Chapter 20
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ScribdTranslationsSamuel Gómez Ortiz
Subject: Church History
2nd grade
Answers from Chapter 20. The reformed church (1453-1648). The Counter-Reformation. Leaders of the period.
CHAPTER 20
What does 'the Counter-Reformation' mean?
It is a powerful effort made by the Roman Catholic Church in order to
recover the lost ground in Europe, destroy the Protestant faith and promote
the Catholic Roman missions in foreign countries.
2. How was the church attempted to be reformed?
Through the Council of Trent, convened in 1545 by Pope Paul III. His
the main objective was to investigate and put an end to the abuses that fostered the
emergence of the Reformation.
3. Describe the great council.
The Council met at different times and in more than one place, although for the
general met in Trento, Austria, one hundred and twenty-two kilometers northwest
from Venice. It was composed of all the bishops and abbots of Venice. It lasted
almost twenty years, through the reigns of four popes, from 1545 to 1563.
4. What order was established and for what purpose?
The Jesuits, established by a Spaniard, Ignatius of Loyola, in 1534.
the main purpose was to combat the Protestant movement with methods
public and secret.
5. What was the story of that order?
This was a monastic order characterized by the combination of the most
strict discipline, intense loyalty to the church and the order, deep devotion
religious and a marked effort to make proselytes.
It became so powerful that it attracted even the most severe opposition.
Roman Catholic countries. It was suppressed in almost all the states of Europe and,
by decree of Pope Clement XIV (1773), it was prohibited throughout the church. Without
embargo, for a time continued in secret, then openly and finally
the popes recognized her again.
6. What active persecutions were undertaken?
In Spain, the Inquisition was established and a
an infinite number of people. In the Netherlands, the Spanish rulers
they proposed to execute all the suspects of heresies. In France (in
1572), the spirit of persecution reached its peak with the massacre of the Day of
Saint Bartholomew.
7. What missionary efforts did the Roman Catholic Church make?
GENESIS BIBLICAL INSTITUTE
Samuel Gómez Ortiz
Subject: History of the Church
2nd Grade
Answers from Chapter 20. The Reformed Church (1453-1648). The Counter-Reformation. Leaders of the period.
Efforts led by the Jesuits, which resulted in the conversion of
all the native races of South America, Mexico, and much of Canada.
Likewise, the establishment of missions in India and the neighboring countries.
for Saint Francis Xavier.
What was the Thirty Years' War?
A war as an inevitable result of opposing interests and purposes of
the reformed and catholic states of Germany.
9. When did it start and end?
It started in 1618 and ended in 1648.
10. What peace treaty was finally made?
The Peace of Westphalia.
11.Mencione siete líderes del período de la Reforma.
Desiderius Erasmus
Martin Luther
John Calvin
4) Thomas Cranmer
5) Juan Knox
Ignatius of Loyola
Saint Francis Xavier
12. Which of these were Protestants?
Martin Luther, John Calvin, Thomas Cranmer, and John Knox.
13. Who were Roman Catholics?
Desiderius Erasmus, Ignatius of Loyola, Saint Francis Xavier.
14.Describe each leader.
Desiderius Erasmus was born in Rotterdam, Holland, in 1466. He was one of the
greatest scholars of the Renaissance and Reformation period. It
they were educated and ordered in a monastery, but in 1492 he abandoned the priesthood
and dedicated himself to literature. At different times he lived in Paris, England, Switzerland
and Italy, but generally his place was in Basel, Switzerland. Even before
To start the Reformation was an inflexible critic of the Roman Catholic Church.
His greatest and most valuable work was his edition of the New Testament in Greek.
in a Latin translation.
Martin Luther, "the founder of Protestant civilization." He was born in Eisleben,
in 1483, son of a miner, who with great effort sent him to the University of
GENESIS BIBLICAL INSTITUTE
Samuel Gómez Ortiz
Subject: History of the Church
2nd Grade
Answers from Chapter 20. The Reformed Church (1453-1648). The Counter-Reformation. Leaders of the period.
Erfurt. Luther aspired to be a lawyer, but suddenly he heard the calling.
for the monkhood and entered the Augustinian monastery. He was ordained to
priesthood and soon drew attention for his skill. In 1511, he was sent to
He returned disenchanted by what he saw there of worldliness and evil.
the church. In that same year, he began his career as a reformer attacking the
sale of "indulgences", or forgiveness of sins, and as we have already seen, nailed his
thesis at the door of Wittenberg. When he was excommunicated, they summoned him to Rome and the
Pope Leo X condemned him in his absence, burned the papal bull or decree in
On April 18, 1521, he gave his famous response at the Diet of Worms.
He was the author of many writings that circulated throughout Germany, but the most
the most influential of all was his unmatched translation of the Bible.
John Calvin, the greatest theologian of Christianity since Saint Augustine,
bishop of Hippo, was born in Noyon, France, on July 10, 1509, and died in
Geneva, Switzerland, May 27, 1564. He studied in Paris, Orleans, and Bourges.
In 1528 he embraced the teachings of the Reformation and was exiled to Paris.
In 1536 he published his institutions of the Christian religion, which became the foundation.
of the doctrine of the Protestant churches, except the Lutheran. Its academy
Protestant, who founded with Theodore Beza and other reformers, became a
of the main centers of Protestantism in Europe.
Thomas Cranmer can be considered the leader of the English Reformation for his
position as the first Protestant at the head of the church. When he was young
King Henry VIII liked it because it suggested that universities be appealed to.
from Europe on the issue of the British King's divorce. He served to
Henry VIII in various embassies and he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
Although progressive in his ideas, he was also shy and flexible, exercising his
influence for moderate reform measures in the church, instead of
radicals. Cranmer's greatest service was having been one of the
composers of the Book of Common Prayer and writer of almost all the articles
of religion.
Juan Knox was the founder of the Scottish Church and he has rightly been called 'the
"father of Scotland." He was born in 1505 or around that year in Lowland Scotland.
He received his education and ordination for the priesthood at the University of
San Andrés, but instead of entering the ministry, he worked as a teacher. He was not
until he was forty-two years old, around 1547, when
he embraced the cause of the Reformation. In Geneva, he met John Calvin and adopted
his ideas, both in doctrine and in church governance. In 1559 he returned to
Scotland and immediately became a leader, almost the absolute ruler, of the
Reform in your country.
GENESIS BIBLICAL INSTITUTE
Samuel Gómez Ortiz
Subject: History of the Church
2nd Grade
Answers from Chapter 20. The Reformed Church (1453-1648). The Counter-Reformation. Leaders of the period.
Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish, who was born in 1491 or 1495 to a noble family,
in the Castle of Loyola, from where it took its name. Until the age of twenty-six
in age he was a brave soldier, though dissolute; but after a serious
wounded and after a long illness, he dedicated himself to the service of the church. In 1534
founded the Society of Jesus, better known as the Jesuits, the institution most
powerful of modern times for the promotion of the Catholic Church
Ignatius of Loyola must be recognized as one of the personalities
most notable and influential of the sixteenth century.
Saint Francis Xavier was born in 1506 in the Spanish region of Navarre, in
an independent kingdom on both sides of the Pyrenees. It was one of
the members of the Society of Jesus, and took as his work the department
of foreign missions, of which he became the modern founder. He established
the Roman Catholic faith in India, in the island of Ceylon, Japan and other countries of
Far East.
