladares Román analyzes the concept of administration from a sociological perspective.

and humanistic, which is why we could place it in the behaviorist school,
due to his contributions to the social sciences, but he begins by defining the
management as a process aimed at achieving the established objectives in a
start, so it is more accurate to place it in the school of the process
administrative.

4.- Administration for José A. Fernández Arena is: "a social science that
pursues the satisfaction of institutional objectives through a structure and a
through coordinated human effort”[6].
Fernández Arena was the director of the Faculty of Accounting and Administration of the
UNAM focused the administration on production changes, institutions,
operating mechanisms, etc.; therefore this author, in accordance with the
classification of schools by Claude S. George is situated in the traditional school:
Scientific management, because it is 'interested in techniques
specific such as time and motion studies, planning and control of
the production, distribution of plant equipment, salary incentives,
personnel management and human engineering”
5.- Administration for A. Reyes Poncees: 'the function of achieving that things
be done through others, or obtain results through anothers”[8].

Agustín Reyes Ponce was the first treatise writer on business administration.
Ibero-American, in such a way that it contributed to the creation of degrees
economic-administrative.

According to this author's definition of management, it is situated in the school

of behavior, as it analyzes work groups and how the individual achieves
its objectives, as well as its dynamics and motives.

6.- Frederick W. Taylor belongs to the Traditional School: Management

Scientific. In which the facts of production are developed from the
observation, as well as the research and analysis of specific techniques within
of the workshop, these being the studies of time and motion, planning, control and
the distribution of production, as well as the equipment within the plant, tells us
of salaries and incentives for workers and also of the importance in the
staff management.

VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF PRIVATE MANAGEMENT

The classical theory of management, also called the Fayolist movement in honor of
its creator Henry Fayol stood out for his comprehensive systemic approach, that is,
his studies covered all spheres of the company, as for Fayol it was very
both selling and producing is important, financing as well as ensuring the goods
a company.
Although at first his ideas were forgotten, due to the fact that in the United States
only the contributions and improvement of Taylor's techniques were talked about,
In France, a person was emerging who would be one of the new pioneers and
leading exponents in administrative thought.

1.- Fayol belongs to the Administrative Process School and he observed that the
administration was an activity common to all activities surrounding the being
human, whether it be a company, a business, the government, or even our own
home, it was noted that within these organizations in the administration always
It was essential to control and manage resources.

According to Fayol, administration strictly refers to management and constitutes

an internal source within the company not an external activity towards it
clientele or the market. Simply. 'management' in Private Administration is
equal to address. That is to say, it is responsible for the people who work in the company or
organization, whether directing or motivating personnel, resolving issues that arise
they can present among themselves and encompass the management of all relationships
interpersonal relationships of the work team, in order to achieve the best performance
possible for each of its members. On the other hand, this is done for profit.[9]

Fayol highlights that the administrative function is made up of five components, the
What are: planning, organization, direction, coordination, and control?
express in the following way for each of these points:

Planning involves examining the future and developing an action plan.

The organization consists of building a dual structure (material and human)

to achieve the objectives. Likewise, Fayol indicated that the organizer (administrator)
I had sixteen administrative responsibilities to carry out.

Ensure that the plan is judiciously prepared and strictly implemented.

end.
2. Ensure that the human and material organization is consistent with the objectives,
resources and requirements of the company.
3. Establish the unique, creative, energetic, and competent authority.
4. Harmonize activities and coordinate efforts.
5. Make clear, distinct, and precise decisions.
6. Establish an efficient selection of personnel - each department must
to be led by a competent and energetic man-, each employee
must be in a place where I can provide the greatest service.
7. Clearly define the functions.
8. Encourage the taste for initiative and responsibility.
9. Reward the services rendered fairly and appropriately.
10. Use sanctions against failures and errors.
11. Ensure that discipline is maintained.
12. Ensure that individual interests are subordinate to the general interest.
13.Pay special attention to the unity of command.
 14.Supervise both material and human order.
15.Having everything under control
16. Fight against excessive rules, bureaucratic controls, and paperwork.

The management consists of maintaining activity among the staff.

organization. Speaking of the commanding administrator, Fayol added that he should:

1. Have a complete knowledge of your staff.

2. Eliminate the incompetent.
3. Being well informed regarding the agreements that bind the business and its
employees.
4. Set a good example.
5. Conduct periodic audits of the organization and use diagrams
representatives to encourage him. Fayol emphasized highly the letters.
organizational.

Coordination consists of the cohesion, unification, and harmonization of everything.

activity and effort.

The control consists of verifying that everything has been done in accordance with the plan and
the established command.[10]
The Neoclassical School. The Neoclassical Theory emerged in the 1950s,
neoclassical authors do not form a properly defined school, but rather a
heterogeneous movement, which is referred to as Operational School or
of process, defining this theory as a universal approach to Management,
which is nothing more than the update of the Classical Theory and an eclectic theory that
take advantage of other theories for their application to today's companies. Here
we meet Gulick, follower of Fayol.[11]

2.- Luther Gulick. He mentions that Administration is a system of

knowledge through which men establish relationships, preach
results and influence the consequences of any situation in which it
Organize to work together towards achieving common goals. Luther Gulick
he designed an acrostic known as POSDCORB, through which he proposed a
managerial organization scheme similar: POSDCORB states that the task of
management consists of seven elements: Planning, Organization, Training of
staff, Management, Coordination, Accountability, and Preparation of
budget.

3.- Lyndall Urwick. Along with other supporters of classical theory, Urwick compiled,
systematized and disseminated a whole set of knowledge about management,
integrated into a kind of physiology of the organization.

For Urwick, a company revolves around its organization, not around the
a manager 'organizes', what they actually do is divide the
work, groups it and assigns it to organizational units called "positions,"
tables, sections, offices, departments, areas, managers, managements
directions, divisions,
Urwick's Principles of Administration

1. Specialization: Each person must have only one function.

2. Authority: there must be a single line of authority, clearly defined and

recognized by all members of the organization.

3. Administrative Amplitude: Each superior must have a certain number of

subordinates under their charge, this number will depend on the level of the position and the
nature of it.

4. Differentiation: the duties, authority, and responsibility of each position and its
Relations with other positions must be defined in writing and communicated.

4.- Mary Parker Follett. She was one of the creators of the basic framework of the school.
classical. In addition, it introduced many new elements, especially in the field of
human relationships and the structure of the organization. In this sense, it was the
trendsetter that would develop further in the emerging schools of the
behavioral sciences and management. It argues that:

...it is of great importance to recognize that command is sometimes found in

a place and others in another... ()... and that the mistake of thinking that control rests
totally about personality, probably lies in the fact that the boss
A manager is not just a boss of men, but of something we are learning to
call the total situation.” He adds: “The boss is, then, the one who can organize the
experience of the group, whether it is the small group of the section chief, the group more
large of the department or the entire factory that can organize the experience of
group and thus obtain all its energy. The boss forms the team: This is
fundamentally the quality of command: the ability to organize all the forces
existing in a company and use them for a common purpose.

For the author, coordination is the essence of management and it is a

function presented to us with four facets:

Coordination through direct contact with the people involved.

Coordination as a continuous process.

3. Coordination found in the initial stages of a company.

4. Coordination as a reciprocal relationship of all aspects of a situation.

5.- Omar Guerrero Orozco. Considered for his contribution to management.

contemporary public, especially in Mexico, describes to the administration
private as:
Private administration is that which is carried out by those who are concerned with
the people and the property of individuals.

The study of private management is essentially oriented towards internal analysis.

of the company, focusing its attention on the internal management process, that is,
management where the general functions of the organization and the activity of
harmonization and integration of the set.

VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The public administration is the set of Administrative Bodies that

they develop an activity to achieve a goal (General Well-being), through the
Public Services (which is the means available to the Public Administration to
achieving general well-being), regulated in its structure and functioning, is a
a term of vague boundaries that encompasses the set of organizations
public entities that perform the administrative and management functions of the State and others
public entities with legal personality, whether at the regional or local level.
It is usually regulated by Administrative Law.o[13]

1.- Javier Burgos. Classical or Scientific School. Public Administration is the most
varied, the most vast, the most useful of all moral sciences. It presides over the
movement of the social machine, accelerates or moderates its action, fixes or modifies
its mechanism protects and thus preserves or improves all public interests.

2.- Bonnin and Von Stein. School of Behavior. Public Administration is

a power that fixes, corrects, and improves everything that exists, and gives a direction
more convenient for organized beings and things.

3.- Leonard White. School of Behavior. Public Administration is the

management of men and materials to achieve the goals of the State. It is the
composed of all the laws, regulations, practices, relationships, codes and
customs that prevail at a moment and a jurisdiction for the realization or
execution of state policy.

4.- Marshall E. Dimock. School of Administrative Process. Administration

Public is the study of powers and problems, organization and personnel, thus
as of the management methods involved in the enforcement of laws and
policies of government authorities.

5.- Charles Debbasch. School of Behavior. Public Administration is

the device for managing public affairs. It is constituted by the set of
public services, whose good operation allows the achievement of defined objectives
by political power. It constitutes the organization that is granted to any social group
evolved. It is the indispensable tool for cohesion and coordination, without
which society crumbles. Management, by nature, is
subordinate to external ends. The role of management, its
structures and their methods depend on the society in which they are embedded,
of its environment.

6.- Guy Peters. School of Administrative Process. In general, Administration

Public can be described as: a) in functional terms, the process of
application of rules; that is to say, the process through which social rules
generalities become specific decisions for particular cases; b)
structures of the government whose main function is to carry out this process.

7.- Pedro Muñoz Amato. School of Behavior. Public Administration is

the phase of government that consists of the cooperative organization of people,
through planning, organizing, educating, and directing their behavior, to
the achievement of the goals of the political system.

8.- Wilburg Jiménez Castro. Quantitative School. Public Administration is a

science composed of principles, techniques, and practices and whose application to sets
humans allow for the establishment of rational systems of cooperative effort, through
of which common purposes can be achieved that individually are not
feasible to achieve.

9.- José Castelazo. School of Administrative Process. Public Administration

It is the governmental organization and basically its executive branch. It is the structure
from the government and the set of human, material, and financial resources that it
they integrate, that is, the set of institutions, people, and resources that make up
the governmental administration. It fulfills the function of exercising, implementing the program
political through the processes of planning, programming, coordination,
execution, evaluation and administrative control.

10.- Félix A. Nigro. Quantitative School. Public Administration is the effort

cooperative of a group within the framework of public character activities. It encompasses the
three branches of power – executive, legislative and judicial – and their interrelations. Plays
A very important role in the formulation of public policy and consequently
It is part of the political process. It is different from private administration for several
significant reasons. It is closely related to numerous private groups
and the individual subjects when providing services to the community.

11.- Dimock Marshall. Classical School. If public administration has a relationship

with the government's problems, it is interested in achieving its ends and the
objectives of the State. Public administration is the State in action, the State
as a construct.

12.- Omar Guerrero, Contemporary. Public administration constitutes

the state's activity aimed at producing the conditions that facilitate
the perpetuation of society and creating development capacities
elements that constitute it
In a broad sense, public administration is the activity aimed at increasing the
state power and expand its internal forces to the maximum; that is to say, it does so
formidable. It constitutes a capacity that produces power. In a strict sense,
public administration is the activity that develops associated life through
order, security, and subsistence; that is, it promotes civilized coexistence.
It consists of a capacity that produces civility.

13.- Woodrow Wilson. The administration is the most visible part of the government; it is
the government in action; it is the operating executive; it is the most visible aspect of
government.

14.- Luther Gulick. Public administration is that part of the science of

administration that relates to the government, and therefore takes care of
mainly from the executive branch, where government work is done, although
There are evidently administrative problems also related to the branches.
legislative and judicial. Public administration is, therefore, a division of science
politics and one of the social sciences.

15.- Taylor developed his type of management with the aim of studying the
operations, determine the facts related to the work situation and these
observations derive principles.

I saw management as the process of getting things done by people.

operating independently or in groups, applying quantitative techniques to all
those aspects that can be measured.

One of Taylor's best legacies regarding management and the school.

Traditionally, scientific management is the study of time and
movements to determine a production standard that constituted a day
just work.

All of this alludes to some concepts of public administration that...

I will now mention related to Taylor, public administration is
consider as the action of the government when dictating and applying the provisions
necessary for compliance with the laws and for the preservation and promotion of
the public interests and to resolve the claims that arise from what is ordered.

16.- Foucault. When we mention the action of government, we refer to Foucault, but
by including in the concept that the government dictates and applies the necessary provisions
for the compliance of the administration we return to the traditional school or the
scientific management, by making the scientific selection of workers and
put them in the positions for which they were trained and would give a
better performance.

The Public Administration puts in direct contact with thecitizenshipwith thepower

politicalsatisfying public interests immediately, in contrast with
the legislative and judicial powers, which act indirectly. This concept us
refers to the school of behavior where the manager achieves
that things are done through people.
Public administration assumes, as a basic activity, the harmonization of
operation of civil society as an attribution that derives from
of thecharacterwhat keeps, as a unitpoliticsof the divided society itself in
classes; at the sametimehowever, public administration exercises dominion
politician who translates the empire ofcapitalaboutthe work,domain that is
emerges as a consequence of theconflictof classes. The administration
public, then, can be identified as the action of the State in society,
action that makes it present through multiple and varied activities that
they can contradict civil life, which is subject to the struggle of
classes y to themovementconstant ofcapitalismuniversal this yes
activitiespoliciesand administrative units that are involved in the change
social.

The previous concept highlights the same school of behavior already

that this school of management should be based on the workers and their
personal relationships. Here is the principle of the behavior school
human as an integral part of scientific management.

17.- Munsterberg claimed that industrial psychology and scientific management

they should unite because both proclaimed the same truth.

18.- Gantt, for example, is a contemporary and it is difficult to classify him in just one.
school, its organizational cost concepts and its bonus plan
they could easily be located like the traditionalists, Gantt showed an almost interest
emotional for the worker as an individual and I advocate for a humanitarian approach, with
we could place this in the school of behavior. It made a great
contribution with her famous Gantt Chart in which through straight lines
they illustrated and measured the activities and the time required to carry them out.

Gantt was concerned about the psychological relationship between worker and boss, with which
which is granted its humanistic approach, it also concerned itself with ensuring that the
workers had a well-paid salary and asked for emphasis to be placed on the
service and not in the utilities.

The school of the administrative process was marked by concepts such as

Fayol, considered the father of the administrative thought movement.
He was the one who enumerated the administrative functions, which he defined as follows: (1)
prediction and planning, (2) organization, (3) direction, (4) control and (6)
coordination. I emphasize that these principles must and apply to every company
administrative.

I want to add this other concept, public administration is not merely a

inanimate machine that unthinkingly executes the work of the government. If the
public administration is related to government problems, it is that
interested in achieving the ends and objectives of the State. The administration
public is the State in action, the State as a builder.

All of the above to allude to the school of the administrative process, since
the administration, that is, this state, entity or machine carries out a process that
It consists of planning, organizing, employing, directing, and controlling.

19.- Mooney conceived the idea that the organization used by the great
administrators was the same and he wanted to test it, his work emphasized the process
administrative, obtained a concept of organization based on processes
ranked.

Currently, this is considered the most complete description of the analysis

from the classic organization.

20.- Blunstchli, Gaspar. The study of public administration as the activity of

State allows to surpass the introspective and managerial visions of Power
Executive, frequently inclined to equate the internal administrative process
of the government, with the administrative process of the private company. Instead of seeking
the identity of principles and practices in government and private enterprise, Science
The Public Administration will observe the State's action on reproduction
of the conditions and relationships of commodity production; that is, the conditions
materials and social conditions in which the private enterprise develops. The government
look for adequate and stimulating material conditions for private enterprise,
the pair of that contributes to reproduce the relations between capital and labor in the
interior of the company.

The private administration must 'oppose the public administration (...)' the public administration
is based on public rights and duties; private administration is based on
in private law and it is left to the discretion of individuals.[14]

CONCLUSION

We can conclude by saying that each of these authors and their importance
participation in the schools or currents in which they were classified guides us
to have a better understanding of the concept of Administration, from the School
Traditional or Scientific highlights Taylor as the highest exponent, talking to us about
example of the effectiveness in the workshops, taking into account how they were conducted
I finish the operations in them as well as the application of quantitative methods.
that served in the development of them.

From the School of Behavior, authors like Gantt stand out, who talk to us about
about the importance of the individual as a means to carry out the work in the
workshops, taking into account the social interrelationships and dynamics between
the employees, to establish a good relationship among themselves and with the
bosses.
Another school is the Administrative Process, where Fayol stands out as
constructor of a theory that would highlight the behavior of management
as a universal and identical process regardless of its sphere
develop, whether it be a company, the government sector, or the management of institutions,
For him, the process of management involves analyzing the functions of the administrator.

And one last thing that, although it has not been mentioned in the work, is important.
mention it and it is the Quantitative School, which offers us the use of models
mathematicians for solving problems related to management.

All this with the aim of carrying out the definition of each one of the
concepts that were presented earlier, it is concluded that without
importing from which current or school is being talked about, each of the participants of
they helped in the collaboration and structuring of a concept of
administration tells us that in general terms, administration is the
process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling everything that involves
an organization, called behavior, collaboration, efforts within the
same on the part of the workers, using the available resources and
by encouraging them and promoting them to work through a remuneration that
help to meet their needs and without the exploitation that was present in earlier times
they were subjected, all of this with the sole purpose of achieving the goals set within
from planning trying to reduce times and costs and carrying out a
fundamental role in management, whether private or public.