PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

MIGUEL ÁNGEL POLO SANTILLÁN*

E-mail [email protected]

INTRODUCTION goodwill, but what is that

what gives it meaning
Before starting the topic,
I would like to raise the following
question: in what context
Are we talking about professional ethics? Which one?
it is the importance of this topic in
our national context? We know
that social corruption has
sharpened since the 90s, in the
which have participated
professionals from different
careers like
diversity universities and
social strata. The political space
ended up corrupting the activity
professional. In the face of such an event, the
professional activity must be regained
its meaning based on the statement
of its own space, which is the
public space. From there you can
help to regain the sense of the
moral social has declined. No
yes, well, this topic is one among
others, but one that affects the
social framework.
Understanding the role of ethics in
professions require understanding
professions, their evolution and nature.
From there we will be able to understand that
talking about professional ethics is not
just an additional matter of
Management in theThird Milennium, Research Journal of the Faculty ofAdministrative Sciences, UNMSM (Year 6, No. 12, Lima, December, 2003)

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to professional practice. That's why they are part of civil society;
our article aims to clarify finally, we will present the
the concept and by doing so it will remain conclusion of the work done. The
clear the function of ethics development does not want to be only
professional. Thus, I will divide the article expository, but we will also see the
in the following parts: i) present possible corruptions or problems
the meaning of ethics in life what can face the activity
human; ii) the historical outline professional.
of the professions; iii) the sense of
the profession; iv) the profession
1. FROM ETHICS TO PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
as an activity for purposes
interns v) the excellences How is ethics in our
necessary to achieve the goals; vi) country? Is it sensible to keep talking
understand the profession as a of ethics in our country when
community activity; vii) to take we found a moral deficit in
awareness that professions all levels? That's why some
they can

Master in Philosophy with a focus on the History of Philosophy. Associate Professor of the Faculty of
Letters and Humanities from the UNMSM. Researcher at the Institute of Research
Humanities of FLCH/UNMSM. Member of the Peruvian Society of Philosophy.

Management in theThird Milennium, Research Journal of the Faculty ofAdministrative Sciences, UNMSM (Year 6, No. 12, Lima, December 2003)
2
to argue that discussing ethics in search for those conditions is already
our country is like talking about the an ethical search. That search leads us
"chicken denture." However, leads to interrogate, to question
despite the fact that things are this way, our Marco of reference
we must not let ourselves be crushed by especially the one referred to the
they. corruption. What are its causes?
What does it involve us? How to face it or
It is rational to keep talking about
confront her? We require, well,
ethics in this context? Of course, to question, to interrogate, and in doing so
because man, as Kant would say, We are presenting an ethical option.
It is a metaphysical being by nature, Questions that lead us to the
that is to say, it resists submitting to search for the good life. The
the cold and opaque facts. Why is it? interrogation and the search are
Is it possible to continue talking about ethics?
so two components
Because human beings, despite
of our conditioning,
we make fundamental options.
The two main ones are an option
personal and a social option. With the
first we can make the decision
to cultivate our being, that is,
commit ourselves to what Mill
referred to the development of the
intellectual and moral capacities.
Ethics is related to the good
personal, self-actualization or
happiness. With the second, we take
the decision to pursue the common good,
for which we participate in a
activity community. Of the
on the contrary, our social existence is
puts at risk, because the good
common encompasses the realization of the
essential needs for living
humanely and with dignity. Both
options are actually the same
option that is expressed as two
ways. That is to say, that ethics
it has to do with the commitment of
being a 'good person', which
go through the doing of good
common and the search for fulfillment
of our existence.
Sin embargo against the
traditional liberal conception, said
option requires conditions
previous ones that make it possible, it is
saying is not a spontaneous act nor
sporadic. Among the conditions
previous they are the Marco of
cultural reference, practical knowledge
and the sensitivity. Curiously, the
essentials of ethical life. Of then I was doomed. It
the opposite leaves us with the imposition allowed modernity to be a
and the submission to power process of 'affirmation of life'
economic and political, which are two current" (Taylor), opening a
shapes that distort the space for revaluation of
social activities, among them new human activities. Thus, the
the professionals. This is the framework modern culture assumed certain
minimum to talk about ethics activities how professions
professionals. Now, let's take a look at a secular activities, mundane, without
a little about the nature of this relationship with religion. From that
activity public called way new activities
profession. they became professions, such as
engineer (of different species)
economists, counters, etc.
THE BECOMING OF PROFESSIONS In addition, it was included in this
Culture and society
premodern had structured
the professions based on a
cosmovision where
hierarchically the divine order
it held the first place and how
your representation was found
the political order, finally the
personal order. To guarantee
in that order was the priest
who took care of the divine soul and of
divine matters, the jurist for
caring for society through
laws, the doctor for the care of
body. Therefore, the priest, the
doctor and the lawyer assume their
activities based on oaths
in which they promise to obey
certain rules. For that
profession or declaration were
known as the first
professions.
The term 'professional' and its
their respective valuation is something
that emerges in the modern era,
due to the process of secularization
where mundane life and its
activities form a field
different from faith. Calvinism,
as an intermediate moment and as
Max Weber has maintained this.
seen in the activities
professionals the road of
salvation or condemnation of a
person. If he had succeeded
the professional indicated that he was
saved; yes there wasfailed
denomination media of life of that purpose is what you
previously as a doctor, lawyer, gives meaning and social legitimacy to
professor, etc. Now, parallel to the the profession, therefore the same
profession of faith (to profess a faith) society can claim that you
the teacher was doing an activity, it is make as well as claim your
to say, the to dedicate oneself
o quality.
commit to an activity The profession, besides being a
and its principles. That is why it is said
individual activity it a
that the profession appears as a collective activity, which expresses
public proclamation; it is not a a certain professional community
open activity rather than secret and has that have the same ends,
the backing of society. they use a common language, with
similar methods
3.What is a profession?
With the question of what is the
we do not want to practice a profession
simple description but what
we are asking about the meaning
What this has. Max Weber, in his
classic work The Protestant Ethic and the
spirit of capitalism, define it
profession in the following way:

the specialized activity and

a man is permanent
that normally constitutes
for him a source of income and,
by so much, a foundation
economic sure of his
existence. (Weber 1985, 82)

This definition emphasizes two

characteristics of professions:
its individual and economic character.
Professions are a means of
subsistence of individuals. That
makes of the professions a
"individual instrument" of winning
money. However, as they have
pointed out by other authors, this approach
it is very limited, because it forgets
the purposes and social activity of the
Adela Cortina, philosopher
Spanish, makes three observations
to this definition:
a)The purpose of the profession is not
limits to the 'source of income'
that is, to a purpose
subjective, but the profession
it has its purpose. The achievement
 and with its own ethos. That is to say, Despite the fact that the word
just as there is
unethos "profession" has multiple uses
(character, mode to be) because it serves to designate both
personal, there is also a a doctor, a teacher, like
ethos of the profession. for a salesperson, a soccer player and
It is often talked about a
For the above reason, "the entry into a delinquent professional- the
activity and in a community
definition proposal can
certain professional dota
to the professional of a peculiar help us discern when
identity and generates in it a we are in the presence of a
peculiar sense of belonging profession. What happens is that
(Cortina 2000, 15). This has in our time, there have been
what to see with what the profession is blurring the ancient boundaries
a form of affirmation of the between
civil society against power
political, as well as a statement
from a public space in front of
others like the economic or
religious.
For the above, based on the
MacIntyre's ideas, a definition
more inclusive than what is a
the profession that Cortina offers.
A profession is:

... a activity social

cooperative, whose internal goal
consists of providing to the
society a good
specific and indispensable
for your survival as
human society, for which
the competition of the
community of professionals
that as such they identify
before society. (Cortina 2000,
15)

Based on this definition

we can realize the meaning
of a profession. First of all,
a profession seeks to achieve a
good o purpose, what it
indispensable for social life.
But its realization requires cultivation.
of habits or excellences by
of the subject and of the action that
Finally, the activity is done.
professional is not an activity
isolated but community-oriented, which
gives a professional identity.
We will see these later.
components.
"professions" and "trades". To give us WITH PURPOSE
account of this complexity of Professional activity is a
professions, let's see a possible one social activity that has purposes or
classification. Antonio Peinador has internal goods. It is the purposes that
classified the professions having and guidance and meaning to the
in consideration of two criteria: due to practices professionals. The
the activity and due to the purposes importance of
from each profession (Peinador 1962, 8-
10):

For the activity

Manuals: work predominates
corporal, manual or mechanical.
Also known as trades.
Liberals: predominates the
work of intelligence.
Denominated profession properly
tal.

For the purposes

Right to physical life:
a)on a lower level: cook,
shoemaker tailor carpenter
labrador, artisan, etc.
on a higher level: technicians
the laboratory researchers,
industrial merchants,
bankers, etc.
Right to progressive cultivation and
unlimited of the intelligence
scientist, theologian, philosopher, artist,
pedagogue, etc.
Right to live as individuals and
members of society within the
legal and moral order: political,
sociólogo, abogado, juez, notario,
historian, novelist, religious person, etc.
In any case, for something
sea considered profession o
professional activity, said activity
must be committed to achieving
for the common good, for which it requires
the cultivation of certain habits or
virtues in a context
community. In this way, the
the ethical component is not an addition
or an aggregate that does not affect the
essence of the profession. Let's clarify
more of these components.

4.THE PROFESSION AS ACTIVITY

we can find the ends in the Good. However, not everyone
definition of 'profession' that we ends are the same. There are ends that are
by Antonio Peinador. The profession internally to the activities, that is to say,
es: in the execution of the activity
find the realization of the
purpose. This is what
the application ordered y Aristotle called praxis, while
rationale of part of the there are ends that are external to the
activity of man to activities, for which these are
tracking of anyone become means to achieve the
of the immediate purposes and fines. This is what Aristotle
fundamentals of life denominapoiesis. In recent times,
human. MacIntyre

So, the profession is not

a simple activity or occupation,
but it must be oriented
towards a noble end, that is to say, the
service to others: healing, the
to teach he inform the
coexistence just, etc.; the
professions make no sense in
themselves but for the goods
internals they contain. That's why, no
one can understand what a
profession if it is not understood that
this has inside a
function social the well-being
common. In that way, the
A professional is that man

...placed at the service of

others, inside the gear
social, acting with character
public and committing,
as responsible for its
acts, before God and before his
awareness; and, moreover, before
those whom he serves and of
who benefits by law from
reciprocity. (Peinador 1962,
7)

Thus, a professional ethics

requires recognizing the internal good
what seeks to achieve certain
profession; otherwise the
activity will make no sense and
social legitimacy. This form of
understanding the actions is framed
in the Aristotelian tradition. For the
estagirita, every activity has a
purpose, which constitutes its
has taken such terms for like money, recognition,
define the practice. Argues etc., but they are not the meaning
MacIntyre: of the activity. precisely the
corruption of an activity occurs
when the goods are replaced
By 'practice' we will understand
internals by the externals. Then
any coherent form and
we have that the teacher no longer teaches
complex of human activity
well because they pay him little, he
cooperative established
commissioner no fulfills the
socially, by which regulations because it takes advantage of its
they carry out the inherent goods to
position to pursue their interests
the same while trying
personally, the police no longer protect
achieve excellence models
the citizenship and prefers the bribe, the
what sounds appropriate to that
form of activity and define it the lawyer no longer serves justice but to
partially, with the result who pays more,
that the human capacity of
achieve excellence and the
human concepts of ends
y goods that would involve
extend
systematically.
(MacIntyre 1987, 233)

The elements that make up a

practice is: i) that it be a
cooperative activity, ii) established
socially, iii) seeks the realization
of the internal goods, iv) the achievement
from those internal goods it produces
excellences or virtues in individuals
what the they carry out. No is
holding the author a vision
medieval status and roles
defaults, but as long as
actors social yes us
we found doing something
cooperative activity. We are
public servants, teachers,
employees of a company
active professionals, drivers,
parents, etc. Each activity
it has internal assets whose realization
makes her make sense. If I am
doctor and I take advantage of my
condition in the face of weakness of a
sick, then I did not carry out the
internal well-being of medicine, what is it
to heal.
MacIntyre recognizes that there are
also legitimate external goods
which are obtained from the practices,
the politician is no longer interested in the good same ones, but of the purpose of the
common but the businesses of groups economic system: profit. By
and party interests, etc. The achieve the purpose of capitalism,
external goods are legitimate, but individuals in their activities
as long as they are subordinate to the professionals are often exploited by
internal goods; otherwise the point of not finding meaning in his
professional activity ceases to have profession nor to his life. It is there where
sense and social legitimacy. the power politician y the
organizations professionals
However, the demands they should minimize the
social and scientific changes and injustices produced by the system
technological often us economic.
they force to redefine the goods
internals of our activities
professionals. For example, the
advances in medicine and the
social needs make it that the
medicine is no longer solely about
the purpose is to heal, but now
add the health promotion and
the prevention of diseases.
And it is that the very concept of
health has been redefined, more than
agreement with a human vision
integral. For anotherside, the
globalization and the internet make
that the professionals
librarians also require
redefine its purposes. When
this happens, a necessary one opens
period of debate and reflection, in the
which should also participate
those affected by the activities
professionals.
One observation additional.
What is the place of personal good?
self-fulfillment in activity
professional? The completion of the
Internal goods are part of
our personal fulfillment, of
your happiness project. And it's that
he horizon of fullness
(Etxeberria) refers to the
human life as a whole. Without
embargo, this raises serious
problems. Modern society
tends to fragment life
human a no assume it
integrally. By Hello, the
experience of the activities
professionals can often be suffocating,
where the stressed subjects
they can be efficient, but they do not
they feel happy. The problem is not
of professional activities
5.EXCELLENCE AS A WAY OF professional it entails virtues or
ACHIEVE THE END "excellences" without which such
practices become corrupted. For this reason,
What can they do? MacIntyre has been right to understand
the internal goods to the practices the virtues how qualities
professionals? Following the acquired necessary to carry out the
guidelines Aristotelian, internal goods of practices; their
we can assert that they are the Lack prevents achieving such goods.
virtues or excellences (aretai). The (MacIntyre 1987, 237).
professional virtues are the part
central to professional ethics, Virtue is not a private matter,
because they are the ways how intimate, a quality that some people
they achieve the purposes of the activities conservative
professionals.
However, other authors
they emphasize the rules, it is
to say, in the 'deontological moment'
Etxeberria. A definition in that
sense of professional ethics
we can find in González,
who sustains what the ethics
professional is

the systematic reflection on the

moral norms that regulate the
behavior in the activity
professional (González1996,
277)

But the 'systematic reflection'

about the rules can convert the
professional ethics in a deontology,
limiting its value. So that it does not
if that happens, it is necessary that
let's understand the moral rules of
professional not only as minimums
legal obligations that one is required to

fulfill, if not as forms of

promote virtues or excellences
of the actions. It's not about
so just to review and renew
the moral norms of the codes
of ethics, but rather of promoting the
necessary virtues to achieve the
specific fines of the profession.
For the above reason, setting aside
for a moment the codes of
ethics, it is necessary to point out that
"professional ethics" does not mean
both the imposition or acceptance of
standards, but rather every practice
or well-intentioned they have. It is a really, to be self-employed and
personal and interpersonal issues not a slave to your activities.
subjective e intersubjective (Camps 1993, 105)
individual and collective. And that link
is found in the actions, in Returning to the question about the
the practices in which we "virtues of a profession", this
we found with others for it means the same as the question
carry out the internal goods. There is, since when is someone a 'good
professional. They are not two different things
well, in the definition of virtue of
MacIntyre an inextricable relationship different. Someone is good
between virtues and internal goods. professional when performing with
Without virtues, it is not possible the skill y
responsibility the
realization of internal goods purpose of your activity. For
of the activities, as well as without for example, someone is a good
implementation of internal goods professor when doing good
There is no possible virtue. internal, which
Without a doubt, this suggests that not
all activities will require the
same virtues. The police officer, the
worker, the employee and the teacher
they require different virtues for
achieve their internal assets. But
MacIntyre realizes that this
it would produce a polytheism of virtues
incongruous, which is why it holds that
even if the practices are different,
we can maintain a minimum of
virtues (such as integrity) that
they emerge from the search for life
good, of to assume our
existence as a whole unit.
The same problem is seen by
Camps, when he asserts that in the
professional society, each
profession has specific virtues
different from public virtues
(such as solidarity, responsibility,
tolerance). And it points out something that
I fully endorse:

Professionalism will be one

public virtue to the extent that
that serves the interests
common of society. No
to the extent that it serves
only for maintenance and
conservation of roles,
functions y corporations
existent. And it will be a virtue
private insofar as
help the individual to be it
is to educate. He is not a good teacher profession. The end of a profession does not
he who mistreats the students it is something subjective and distant in a
physics or psychologically, yes uncertain future, but it is
imposes its authority criterion, if content in the correct practice
does not know how to reach the students, etc. of the profession. When the ends and
According to González, the virtues of a the media place them in society and its
good professional son the economy does not allow for the correct
productivity (that enclose it practice of a profession. By
capacity to produce, the attitude of for example, the doctor is required
produce and the level of efficiency), the productivity and efficiency, but it is seen
creativity and overcoming. Without forced to reduce the time of
embargo, not always all the dialogue with sus patients
professions require the same neglecting an exam
virtues. To answer the question careful like human treatment
about what are the good ones what do they require
practices or virtues that one must
to cultivate the professional, they must
to participateso much the same
professionals like those affected or
beneficiaries or users. On this,
Cortina holds:

The users are those who

they experience the quality of
service provided and, although not
they know the internal plot of the
profession, are essential
to determine what practices
they provide a quality service
and which ones not. Hence today
in day the schools
professionals cannot be
closed, they cannot design their
codes to compose committees
without the citizens' involvement
currents with the
beneficiaries current o
virtual del service what
they lend to society. In this
point must be transformed
radically.(Cortina 2000, 24)

Sometimes we lose sight of the

finally we pursue, and when it
we take into account we tend to
differentiate it from the virtues and
we believe that these are simple
means. But virtues are not
simple ways to achieve something. The
the practice of virtues already involves
realization of the "purpose" of the
sick. For the above reason, we are her task of fulfilling the purpose
according to González when of that practice. In other words,
he says that the virtues embodied by the professions serve society
good professionals are distorted to produce specific goods,
for the fetishization of the but the they do of shape
economy, the dehumanization of institutionalized. Therefore, the
social relationships and forgetfulness professionals form corporations,
that life is the supreme value professional colleges. This has
(González 1996, 289-290). From that advantages and disadvantages. Schools
the way, the society in which we live professionals serve to authorize
turns the means into ends and the fiscalize the professional practice,
means in ends, not allowing a looking for it to give a
good practice of the profession. quality service. In addition, they monitor
what joy
6.The profession as
Community Activity
The professions are
expressions of the
"cooperative human activity" is
to say, the professional practices
they are community-related. This is because of
less in three ways.
First of all, because the
professional shares with others
professionals a common language,
a method and even a way of being.
The transmission and the renewal of
specialized knowledge is carried out
inside of communities
professionals. That's why it turns out
strange, to say the least, that a
professional sociologist for
example dictate courses of
specialty for administrators.
This is only allowed when the
sociologist also has training
of the administrator.
In second place the
community professional if
convert into the reference of the
professional individual, because it gives him
identity and belonging. This
the aspect is not a trivial matter, but
it has to do with the identity of
a person, well, like this
we have identity religious,
national, politics, we also have
professional identity.
Thirdly, because the
community of professionals makes
activity is carried out by people specific people, to the people
that have gone through a previous one of flesh and bone, whose benefit
period of training gives meaning to any activity
especially if they are activities the social institution. (Cortina 2000,
With great social responsibility. By 28)
hello is that the schools
professionals are the instance that 7.THE PROFESSION AS AN EXPRESSION OF THE
authorizes professional practice. CIVIL SOCIETY

However, this sense of The Hegelian distinction is famous.

solidarity can degenerate into what ethics is made of
"corporativism", which manifests for the family, the
in the concealment of the
illegal activities committed by
the professionals. The goal is to save
the body, the school, protecting
individuals professionals
incompetent or immoral or
negligent, failing to have in
count the 'minimum levels of
quality professional Vielva
It is also manifested in the
demand or defense of privileges
corporate relegating the
solidarity universal for the
solidarity groupal. Like it
Cortina points out the "elevated mission"
what justifies privileges a
certain professions only have
sense within a guild vision
of society, very typical of the age
media. But in a society with
rule of law that by principle
defend the equality of the law for
all social groups, such
attitude is anachronistic. In
in any case, corporatism
loses the sense of community
of professionals.
Finally, the exercise of the
professions can do that
they adapt to public institutions or
private only by respecting the rules
and procedures of the institution and
they fall into the routine to such an extent that
they stop taking the mission into account
what they have. It is what has been called
"bureaucratism". In the words of
Cortina:
In front of the bureaucratic ethos of
who holds it to the minimum
legal request the ethos
professional excellence
because of his commitment
fundamental is not what ties them
not to the bureaucracy, but to the
civil society and the State. Without ethical, as are social aspects,
embargo, society understood economic and personal.
civil as an expression of the
economic activities, that is, a) The social aspect. The professions
from the market. Today it is not possible they function to satisfy
claim that civil society is specific needs of
basically composed of the the people, of the members
market and that it be the only thing that of a society. This dimension
faces the political space. of service that every professional
Civil society is also the prestige is markedly a
scope of activities moral dimension and it is the center
professionals, public opinion, of its activity. There is no a
the civic associations and, without
doubt, the organizations
economic. Which means
that professions play a
important role in society
civil, hence its need for
assert itself as a public space
different from the activities
economic and political, which
today they intend to occupy everything
public space. It is so important
professional space in society
civil that without her no activity
politics and business could carry out
your activities with optimum
results.
With awareness of this, the
Schools Professionals they can
play a more active role within
Peruvian society, overcoming
in this way the corporatism that they
makes lose his sense. The
professional communities have
a social responsibility because
it is the same society that makes
necessary for their existence. For
belong to society and
because she makes the necessary
activities professionals she
also is authorized
legitimized to demand the
professionals who meet the
achievement of the ends or goods
specific.

8. AS A CONCLUSION
We can summarize and conclude it.
worked based on three aspects
which inevitably touch life
professional and have content
 professional who does not provide a economic causes and produce
service to society justly effects of the same class. (Álvarez
that is its reason for being. Yese 1957, 171)
the service does it in a way Thus, the professional colleges
community generally they also have to do with this
grouped in schools economic function, because the
professionals. For better achievement schools serve so that their
of the internal goods of the members they can access to the
professional activities, these labor market in a way
schools demand updates, organized and supervised. But not
mayor professionalization y you can deny that
they demand (or should demand) the
respect for ethical codes
of the profession. Although always
there is doubt whether schools
professionals really
they work as a community
or like a corporation.
This social aspect also is
refers to the influence that they have on the
professions in society. A
profession is not an autonomous entity
culturally, if not what you receive
influences and in turn influences
culturally in society. By
that, the community of
professionals also is
responsible for the current state of the
society, either because it does not comply
with its role does not generate models of
excellence. This has been the case of
journalism in the turbulent decade of
fujimorismo, where journalists
they fabricated the news, they sold themselves to the
political power, they slandered honor
of the people, degenerating the
journalism practice. I believe that
There is no doubt that this has happened.
negatively impacted in the
national mindset.

b)The economic aspect. All

what profession do you have a dimension
economic both at the social level
how personal. The profession
presented in the foreground a
markedly economic character,
since the economy also
refers to human needs and
in order to satisfy them. Indeed,
professions develop in the
field of economics, obey
 aside from that 'initiation' in the they usually see work, and to the
benefits of the market that the professional activity in particular,
school (intermediary between the as a dimension that makes sense
government and the clientele) offers, to their lives. It is seen as a means
it can work and in fact to achieve wealth and power, no
it works a mechanism of as part of its completion
internal moral control, at the level personal. The alienation of the
of the members. (Regal 1988, economy, labor, and of the
195) professional activity are factors
that must be taken into account
Sin embargo the system to think about a professional ethics.
economic ha converted the
society in a "society of c)The personal aspect.
producers devaluing o Lastly, the professions as well.
questioning as an activity they include an aspect
professional to those who are not
they produce what the system requires.
It is the case for professions like the
Philosophy, Literature, Theology, the
Art, etc. Nevertheless, as long as not
the product is understood in a sense
reduced (technical-scientific), there exists
sufficient space to justify the
existence of all you are
activities. The goods that a
society requires not only are
economic, but there is a whole
gamma that is related to the
needs spiritual
intellectuals, aesthetics, and vital.
Moreover, this aspect
economic of the profession not only
means that professionals
access the labor market,
but the professional activity
has become the medium
subsistence economy of the
professionals. The profession gives us
provide the media
economic aspects of satisfying the
private needs, the
personals and domestics. The
professional activity is today the
normal source of income from everything
individual who does not live at the expense of others

others. (Álvarez 1957, 173)

Without a doubt, this aspect also
it is related to the following, but
due to a the conditions
economic del system
capitalist, the people no
 personal. This in a double in social, economic, and personal matters,
sense. On one hand, the practice giving meaning and legitimacy to the
professional requires certain professional activity. Moreover, the
vocation or aptitudes for providing moral is the one that links each
a better service. On the other hand, dimension, because morality is the
the professions Moldovan shape
generally all the others
areas of life of a
professional.

Each person's life is organized

around his profession such
luck that if this missing usually
that one disarticulate.
Such an organization affects
the time the private and public life
of the individual. Habits, judgments,
ways of thinking and doing,
internal action forms and
externals they depend on the
profession and for it it
Types of family life,
friendship styles also
derived from the profession of great
measure. (Álvarez 1957, 172-173)

Camps holds that life

professional can be a source of
enjoyment y recognition. The
problem is with the
absolute professionalization
say, it is when the activity
a professional occupies a lifetime
personal, fragmenting his life and
living in a small space. The
work becomes your only one
world, generating an individualism
in accordance with the needs of the
economic system but not with the
best human achievements. The
another negative aspect of the
activity professional is the
"loss of autonomy", that is,
when the only thing that motivates the
activity is external goods
like money, success, power,
forgetting the internal goods (Camps
1993, 102-104).
In summary, as will have been
understood, the moral is present
in every aspect of a profession:
of life that we have. Thus, each
aspect is not isolated from the other.
When one of the three aspects
alienated, harmed by
the overvaluation of one of them,
they come the problems of
immorality, loss of meaning
activity, frustration, training
of power groups, etc.
Professional ethics has, therefore,
the task of articulating the different
aspects, a task not easy but that
compromises totally.
We will have the professionals the
value of taking on that challenge? Whether that
whether it is assumed or not, it has already been done
chosen and in both cases there will be
consequences of the what
we must take responsibility.

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