2.

y = 8x – x2 – 16

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

y –16 –9 –4 –1 0 –1 –4 –9 –16

x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

y = 8x – x2 – 16

–5

–10

–15

Scale:
x-axis: 2 cm represent 1 unit
–20 y-axis: 4 cm represent 5 units

From the graph, the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of

y = 8x – x2 – 16 and the x-axis is x = 4.
3
\ The solution of the equation 8x – x2 – 16 = 0 is x = 4. (b) = 3x – 1
x+2
3
Practise Now 8 × (x + 2) = (3x – 1) × (x + 2)
x+2
6 3 = (3x – 1)(x + 2)
1. (a) =x+3
x+4 3 = 3x2 + 5x – 2
6 0 = 3x2 + 5x – 5
× (x + 4) = (x + 3) × (x + 4) 2
x+4 3x + 5x – 5 = 0
6 = (x + 3)(x + 4) Comparing 3x2 + 5x – 5 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
6 = x2 + 7x + 12 a = 3, b = 5 and c = –5.
0 = x2 + 7x + 6
2
–5 ± 5 2 – 4(3)(–5)
x + 7x + 6 = 0 x=
2(3)
(x + 1)(x + 6) = 0
–5 ± 85
x+1 =0 or x+6 =0 =
6
x = –1 x = –6
= 0.703 (to 3 s.f.), –2.37 (to 3 s.f.)
\ x = –1 or x = –6
\ x = 0.703 or x = –2.37

45 1
 4
2. = 2x – 3 –(– 44) ± (– 44)2 – 4(8)(55)
x x=
4 2(8)
× x = (2x – 3) × x 44 ± 176
x =
4 = x(2x – 3) 16
= 3.58 (to 3 s.f.), 1.92 (to 3 s.f.)
4 = 2x2 – 3x
\ x = 3.58 or x = 1.92
0 = 2x2 – 3x – 4
2 3 1
2x – 3x – 4 = 0 2. – =2
x–2 (x – 2)2
Comparing 2x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have a = 2,
⎡ 3 1 ⎤
2 ⎥ × (x – 2) = 2 × (x – 2)
b = –3 and c = – 4. ⎢x – 2 –
2 2

⎣ (x – 2) ⎦
–(–3) ± (–3)2 – 4(2)(–4)
x= 3 1
2(2) × (x – 2)2 – × (x – 2)2 = 2 × (x – 2)2
x–2 (x – 2)2
3 ± 41 3(x – 2) – 1 = 2(x – 2)2
=
4
3x – 6 – 1 = 2(x2 – 4x + 4)
= 2.35 (to 3 s.f.), –0.851 (to 3 s.f.)
3x – 7 = 2x2 – 8x + 8
\ x = 2.35 or x = –0.851
0 = 2x2 – 11x + 15
2x2 – 11x + 15 =0
Practise Now 9
(x – 3)(2x – 5) =0
1 2 x–3 =0 or 2x – 5 = 0
1. (a) + =5
x–2 x–3 x =3 2x = 5
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ x = 2.5
⎢⎣ x – 2 + x – 3 ⎥⎦ × (x – 2)(x – 3) = 5(x – 2)(x – 3)
\ x = 3 or x = 2.5
1 2
× (x – 2)(x – 3) + × (x – 2)(x – 3) = 5(x – 2)(x – 3)
x–2 x–3 Practise Now 10
(x – 3) + 2(x – 2) = 5(x – 2)(x – 3)
x – 3 + 2x – 4 = 5(x2 – 5x + 6) (i) AB = 17 – 8 – x
3x – 7 = 5x2 – 25x + 30 = (9 – x) cm
0 = 5x2 – 28x + 37 (ii) By Pythagoras’ Theorem,
2
5x – 28x + 37 = 0 AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Comparing 5x – 28x + 37 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2 82 = (9 – x)2 + x2
a = 5, b = –28 and c = 37. 64 = 81 – 18x + x2 + x2
0 = 17 – 18x + 2x2
–(–28) ± (–28)2 – 4(5)(37) 2
x= 2x – 18x + 17 = 0 (shown)
2(5)
(iii) 2x2 – 18x + 17 = 0
28 ± 44
= Comparing 2x2 – 18x + 17 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have a = 2,
10
= 3.46 (to 3 s.f.), 2.14 (to 3 s.f.) b = –18 and c = 17.
\ x = 3.46 or x = 2.14 –(–18) ± (–18)2 – 4(2)(17)
x=
5 x –1 2(2)
(b) – =7
x–3 x–2 18 ± 188
⎡ 5 x –1⎤ =
⎢⎣ x – 3 – x – 2 ⎥⎦ × (x – 2)(x – 3) = 7(x – 2)(x – 3)
4
= 7.928 (to 3 d.p.), 1.072 (to 3 d.p.)
5 x –1 \ x = 7.928 or x = 1.072
× (x – 2)(x – 3) – × (x – 2)(x – 3) = 7(x – 2)(x – 3)
x–3 x–2
(iv) BC = 1.072 cm
5(x – 2) – (x – 1)(x – 3) = 7(x – 2)(x – 3)
AB = 9 – 1.072 = 7.928 cm
5x – 10 – (x2 – 4x + 3) = 7(x2 – 5x + 6)
1
5x – 10 – x2 + 4x – 3 = 7x2 – 35x + 42 Area of triangle = × AB × BC
2
9x – 13 – x2 = 7x2 – 35x + 42 1
0 = 8x2 – 44x + 55 = × 7.928 × 1.072
2
8x2 – 44x + 55 = 0 = 4.25 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
Comparing 8x – 44x + 55 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2

a = 8, b = – 44 and c = 55.

1 46
Practise Now 11 (b) y = –(x – 3)(x + 1)
Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards.
600 600 15
(i) – = When y = 0,
x x+7 60
–(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
600 600 1
– = x–3 =0 or x + 1) = 0
x x+7 4
600 600 1 x =3 x = –1
× x(x + 7) – × x(x + 7) = × x(x + 7) \ The graph cuts the x-axis at (–1, 0) and (3, 0).
x x+7 4
1 When x = 0,
600(x + 7) – 600x = x(x + 7)
4 y = –(–3)(1) = 3
1 7 \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 3).
600x + 4200 – 600x = x2 + x
4 4 y
1 7
4200 = x2 + x
4 4 y = –(x – 3)(x + 1)
1 2 7 3
x + x – 4200 = 0
4 4
x2 + 7x – 16 800 = 0 (shown)
x
(ii) x2 + 7x – 16 800 = 0 –1 0 3
Comparing x2 + 7x – 16 800 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
a = 1, b = 7 and c = –16 800.

–7 ± 7 2 – 4(1)(–16 800)
x=
2(1)
–7 ± 67 249
= Line of symmetry
2
= 126.16 (to 2 d.p.), –133.16 (to 2 d.p.) (c) y = (3 – x)(x + 5)
\ x = 126.16 or x = –133.16 Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards.
(iii) x = 126.16 or x = –133.16 (rejected, since x > 0) When y = 0,
600 (3 – x)(x + 5) = 0
Time taken for the return journey = = 4.51 h (to 3 s.f.)
126.16 + 7 3–x =0 or x+5 =0
x =3 x = –5
Practise Now 12 \ The graph cuts the x-axis at (–5, 0) and (3, 0).
(a) y = (x – 2)(x – 6) When x = 0,
Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards. y = (3)(5) = 15
When y = 0, \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 15).
(x – 2)(x – 6) = 0 y
x–2 =0 or x–6 =0
x =2 x=6
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 12). 15
y y = (3 – x)(x + 5)
Line of symmetry

x
–5 0 3
12

y = (x – 2)(x – 6)

x
0 2 6

47 1
Practise Now 13 Practise Now 14
1. (i) y = –(x – 2)2 + 9 ⎡ 2 ⎛ 6⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 6⎞
2 2

1. (i) x2 – 6x + 6 = ⎢ x – 6 x + ⎜ – ⎟ ⎥ – ⎜ – ⎟ + 6
Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards. ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎝ 2⎠
⎦
2
When y = 0, = (x – 3) – 3
–(x – 2)2 + 9 = 0 (ii) The coordinates of the minimum point are (3, –3).
–(x – 2)2 = –9 (iii) When x = 0,
(x – 2)2 = 9 y = (0)2 – 6(0) + 6 = 0
x–2 =3 or x – 2 = –3 \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 6).
x =5 x = –1 y
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (5, 0) and (–1, 0).
x=3
When x = 0, y = x2 – 6x + 6
y = –(–2)2 + 9 = 5
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 5).
(ii) The coordinates of the maximum point are (2, 9).
(iii) y 6
(2, 9)

y = –(x – 2)2 + 9 x
5
–3
(3, –3)

(iv) The equation of the line of symmetry is x = 3.

x ⎡ 2 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞
2 2
–1
x=2
5 2. (i) x2 + x + 1 = ⎢ x + x + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ – ⎜ ⎟ + 1
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎝ 2⎠
⎦
2
⎛ 1⎞ 3
(iv) The equation of the line of symmetry is x = 2. = ⎜x+ ⎟⎠ +
⎝ 2 4
2. (i) y = (x + 1)2 – 1 ⎛ 1 3⎞
(ii) The coordinates of the minimum point are ⎜ – , ⎟ .
Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards. ⎝ 2 4⎠
When y 0, (iii) When x = 0,
(x + 1)2 – 1 = 0 y = (0)2 + 0 + 1 = 1
(x + 1)2 = 1 \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 1).
x+1 =1 or x + 1 = –1 y
x =0 x = –2
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (0, 0) and (–2, 0).
When x = 0,
y = (1)2 – 1 = 0
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 0). y = x2 + x + 1
(ii) The coordinates of the minimum point are (–1, –1).
(iii) y

y = (x + 1)2 – 1

– 1, 3 1
2 4
x
x=–1
2
x
–2 0
1
(iv) The equation of the line of symmetry is x = – .
x = –1 2

(iv) The equation of the line of symmetry is x = –1.

1 48
Exercise 1A 2. (a) (x + 1)2 = 9

1. (a) 2x2 + 5x – 7 =0 x+1 =± 9

(x – 1)(2x + 7) =0 x + 1 = ±3
x–1 =0 or 2x + 7 = 0 x+1 =3 or x + 1 = –3
x =1 2x = –7 x =2 x = –4
1 \ x = 2 or x = – 4
x = –3 (b) (2x + 1)2 = 16
2
1 2x + 1 = ± 16
\ x = 1or x = –3
2 2x + 1 = ±4
(b) 4x2 – 5x – 6 =0 2x + 1 =4 or 2x + 1 = – 4
(x – 2)(4x + 3) =0 2x =3 2x = –5
x–2 =0 or 4x + 3 = 0 1 1
x =1 x = –2
x =2 4x = –3 2 2
3 1 1
x =– \ x = 1 or x = –2
4 2 2
3 (c) (5x – 4)2 = 81
\ x = 2 or x = –
4 5x – 4 = ± 81
(c) 7x + x2 – 18 = 0
5x – 4 = ±9
(x – 2)(x + 9) = 0
5x – 4 =9 or 5x – 4 = –9
x–2 =0 or x+9 =0
5x = 13 5x = –5
x =2 x = –9
3
\ x = 2 or x = –9 x =2 x = –1
5
(d) 4 – 3x – x2 = 0 3
(1 – x)(x + 4) = 0 \ x = 2 or x = –1
5
1–x =0 or x+4 =0 9
(d) (7 – 3x)2 =
x =1 x = –4 16
\ x = 1 or x = – 4 9
(e) x(3x – 1) = 2 7 – 3x = ±
16
3x2 – x = 2 3
2 7 – 3x = ±
3x – x – 2 = 0 4
(x – 1)(3x + 2) = 0 3 3
7 – 3x = or 7 – 3x = –
x–1 =0 or 3x + 2 = 0 4 4
x =1 3x = –2 1 3
3x = 6 3x = 7
2 4 4
x =– 1 7
3 x =2 x=2
2 12 12
\ x = 1 or x = – 7 1
3 \x=2 or x = 2
(f) (7 – 3x)(x + 2) = 4 12 12
7x + 14 – 3x2 – 6x = 4 (e) (x + 3)2 = 11
x + 14 – 3x2 = 4 x + 3 = ± 11
x + 10 – 3x2 = 0 x + 3 = 11 or x + 3 = – 11
(2 – x)(3x + 5) = 0
x = 11 – 3 x = – 11 – 3
2–x =0 or 3x + 5 = 0
= 0.32 (to 2 d.p.) = –6.32 (to 2 d.p.)
x =2 3x = –5
\ x = 0.32 or x = –6.32
2
x = –1 (f) (2x – 3)2 = 23
3
2 2x – 3 = ± 23
\ x = 2 or x = –1
3 2x – 3 = 23 or 2x – 3 = – 23
2x = 23 + 3 2x = – 23 + 3
x = 3.90 (to 2 d.p.) x = –0.90 (to 2 d.p.)
\ x = 3.90 or x = –0.90

49 1
 (g) (5 – x)2 = 7 (h) The coefficient of x is –1.4. Half of this is –0.7.
5–x =± 7 \ x2 – 1.4x = [x2 – 1.4 + (–0.7)2] – (–0.7)2
= (x – 0.7)2 – 0.49
5–x = 7 or 5–x =– 7 2
4. (a) x + 2x – 5 = 0
x =5– 7 x =5+ 7 x2 + 2x = 5
= 2.35 (to 2 d.p.) = 7.65 (to 2 d.p.) x + 2x + 12 = 5 + 12
2

\ x = 2.35 or x = 7.65 (x + 1)2 = 6

2
⎛1 ⎞
(h) ⎜ – x ⎟ = 10 x+1 =± 6
⎝2 ⎠
1 x+1 = 6 or x+1 =– 6
– x = ± 10
2 x = 6 –1 x =– 6 –1
1 1 = 1.45 (to 2 d.p.) = –3.45 (to 2 d.p.)
– x = 10 or – x = – 10
2 2 \ x = 1.45 or x = –3.45
1 1 (b) x2 + 17x – 30 = 0
x = – 10 x= + 10
2 2 x2 + 17x = 30
= –2.66 (to 2 d.p.) = 3.66 (to 2 d.p.) 2 2
⎛ 17 ⎞ ⎛ 17 ⎞
\ x = –2.66 or x = 3.66 x2 + 17x + ⎜ ⎟ = 30 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
3. (a) The coefficient of x is 12. Half of this is 6. ⎛ 17 ⎞
2
289
\ x2 + 12x = [x2 + 12x + 62] – 62 ⎜⎝ x + ⎟⎠ = 30 +
2 4
= (x + 6)2 – 36
17 409
(b) The coefficient of x is –6. Half of this is –3. x+ =±
2 4
\ x2 – 6x + 1 = [x2 – 6x + (–3)2] – (–3)2 + 1
17 409 17 409
= (x – 3)2 – 8 x+ = or x+ =–
2 4 2 4
3
(c) The coefficient of x is 3. Half of this is . 409 17 409 17
2 x = – x =– –
⎡ 2 4 2 4 2
⎛ 3⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 3⎞
2 2

\ x2 + 3x – 2 = ⎢ x + 3x + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ – ⎜ ⎟ – 2 = 1.61 (to 2 d.p.) = –18.61 (to 2 d.p.)

⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎝ 2⎠
⎦ \ x = 1.61 or x = –18.61
2
⎛ 3⎞ 17 (c) x2 – 12x + 9 = 0
= ⎜x+ ⎟ –
⎝ 2⎠ 4 x2 – 12x = –9
9 x2 – x + (–6)2 = –9 + (–6)2
(d) The coefficient of x is 9. Half of this is .
2 (x – 6)2 = 27
⎡ 2 ⎛ 9⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 9⎞2
2

\ x2 + 9x – 1 = ⎢ x + 9 x + ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎥ – ⎜ ⎟ – 1 x – 6 = ± 27
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠
x–6 = 27 or x – 6 = – 27
2
⎛ 9⎞ 85 x = 27 + 6 x = – 27 + 6
= ⎜x+ ⎟ –
⎝ 2⎠ 4 = 11.20 (to 2 d.p.) = 0.80 (to 2 d.p.)
1
(e) The coefficient of x is
. Half of this is .
1 \ x = 11.20 or x = 0.80
2 4 (d) x2 – 5x – 5 = 0
1 ⎡ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
2
⎤ ⎛ 1 ⎞
2
x2 – 5x = 5
\ x2 + x = ⎢ x + x + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ – ⎜ ⎟
2
⎝ 4⎠ ⎥ ⎝ 4⎠
⎣⎢ 2 2 2
2 ⎦ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
x2 – 5x + ⎜ – ⎟ = 5 + ⎜ – ⎟
⎛ 1⎞
2
1 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
= ⎜x+ ⎟ –
⎝ 4⎠
2
16 ⎛ 5⎞ 45
⎜⎝ x – ⎟⎠ =
2 1 2 4
(f) The coefficient of x is – . Half of this is – .
9 9 5 45
x– =±
2 ⎡ 2 ⎛ 1⎞
2
⎤ ⎛ 1⎞
2
2 4
\ x2 – x = ⎢ x 2 – x + ⎜ – ⎟ ⎥ – ⎜ – ⎟
9 ⎢⎣ 9 ⎝ 9⎠ ⎥ ⎝ 9⎠
⎦ x–
5
=
45
or x–
5
=–
45
⎛ 1⎞
2
1 2 4 2 4
= ⎜x – ⎟ –
⎝ 9⎠ 81 45 5 45 5
x= + x =– +
(g) The coefficient of x is 0.2. Half of this is 0.1. 4 2 4 2
\ x2 + 0.2x = [x2 + 0.2x + 0.12] – 0.12 = 5.85 (to 2 d.p.) = –0.85 ( to 2 d.p.)
= (x + 0.1)2 – 0.01 \ x = 5.85 or x = –0.85

1 50
 1 5. (a) x(x – 3) = 5x + 1
(e) x2 + x–3 =0
4 x2 – 3x = 5x + 1
1
x2 + x = 3 x2 – 8x =1
4 x – 8x + (–4)2
2
= 1 + (–4)2
2 2
1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ (x – 4)2 = 17
x2 + x+ ⎜ ⎟ =3+ ⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ 8⎠ ⎝ 8⎠ x – 4 = ± 17
2
⎛ 1⎞ 193
⎜⎝ x + ⎟⎠ = x – 4 = 17 or x – 4 = – 17
8 64
x = 17 + 4 x = – 17 + 4
1 193
x+ =± = 8.12 (to 2 d.p.) = –0.12 (to 2 d.p.)
8 64
\ x = 8.12 or x = –0.12
1 193 1 193 (b) (x + 1)2 = 7x
x+ = or x+ =–
8 64 8 64 x2 + 2x + 1 = 7x
193 1 193 1 x2 – 5x = –1
x=
– x =– – 2 2
64 8 64 8 ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
x2 – 5x + ⎜ – ⎟ = –1 + ⎜ – ⎟
= 1.61 (to 2 d.p.) = –1.86 (to 2 d.p.) ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
2
\ x = 1.61 or x = –1.86 ⎛ 5⎞ 21
⎜⎝ x – ⎟⎠ =
6 2 2 4
(f) x2 – x + =0
7 49 5 21
6 2 x– =±
x2 – x = – 2 4
7 49
5 21 5 21
6 ⎛ 3⎞
2
2 ⎛ 3⎞
2 x– = or x– =–
2 2 4 2 4
x – x+ ⎜⎝ – ⎟⎠ =– + ⎜– ⎟
⎝ 7⎠
7 7 49
21 5 21 5
⎛ 3⎞
2
1 x= + x =– +
4 2 4 2
⎜⎝ x – ⎟ =
7⎠ 7 = 4.79 (to 2 d.p.) = 0.21 (to 2 d.p.)
x–
3
=±
1 \ x = 4.79 or x = 0.21
7 7 (c) (x + 2)(x – 5) = 4x
3 1 3 1 x2 – 3x – 10 = 4x
x– = or x– =–
7 7 7 7 x2 – 7x = 10
2 2
1 3 1 3 ⎛ 7⎞ ⎛ 7⎞
x =
+ x =– + x2 – 7x + ⎜ – ⎟ = 10 + ⎜ – ⎟
7 7 7 7 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
2
= 0.81 (to 2 d.p.) = 0.05 (to 2 d.p.) ⎛ 7⎞ 89
⎝⎜
x– ⎟
\ x = 0.81 or x = 0.05 2⎠
=
4
(g) x2 + 0.6x – 1 = 0
7 89
x2 + 0.6x = 1 x– =±
2 4
x + 0.6x + 0.32 = 1 + 0.32
2

7 89 7 89
(x + 0.3)2 = 1.09 x– = or x– =–
2 4 2 4
x + 0.3 = ± 1.09 89 89
7 7
x= + x =– +
x + 0.3 = 1.09 or x + 0.3 = – 1.09 4 2 4 2
x = 1.09 – 0.3 x = – 1.09 – 0.3 = 8.22 (to 2 d.p.) = –1.22 (to 2 d.p.)
= 0.74 (to 2 d.p.) = –1.34 (to 2 d.p.) \ x = 8.22 or x = –1.22
\ x = 0.74 or x = –1.34 (d) x(x – 4) = 2(x + 7)
(h) x2 – 4.8x + 2 = 0 x2 – 4x = 2x + 14
x2 – 4.8x = –2 x2 – 6x = 14
x – 4.8x + (–2.4)2 = –2 + (–2.4)2
2 x – 6x + (–3)2 = 14 + (–3)2
2

(x – 2.4)2 = 3.76 (x – 3)2 = 23

x – 2.4 = ± 3.76 x – 3 = ± 23
x – 2.4 = 3.76 or x – 2.4 = – 3.76 x–3 = 23 or x – 3 = – 23
x = 3.76 + 2.4 x = – 3.76 + 2.4 x = 23 + 3 x = – 23 + 3
= 4.34 (to 2 d.p.) = 0.46 (to 2 d.p.) = 7.80 (to 2 d.p.) = –1.80 (to 2 d.p.)
\ x = 4.34 or x = 0.46 \ x = 7.80 or x = –1.80

51 1
6. y2 – ay – 6 = 0 (e) Comparing –3x2 – 7x + 9 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
y – ay = 6 a = –3, b = –7 and c = 9.
2 2
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞ –(–7) ± (–7)2 – 4(–3)(9)
y2 – ay + ⎜ – ⎟ = 6 + ⎜ – ⎟ x=
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2(–3)
2
⎛ a⎞ a2 7 ± 157
⎜⎝ y – ⎟⎠ =6+ =
2 4 –6
= –3.25 (to 3 s.f.), 0.922 (to 3 s.f.)
a a2
y– =± 6+
4 \ x = –3.25 or x = 0.922
2
(f) Comparing –5x2 + 10x – 2 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
a a 2 + 24 a = –5, b = 10 and c = –2.
y– =±
2 4
–10 ± 10 2 – 4(–5)(–2)
a a 2 + 24 x=
y– =± 2(–5)
2 4
–10 ± 60
a 2 + 24 =
a –10
y = ±
2 4 = 0.225 (to 3 s.f.), 1.77 (to 3 s.f.)
a ± a 2 + 24 \ x = 0.225 or x = 1.77
y = 2. (a) x2 + 5x = 21
2
2
x + 5x – 21 = 0
Exercise 1B Comparing x2 + 5x – 21 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
a = 1, b = 5 and c = –21.
1. (a) Comparing x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
a = 1, b = 4 and c = 1. –5 ± 5 2 – 4(1)(–21)
x=
2(1)
– 4 ± 4 2 – 4(1)(1)
x= –5 ± 109
2(1) =
2
– 4 ± 12 = 2.72 (to 3 s.f.), –7.72 (to 3 s.f.)
=
2 \ x = 2.72 or x = –7.72
= –0.268 (to 3 s.f.), –3.73 (to 3 s.f.)
(b) 10x2 – 12x = 15
\ x = –0.268 or x = –3.73 2
10x – 12x – 15 = 0
(b) Comparing 3x2 + 6x – 1 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
Comparing 10x2 – 12x – 15 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
a = 3, b = 6 and c = –1.
a = 10, b = –12 and c = –15.
–6 ± 6 2 – 4(3)(–1) –(–12) ± (–12)2 – 4(10)(–15)
x=
2(3) x=
2(10)
–6 ± 48
= 12 ± 744
6 =
20
= 0.155 (to 3 s.f.), –2.15 (to 3 s.f.)
= 1.96 (to 3 s.f.), –0.764 (to 3 s.f.)
\ x = 0.155 or x = –2.15
\ x = 1.96 or x = –0.764
(c) Comparing 2x2 – 7x + 2 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
(c) 8x2 = 3x + 6
a = 2, b = –7 and c = 2. 2
8x – 3x – 6 = 0
–(–7) ± (–7)2 – 4(2)(2) Comparing 8x2 – 3x – 6 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
x=
2(2) a = 8, b = –3 and c = –6.
7 ± 33 –(–3) ± (–3)2 – 4(8)(–6)
= x=
4 2(8)
= 3.19 (to 3 s.f.), 0.314 (to 3 s.f.)
3 ± 201
\ x = 3.19 or x = 0.314 =
16
(d) Comparing 3x2 – 5x – 17 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
= 1.07 (to 3 s.f.), –0.699 (to 3 s.f.)
a = 3, b = –5 and c = –17.
\ x = 1.07 or x = –0.699
–(–5) ± (–5)2 – 4(3)(–17)
x=
2(3)
5 ± 229
=
6
= 3.36 (to 3 s.f.), –1.69 (to 3 s.f.)
\ x = 3.36 or x = –1.69

1 52
 (d) 4x2 – 7 = 2x
2 –(–7) ± (–7)2 – 4(3)(–3)
4x – 2x – 7 = 0 x=
2(3)
Comparing 4x2 – 2x – 7 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
7 ± 85
a = 4, b = –2 and c = –7. =
6
–(–2) ± (–2)2 – 4(4)(–7) = 2.70 (to 3 s.f.), –0.370 (to 3 s.f.)
x=
2(4) \ x = 2.70 or x = –0.370
2 ± 116 (c) (x – 1)2 – 2x = 0
= 2
8 x – 2x + 1 – 2x = 0
= 1.60 (to 3 s.f.), –1.10 (to 3 s.f.) x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
\ x = 1.60 or x = –1.10 Comparing x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
(e) 9 – 5x2 = –3x a = 1, b = –4 and c = 1.
5x2 – 3x – 9 = 0
–(– 4) ± (– 4)2 – 4(1)(1)
Comparing 5x2 – 3x – 9 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have x=
2(1)
a = 5, b = –3 and c = –9.
4 ± 12
–(–3) ± (–3)2 – 4(5)(–9) =
x= 2
2(5) = 3.73 (to 3 s.f.), 0.268 (to 3 s.f.)
3 ± 189 \ x = 3.73 or x = 0.268
=
10 (d) x(x – 5) = 7 – 2x
= 1.67 (to 3 s.f.), –1.07 (to 3 s.f.) x2 – 5x = 7 – 2x
\ x = 1.67 or x = –1.07 2
x – 3x – 7 = 0
(f) 16x – 61 = x2 Comparing x2 – 3x – 7 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2
–x + 16x – 61 = 0 a = 1, b = –3 and c = –7.
Comparing –x2 + 16x – 61 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
–(–3) ± (–3)2 – 4(1)(–7)
a = –1, b = 16 and c = –61. x=
2(1)
–16 ± 16 2 – 4(–1)(–61)
x= 3 ± 37
2(–1) =
2
–16 ± 12 = 4.54 (to 3 s.f.), –1.54 (to 3 s.f.)
=
–2 \ x = 4.54 or x = –1.54
= 6.27 (to 3 s.f.), 9.73 (to 3 s.f.) (e) (2x + 3)(x – 1) –x(x + 2) = 0
\ x = 6.27 or x = 9.73 2x2 – 2x + 3x – 3 – x2 – 2x = 0
3. (a) x(x + 1) = 1 x2 – x – 3 = 0
x2 + x = 1 Comparing x2 – x – 3 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have a = 1,
x2 + x – 1 = 0 b = –1 and c = –3.
Comparing x2 + x – 1 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have a = 1,
–(–1) ± (–1)2 – 4(1)(–3)
b = 1 and c = –1. x=
2(1)
–1 ± 12 – 4(1)(–1) 1 ± 13
x= =
2(1) 2
–1 ± 5 = 2.30 (to 3 s.f.), –1.30 (to 3 s.f.)
=
2 \ x = 2.30 or x = –1.30
= 0.618 (to 3 s.f.), –1.62 (to 3 s.f.) (f) (4x – 3)2 + (4x + 3)2 = 25
\ x = 0.618 or x = –1.62 16x – 24x + 9 + 16x2 + 24x + 9 = 25
2

(b) 3(x + 1)(x – 1) = 7x 32x2 + 18 = 25

3(x2 – 1) = 7x 32x2 – 7 = 0
3x2 – 3 = 7x Comparing 32x – 7 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have a = 32,
2

2
3x – 7x – 3 = 0 b = 0 and c = –7.
Comparing 3x2 – 7x – 3 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
0 ± 0 2 – 4(32)(–7)
a = 3, b = –7 and c = –3. x=
2(32)
0 ± 896
=
64
= 0.468 (to 3 s.f.), –0.468 (to 3 s.f.)
\ x = 0.468 or x = –0.468

53 1
4. (a) 0.5(x2 + 1) = x Exercise 1C
0.5x2 + 0.5 = x
1. (i) y = 2x2 – 5x + 1
0.5x2 – x + 0.5 = 0
Comparing 0.5x2 – x + 0.5 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have x –1 0 1 2 3 4
a = 0.5, b = –1 and c = 0.5.
b2 – 4ac = (–1)2 – 4(0.5)(0.5) y 8 1 –2 –1 4 13
=0 (ii)
Since b2 – 4ac = 0, the equation has one real solution. y
Scale:
–(–1) ± 0 x-axis: 2 cm represent 1 unit
x= 14
y-axis: 1 cm represents 1 unit
2(0.5)
1
= 12
1
=1
\x=1 10
y = 2x2 – 5x + 1
3 1
(b) Comparing x2 + 2x – = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
4 2 8
3 1
a = , b = 2 and c = – .
4 2
6
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
b2 – 4ac = 22 – 4 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ – ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1 4
=5
2
Since b2 – 4ac > 0, the equation has two real solutions. 2
1
–2 ± 5
2 x
x= 0
⎛ 3⎞ –1 1 2 3 4
2⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
–2
1
–2 ± 5
2
=
3
2 (iii) From the graph, the x-coordinates of the points of intersection
of y = 2x2 – 5x + 1 and the x-axis are x = 2.3 and x = 0.20.
= 0.230 (to 3 s.f.), –2.90 (to 3 s.f.)
\ The solutions of the equation 2x2 – 5x + 1 = 0 are x = 2.3 and
\ x = 0.230 or x = –2.90
x = 0.20.
(c) 5x – 7 = x2
2 2. (i) y = 7 – 5x – 3x2
x – 5x + 7 = 0
Comparing x2 – 5x + 7 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
a = 1, b = –5 and c = 7.
b2 – 4ac = (–5)2 – 4(1)(7) y –5 5 9 7 –1 –15
= –3
2
Since b – 4ac < 0, the equation has no real solutions.
(d) 3x – 4 = (4x – 3)2
3x – 4 = 16x2 – 24x + 9
2
16x – 27x + 13 = 0
Comparing 16x2 – 27x + 13 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
a = 16, b = –27 and c = 13.
b2 – 4ac = (–27)2 – 4(16)(13)
= –103
2
Since b – 4ac < 0, the equation has no real solutions.

1 54
 (ii) (ii)
x y

Scale:
15
x-axis: 2 cm represent 1 unit
10 y-axis: 2 cm represent 5 units
10
5
y = 7 – 5x – 3x2 y = 3x2 + 4x – 5
5
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2
–5
–5
–10 Scale:
x-axis: 2 cm represent 1 unit
–10 y-axis: 1 cm represents 5 units
–15
(iii) From the graph, the x-coordinates of the points of intersection
(iii) From the graph, the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of y = 3x2 + 6x – 5 and the x-axis are x = –2.1 and x = 0.8.
of y = 7 – 5x – 3x2 and the x-axis are x = –2.55 and x = 0.90. \ The solutions of the equation 3x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 are x = –2.1
\ The solutions of the equation 7 – 5x – 3x2 = 0 are x = –2.55 and x = 0.8.
and x = 0.90. 5. y = 5 – 2x – x2
3. (i) y = x2 + 6x + 9
x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
y –3 2 5 6 5 2 –3
y 4 1 0 1 4 9
Scale: y
(ii) x-axis: 2 cm represent 1 unit
y y-axis: 2 cm represent 1 unit 6
Scale: 10
x-axis: 2 cm represent 1 unit
y-axis: 1 cm represents 1 unit 5
8
y = 5 – 2x – x2
4
y = x2 + 6x + 9
6
3
4
2
2
1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2

(iii) From the graph, the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of –1

y = x2 + 6x + 9 and the x-axis is x = –3.
\ The solution of the equation x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 is x = –3. –2
4. (i) y = 3x2 + 4x –5

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 –3

y 10 –1 –6 –5 2 15 From the graph, the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of

y = 5 – 2x – x2 and the x-axis are x = –3.45 and x = 1.45.
\ The solutions of the equation 5 – 2x – x2 = 0 are x = –3.45 and
x = 1.45.

55 1
6. (i) y = 4x2 + 12x + 9 8. (a) P = 2 – 0.1(x – 3)2

x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

y 25 9 1 1 9 25 49 P 1.1 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.1 0.4 –0.5 –1.6 –2.9

(ii) P
y Scale:
3 x-axis: 2 cm represent 1 unit
Scale: P-axis: 2 cm represent $1 million
50
x-axis: 2 cm represent 1 unit
y-axis: 2 cm represent 10 units 2
40
1
P = 2 – 0.1(x – 3)2
30
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20
–1
10
–2
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
–3
–10
–4
–20
(b) When the profit of the company is zero, P = 0.
From the graph, the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of From the graph, the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of
y = 4x2 + 12x + 9 and the x-axis is x = –1.5. P = 2 – 0.1(x – 3)2 and the x-axis is x = 7.5.
\ The solution of the equation 4x2 + 12x + 9 = 0 is x = –1.5. \ When the profit of the company is zero, x = 7.5.
7. y = 10x – 25 – x2

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

y –25 –16 –9 –4 –1 0 –1 –4 –9 –16 –25

y Scale:
x-axis: 1 cm represents 1 unit
y-axis: 2 cm represent 5 units
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

–5

–10
y = 10x – 25 – x2

–15

–20

–25

From the graph, the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of

y = 10x – 25 – x2 and the x-axis is x = 5.
\ The solution of the equation 10x – 25 – x2 = 0 is x = 5.

1 56
9. (a) y = 200 + 7x – 6x2
–1 ± 12 – 4(2)(–8)
x=
y 2(2)
–1 ± 65
250 =
4
Scale: = 1.77 (to 3 s.f.), –2.27 (to 3 s.f.)
x-axis: 1 cm represents 1 m \ x = 1.77 or x = –2.27
y-axis: 2 cm represent 50 cm
7
(b) 3x – 1 =
200 x+4
7
(3x – 1) × (x + 4) = × (x + 4)
x+4
(3x – 1)(x + 4) = 7
3x2 + 12x – x – 4 = 7
150 3x2 + 11x – 11 = 0
y = 200 + 7x – 6x2
Comparing 3x2 + 11x – 11 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
a = 3, b = 11 and c = –11.
–11 ± 112 – 4(3)(–11)
x=
100 2(3)
–11 ± 253
=
6
= 0.818 (to 3 s.f.), –4.48 (to 3 s.f.)
\ x = 0.818 or x = –4.48
50
x +1
(c) =x
5–x
x +1
× (5 – x) = x × (5 – x)
5–x
x x + 1 = 5x – x2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 = –x2 + 4x – 1
–x2 + 4x – 1 = 0
(b) (i) From the graph, the x-coordinate of the point of intersection Comparing –x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
of y = 200 + 7x – 6x2 and the x-axis is x = 6.4. a = –1, b = 4 and c = –1.
\ The solution of the equation 200 + 7x – 6x2 = 0 is – 4 ± 4 2 – 4(–1)(–1)
x = 6.4. x=
2(–1)
(ii) From the graph, when the balloon is 50 cm above the ground,
– 4 ± 12
y = 50, x = 5.6. =
–2
\ The horizontal distance from the foot of the platform
= 0.268 (to 3 s.f.), 3.73 (to 3 s.f.)
when the balloon is 50 cm above the ground is 5.6 m.
\ x = 0.268 or x = 3.73
(c) t = 6.4. After t = 6.4, the flight of the ball will be below ground
7
level which is not valid in this case. (d) x+ =9
x
⎛ 7⎞
Exercise 1D ⎜⎝ x + ⎟⎠ × x = 9 × x
x
8 x2 + 7 = 9x
1. (a) = 2x + 1 2
x x – 9x + 7 = 0
8 = x(2x + 1) Comparing x2 – 9x + 7 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
8 = 2x2 + x a = 1, b = –9 and c = 7.
0 = 2x2 + x – 8 –(–9) ± (–9)2 – 4(1)(7)
2x2 + x – 8 = 0 x=
2(1)
Comparing 2x2 + x – 8 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
9 ± 53
a = 2, b = 1 and c = –8. =
2
= 8.14 (to 3 s.f.), 0.860 (to 3 s.f.)
\ x = 8.14 or x = 0.860

57 1
 x +1 (iii) Since the numbers are positive, x = 3.
(e) 2x + 1 =
x–5 12
=3
x +1 3+1
(2x + 1) × (x – 5) = × (x – 5)
x–5 12
(2x + 1)(x – 5) = x + 1 =4
3
2x2 – 10x + x – 5 = x + 1 \ The two numbers are 3 and 4.
2x2 – 9x – 5 = x + 1 2 5x
3. (a) =
2x2 – 10x – 6 = 0 x +1 3– x
x2 – 5x – 3 = 0 2 5x
× (x + 1)(3 – x) = × (x + 1)(3 – x)
Comparing x2 – 5x – 3 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have x +1 3– x
a = 1, b = –5 and c = –3. 2(3 – x) = 5x(x + 1)
6 – 2x = 5x2 + 5x
–(–5) ± (–5)2 – 4(1)(–3)
x= 0 = 5x2 + 7x – 6
2(1)
(5x – 3)(x + 2) = 0
5 ± 37
= 5x – 3 = 0 or x+2 =0
2
5x = 3 x = –2
= 5.54 (to 3 s.f.), –0.541 (to 3 s.f.)
3
\ x = 5.54 or x = –0.541 x=
5
5x
(f) = 3x + 1 3
x+4 \x= or x = –2
5
5x
× (x + 4) = (3x + 1) × (x + 4) (x – 2)(x – 3) 2
x+4 (b) =
(x – 1)(x + 2) 3
5x = (3x + 1)(x + 4) (x – 2)(x – 3) 2
5x = 3x2 + 12x + x + 4 × (x – 1)(x + 2) = × (x – 1)(x + 2)
(x – 1)(x + 2) 3
5x = 3x2 + 13x + 4 2
0 = 3x2 + 8x + 4 (x – 2)(x – 3) = (x – 1)(x + 2)
3
3x2 + 8x + 4 = 0 2
x2 – 3x – 2x + 6 = (x2 + 2x – x – 2)
(3x + 2)(x + 2) = 0 3
3x + 2 = 0 or x+2 =0 2
x2 – 5x + 6 = (x2 + x – 2)
3x = –2 x = –2 3
2 2 2 4
x =– x2 – 5x + 6 = x2 + x –
3 3 3 3
2 1 2 17 22
\ x = – or x = –2 x – x+ =0
3 3 3 3
2
12 12 x – 17x + 22 = 0
2. (i) – =1
x x +1 Comparing x2 – 17x + 22 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
12 12 a = 1, b = –17 and c = 22.
× x(x + 1) – × x(x + 1) = 1 × x(x + 1)
x x +1
–(–17) ± (–17)2 – 4(1)(22)
12(x + 1) – 12x = x(x + 1) x=
2(1)
12x + 12 – 12x = x2 + x
12 = x2 + x 17 ± 201
=
2
x2 + x – 12 = 0 (shown)
2 = 15.6 (to 3 s.f.), 1.41 (to 3 s.f.)
(ii) x + x – 12 = 0
\ x = 15.6 or x = 1.41
(x + 4)(x – 3) = 0
x+4 =0 or x–3 =0
x = –4 x =3
\ x = – 4 or x = 3

1 58
 x(x – 3) 3 –1 ± 12 – 4(1)(–10)
4. =
(x + 1)2 5 x=
2(1)
x(x – 3) 3
× (x + 1)2 = × (x + 1)2 –1 ± 41
(x + 1)2 5 =
3 2
x(x – 3) = (x + 1)2 = 2.70 (to 3 s.f.), –3.70 (to 3 s.f.)
5
3 \ x = 2.70 or x = –3.70
x2 – 3x = (x2 + 2x + 1)
5 x–2 1
(c) + =1
3 6 3 5 2x – 3
x2 – 3x = x2 + x +
5 5 5 ⎡x – 2 1 ⎤
2 2 21 3 ⎢⎣ 5 + 2 x – 3 ⎥⎦ × 5(2x – 3) = 1 × 5(2x – 3)
x – x– =0
5 5 5 x–2 1
2 × 5(2x – 3) + × 5(2x – 3)= 1 × 5(2x – 3)
2x – 21x – 3 = 0 5 2x – 3
Comparing 2x2 – 21x – 3 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have (x – 2)(2x – 3) + 5 = 5(2x – 3)
a = 2, b = –21 and c = –3. 2x2 – 3x – 4x + 6 + 5 = 10x – 15
–(–21) ± (–21)2 – 4(2)(–3) 2x2 – 7x + 11 = 10x – 15
x= 2x2 – 17x + 26 = 0
2(2)
(2x – 13)(x – 2) = 0
21 ± 465
= 2x – 13 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
4
2x = 13 x =2
= 10.6 (to 3 s.f.), –0.141 (to 3 s.f.)
x = 6.5
\ x = 10.6 or x = –0.141
\ x = 6.5 or x = 2
x 4
5. (a) = –1 3 2
2 x (d) + =5
x x +1
x ⎛4 ⎞ ⎡3 2 ⎤
× x = ⎜ – 1⎟ × x
2 ⎝x ⎠ ⎢⎣ x + x + 1 ⎥⎦ × x(x + 1) = 5 × x(x + 1)
x2 ⎛4 ⎞
= x ⎜ – 1⎟ 3 2
2 ⎝x ⎠ × x(x + 1) + × x(x + 1)= 5x(x + 1)
x2 x x +1
=4–x 3(x + 1) + 2x = 5x(x + 1)
2
x2 3x + 3 + 2x = 5x2 + 5x
+x–4 =0 5x + 3 = 5x2 + 5x
2
x2 + 2x – 8 = 0 5x2 – 3 = 0
(x + 4)(x – 2) = 0 5x2 = 3
x+4 =0 or x–2=0 3
x2 =
x = –4 x=2 5
\ x = – 4 or x = 2 3
x =±
2 x +1 5
(b) =1–
x+5 5 = 0.775 (to 3 s.f.),
2 x +1 –0.775 (to 3 s.f.)
+ =1
x+5 5 \ x = 0.775 or x = –0.775
⎡ 2 x + 1⎤
⎢⎣ x + 5 + 5 ⎥⎦ × 5(x + 5) = 1 × 5(x + 5)
2 x +1
× 5(x + 5) + × 5(x + 5)= 1 × 5(x + 5)
x+5 5
10 + (x + 1)(x + 5) = 5(x + 5)
10 + x2 + 5x + x + 5 = 5x + 25
x2 + 6x + 15 = 5x + 25
x2 + x – 10 = 0
Comparing x + x – 10 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2

a = 1, b = 1 and c = –10.

59 1
 1 1 3 5 4
(e) + = (g) =2–
x+2 x–2 8 x−2 (x − 2)2
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 3 5 4
+ =2
⎢⎣ x + 2 + x – 2 ⎥⎦ × (x + 2)(x – 2) = 8
× (x + 2)(x – 2) x−2 (x − 2)2
1 1 3 ⎡ 5 4 ⎤
× (x + 2)(x – 2) + × (x + 2)(x – 2) = ⎢ 2 ⎥ × (x – 2) = 2 × (x – 2)
2 2
(x + 2)(x – 2) +
x+2 x–2 8 ⎣ x – 2 (x − 2) ⎦
3 5 4
(x – 2) + (x + 2) = (x2 – 4) × (x – 2)2 + × (x – 2)2= 2(x – 2)2
8 x−2 (x − 2)2
3 3 5(x – 2) + 4 = 2(x – 2)2
2x = x2 –
8 2 5x – 10 + 4 = 2(x2 – 4x + 4)
3
0 = x2 – 2x –
3 5x – 6 = 2x2 – 8x + 8
8 2 0 = 2x2 – 13x + 14
3 2 3 2x2 – 13x + 14 = 0
x – 2x – =0
8 2 Comparing 2x – 13x + 14 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2

3x2 – 16x – 12 = 0
a = 2, b = –13 and c = 14.
Comparing 3x – 16x – 12 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2

a = 3, b = –16 and c = –12. –(–13) ± (–13)2 – 4(2)(14)

x=
2(2)
–(–16) ± (–16)2 – 4(3)(–12)
x= 13 ± 57
2(3) =
4
16 ± 400 = 5.14 (to 3 s.f.), 1.36 (to 3 s.f.)
=
6 \ x = 5.14 or x = 1.36
2 x
= 6, – 5
3 (h) + =1
x –1 (x – 1)2
2
\ x = 6 or x = – ⎡ 5 x ⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥ × (x – 1) = 1 × (x – 1)
2 2
3 +
7 x +1 1 ⎣ x – 1 (x – 1) ⎦
(f) – = 5 x
x –1 x+3 2 × (x – 1)2 + × (x – 1)2 = (x – 1)2
⎡ 7 x +1⎤ x –1 (x – 1)2
1
⎢⎣ x – 1 – x + 3 ⎥⎦ × (x – 1)(x + 3) = × (x – 1)(x + 3) 5(x – 1) + x = (x – 1)2
2
7 x +1 1 5x – 5 + x = x2 – 2x + 1
× (x – 1)(x + 3) – × (x – 1)(x + 3) = (x – 1)(x + 3) 6x – 5 = x2 – 2x + 1
x –1 x+3 2
1 0 = x2 – 8x + 6
7(x + 3) – (x + 1)(x – 1) = (x – 1)(x + 3) 2
2 x – 8x + 6 = 0
1 Comparing x2 – 8x + 6 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
7x + 21 – (x2 – 1) = (x2 + 3x – x – 3)
2 a = 1, b = –8 and c = 6.
1
7x + 21 – x2 + 1 = (x2 + 2x – 3) –(–8) ± (–8)2 – 4(1)(6)
2 x=
2(1)
1 3
7x + 22 – x = x2 + x –
2
8 ± 40
2 2 =
3 2 47 2
0 = x – 6x – = 7.16 (to 3 s.f.), 0.838 (to 3 s.f.)
2 2
3 2 47 \ x = 7.16 or x = 0.838
x – 6x – =0
2 2 112 – 2 x
6. (i) Length of rectangle =
3x2 – 12x – 47 = 0 2
Comparing 3x – 12x – 47 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2 = (56 – x) cm
a = 3, b = –12 and c = – 47. (ii) Area of rectangle = 597 cm2
x(56 – x) = 597
–(–12) ± (–12)2 – 4(3)(– 47)
x= 56x – x2 = 597
2(3)
56x – x2 – 597 = 0
12 ± 708 x2 – 56x + 597 = 0 (shown)
=
6
= 6.43 (to 3 s.f.), –2.43 (to 3 s.f.)
\ x = 6.43 or x = –2.43

1 60
 (iii) x2 – 56x + 597 = 0 8. Let the length of the smaller square be x.
Comparing x2 – 56x + 597 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have Area of smaller square = x2
a = 1, b = –56 and c = 597. Area of larger square = 9x2
–(–56) ± (–56)2 – 4(1)(597) Length of square = ± 9 x 2
x= = 3x or –3x (reject, x > 0)
2(1)
56 ± 748 Total perimeter of both squares = 4x + 4(3x)
= = 200 cm
2
= 41.67 (to 2 d.p.), 14.33 (to 2 d.p.) 16x = 200
\ x = 41.67 or x = 14.33 \ x = 12.5
(iv) Since the length of a rectangle usually refers to the longer side, Perimeter of larger square = 12(12.5)
When x = 14.33, = 150 cm
Breadth = 14.33 cm 9. Let the length of one square be x and the length of the other square
Length = 56 – 14.33 = 41.67 cm be y.
By Pythagoras’ Theorem, Since total length of the wire is 100 cm,
(Length of diagonal)2 = Length2 + Breadth2 4x + 4y = 100
= 41.672 + 14.332 4y = 100 – 4x
y = 25 – x — (1)
Length of the diagonal = 41.67 2 + 14.332
Since total area of the squares is 425 cm2,
= 44.1 cm (to 3 s.f.)
x2 + y2 = 425 — (2)
AP PQ
7. (i) Given = , Subst. (1) into (2):
AB BC
6x x x2 + (25 – x)2 = 425
= x2 + (625 – 50x + x2) = 425
3x + 5 1
6x 2x2 – 50x + 200 = 0
=x
3x + 5 x2 – 25x + 100 = 0
6x (x – 20)(x – 5) = 0
× (3x + 5) = x × (3x + 5)
3x + 5 x – 20 = 0 or x–5=0
6x = x(3x + 5) x = 20 x=5
6x = 3x2 + 5x From (1), when x = 20, y = 5;
0 = 3x2 – x when x = 5, y = 20.
2
3x – x = 0 (shown) \ The lengths of the sides of the two squares are 5 cm and 20 cm.
2
(ii) 3x – x = 0 10. Let the original number of students be x.
x(3x – 1) = 0 120
Amount each student pays at first = $
x =0 or 3x – 1 = 0 x
3x = 1 ⎛ 120 ⎞ ⎛ 120 ⎞
Amount each student pays if 2 join = $ ⎜ – 2⎟ = $ ⎜
1 ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x + 2 ⎟⎠
x=
3 120 120
–2 =
1 x x+2
\ x = 0 or x =
3 120 – 2 x 120
=
1 x x+2
(iii) Since x > 0, x =
3 (120 – 2x)(x + 2) = 120x
PB = AB – AP 120x + 240 – 2x2 – 4x = 120x
⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ 2x2 + 4x – 240 = 0
= ⎢⎜ 3 × ⎟⎠ + 5 ⎥ – 6 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
⎣⎝ 3 ⎦ 3 x2 + 2x – 120 = 0
=6–2 (x – 10)(x + 12) = 0
= 4 cm x – 10 = 0 or x + 12 = 0
x = 10 x = –12
(rejected, since x > 0)
\ There were originally 10 students in the group.

61 1
11. Let the number of members in 2016 be x. 350
13. (i) Av. amount of rice ordered in Jan 2009 = kg
4200 x
Subscription fee of each member in 2016 = cents
x 350
(ii) Av. amount of rice ordered in Jan 2012 = kg
⎛ 4200 ⎞ x + 0.15
Subscription fee of each member in 2017 = ⎜ – 10 ⎟ cents
⎝ x ⎠ 350 350
(iii) – = 30
4500 x x + 0.15
= cents
x + 20 350(x + 0.15) 350 x
– = 30
4200 4500 x(x + 0.15) x(x + 0.15)
– 10 =
x x + 20 350(x + 0.15) – 350 x
4200 – 10 x 4500 = 30
= x(x + 0.15)
x x + 20 350(x + 0.15) – 350x = 30x(x + 0.15)
(4200 – 10x)(x + 20) = 4500x
350x + 52.5 – 350x = 30x2 + 4.5x
4200x +84 000 – 10x2 – 200x = 4500x
30x2 + 4.5x – 52.5 =0
10x2 + 500x – 84 000 = 0
60x2 + 9x – 105 =0
x2 + 50x – 8400 = 0
20x2 + 3x – 35 = 0 (Shown)
(x – 70)(x + 120) = 0
(iv) 20x2 + 3x – 35 = 0
x – 70 = 0 or x + 120
(4x – 5)(5x + 7) = 0
x = 70 x = –120
4x – 5 = 0 or 5x + 7 = 0
(rejected, since x > 0)
4x = 5 5x = –7
\ There were 70 members in 2016.
2
60 x = 1.25 x = –1
(rejected since
12. (i) No. of pages printed by Printer A in 1 minute = 5
x x > 0)
(ii) No. of pages printed by Printer B in 1 minute =
60 \ Price per kilogram of rice in Jan 2012 = 1.25 + 0.15
x+2 = $1.40
60 60 ⎛2 8 ⎞
(iii) + = 144 14. (i) Time taken by Rui Feng = ⎜ +
⎝ x x + 1 ⎟⎠
x x+2 h
60(x + 2) 60 x
+ = 144 10
x(x + 2) x(x + 2) (ii) Time taken by Jun Wei = h
x
60(x + 2) + 60 x 10 ⎛2 8 ⎞ 40
= 144 – ⎜ +
⎝ x x + 1 ⎟⎠
=
x(x + 2) x 60
60(x + 2) + 60x = 144x(x + 2) 10 2 8 2
– – =
60x + 120 + 60x = 144x2 + 288x x x x +1 3
144x2 + 168x – 120 =0 8 8 2
– =
6x2 + 7x – 5 = 0 (Shown) x x +1 3
(iv) 6x2 + 7x – 5 = 0 ⎡8 8 ⎤ 2
⎢⎣ x – x + 1 ⎥⎦ × x(x + 1) =
3
× x(x + 1)
(2x – 1)(3x + 5) = 0
8 8 2
2x – 1 = 0 or 3x + 5 = 0 × x(x + 1) – × x(x + 1) = x(x + 1)
x x +1 3
2x = 1 3x = –5
2 2 2
1 2 8(x + 1) – 8x = x + x
x= x = –1 3 3
2 3
2 2 2
1 2 8x + 8 – 8x = x + x
\x= or x = –1 3 3
2 3
2 2 2
1 8 = x + x
(v) Since x > 0, x = 3 3
2
60 2 2 2
No. of pages printed by Printer B in 1 minute = 0 = x + x–8
x+2 3 3
2 2 2
=
60 x + x–8 =0
3 3
⎛1 ⎞
⎜⎝ + 2 ⎟⎠ 2x2 + 2x – 24 = 0
2
x2 + x – 12 = 0 (Shown)
60
=
1
2
2
= 24
144
Time taken by Printer B to print 144 pages =
24
= 6 minutes

1 62
 (iii) x2 + x – 12 = 0 1500 1500 30
(x + 4)(x – 3) = 0 (iii) – =
x x + 50 60
x+4 =0 or x–3 =0 ⎡ 1500 1500 ⎤ 1
x = –4 x =3 ⎢⎣ x – x + 50 ⎥⎦ × x(x + 50) = 2 × x(x + 50)
\ x = – 4 or x = 3
1500 1500 1
\ Since the running speed cannot be a negative value, x = – 4 × x(x + 50) – × x(x + 50) = × x(x + 50)
x x + 50 2
is rejected. 1
⎛2 8 ⎞ 1500(x + 50) – 1500x = x(x + 50)
(iv) Time taken by Rui Feng = ⎜ + 2
⎝ 3 3 + 1 ⎟⎠ 1
1500x + 75 000 – 1500x = x2 + 25x
⎛ 2 8⎞ 2
= ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 3 4⎠ 1
75 000 = x2 + 25x
⎛2 ⎞ 2
= ⎜ + 2⎟ h
⎝3 ⎠ 1 2
0 = x + 25x – 75 000
= 2 h 40 minutes 2
700 700 1 2
15. (i) + = 20 x + 25x – 75 000 = 0
x x – 30 2
x2 + 50x – 150 000 = 0 (Shown)
⎛ 700 700 ⎞
⎜⎝ + ⎟ × x(x – 30) = 20 × x(x – 30) 2
(iv) x + 50x – 150 000 = 0
x x – 30 ⎠
Comparing x2 + 50x – 150 000 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we
700 700
× x(x – 30) + × x(x – 30) = 20x(x – 30) have a = 1, b = 50 and c = –150 000.
x x – 30
700(x – 30) + 700x = 20x2 – 600x –50 ± 50 2 – 4(1)(–150 000)
x=
700x – 21 000 + 700x = 20x2 – 600x 2(1)
1400x – 21 000 = 20x2 – 600x –50 — 602 500
0 = 20x2 – 2000x + 21 000 =
2
2
20x – 2000x + 21 000 = 0 = 363.10 (to 2 d.p.), – 413.10 (to 2 d.p.)
x2 – 100x + 1050 = 0 (Shown) \ x = 363.10 or x = – 413.10
2
(ii) x – 100x + 1050 = 0 (v) Since x > 0, x = 363.10
Comparing x2 – 100x + 1050 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have Time taken by Pump B
a = 1, b = –100 and c = 1050. 1500
=
–(–100) ± (–100)2 – 4(1)(1050) 363.10 + 50
x= = 3.63 mins (to 3 s.f.)
2(1)
= 3 minutes 38 seconds (to the nearest second)
100 ± 5800
= 17. (i) At Samy’s Money Exchange,
2
S$x = US$1
= 88.08 (to 2 d.p.), 11.92 (to 2 d.p.)
⎛1 ⎞
\ x = 88.08 or x = 11.92 S$2000 = US$ ⎜ × 2000 ⎟
⎝x ⎠
(iii) Since average speed of the car > 30 km/h, x = 88.08
2000
700 = US$
Time taken for return journey = x
88.08
(ii) At Chan’s Money Exchange,
= 7.95 hours (to 3 s.f.)
S$(x + 0.05) = US$1
1500
16. (i) No. of minutes taken by Pump A = ⎛ 1 ⎞
x S$1000 = US$ ⎜ × 1000 ⎟
1500 ⎝ x + 0.05 ⎠
(ii) No. of minutes taken by Pump B =
x + 50 1000
= US$
x + 0.05

63 1
 2000 1000 1 2 3
(iii) + = 2370 (b) + + =0
x x + 0.05 x x –1 x +1
⎡ 2000 1000 ⎤ ⎡1 2 3 ⎤
⎢⎣ x + x + 0.05 ⎥⎦ × x(x + 0.05) = 2370 × x(x + 0.05) ⎢⎣ x + x – 1 + x + 1 ⎥⎦ × x(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0 × x(x – 1)(x + 1)

2000 1000 1 2
× x(x + 0.05) + × x(x + 0.05) = 2370x(x + 0.05) × x(x – 1)(x + 1) + × x(x – 1)(x + 1)
x x + 0.05 x x –1
2000(x + 0.05) + 1000x = 2370x(x + 0.05) 3
+ × x(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
2000x + 100 + 1000x = 2370x2 + 118.5x x +1
3000x + 100 = 2370x2 + 118.5x (x – 1)(x + 1) + 2x(x + 1) + 3x(x – 1) = 0
0 = 2370x2 – 2881.5x x2 – 1 + 2x2 + 2x + 3x2 – 3x = 0
– 100 6x2 – x – 1 = 0
2370x2 – 2881.5x – 100 = 0 (2x – 1)(3x + 1) = 0
237x2 – 288.15x – 10 = 0 (Shown) 2x – 1 = 0 or 3x + 1 = 0
2
(iv) 237x – 288.15x – 10 = 0 2x = 1 3x = –1
Comparing 237x2 – 288.15x – 10 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we x=
1
x =–
1
have a = 237, b = –288.15 and c = –10. 2 3
1 1
–(–288.15) ± (–288.15)2 – 4(237)(–10) \x= or x = –
x= 2 3
2(237) 1 2
(c) – =1
288.15 ± 9 2.510.4225 x2 – 9 3– x
= 1 2
474 – =1
= 1.25 (to 2 d.p.), –0.03 (to 2 d.p.) (x + 3)(x – 3) –(x – 3)
\ x = 1.25 or x = –0.03 1 2
+ =1
(v) Since x > 0, x =1.25 (x + 3)(x – 3) x–3
At Chan’s Money Exchange, ⎡ 1 2 ⎤
⎢ (x + 3)(x – 3) + x – 3 ⎥ × (x + 3)(x – 3) = 1 × (x + 3)(x – 3)
US$1 = S$(1.25 + 0.05) ⎣ ⎦
= S$1.30 1 2
× (x + 3)(x – 3) + × (x + 3)(x – 3)
4 x (x + 3)(x – 3) x–3
18. (a) =
x –1 2 x 2 + 3x – 5 = (x + 3)(x – 3)
4 x 1 + 2(x + 3) = (x + 3)(x – 3)
=
x –1 (x – 1)(2 x + 5) 1 + 2x + 6 = x2 – 9
4 x
– =0 7 + 2x = x2 – 9
x – 1 (x – 1)(2 x + 5) 2
x – 2x – 16 = 0
⎡ 4 x ⎤ Comparing x – 2x – 16 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2

⎢ x – 1 – (x – 1)(2 x + 5) ⎥ × (x – 1)(2x + 5) = 0 × (x – 1)(2x + 5)

⎣ ⎦ a = 1, b = –2 and c = –16.
4 x
× (x – 1)(2x + 5) – × (x – 1)(2x + 5) = 0 –(–2) ± (–2)2 – 4(1)(–16)
x –1 (x – 1)(2 x + 5) x=
2(1)
4(2x + 5) – x = 0
2 ± 68
8x + 20 – x = 0 =
2
7x + 20 = 0
= 5.12 (to 3 s.f.), –3.12 (to 3 s.f.)
7x = –20
\ x = 5.12 or x = –3.12
6
x = –2
7

1 64
 3 x +1 Exercise 1E
(d) + 2 =1
x–3 x – 5x + 6
1. (a) y = (x + 1)(x + 3)
3 x +1
+ =1 Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards.
x–3 (x – 2)(x – 3)
When y = 0,
⎡ 3 x +1 ⎤
⎢ x – 3 + (x – 2)(x – 3) ⎥ × (x – 2)(x – 3) = 1 × (x – 2)(x – 3) (x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
⎣ ⎦ x+1 =0 or x + 3 = 0
3 x +1
× (x – 2)(x – 3) + × (x – 2)(x – 3) x = –1 x = –3
x–3 (x – 2)(x – 3)
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (–1, 0) and (–3, 0).
= (x – 2)(x – 3)
When x = 0,
3(x – 2) + (x + 1) = (x – 2)(x – 3)
y = (1)(3) = 3
3x – 6 + x + 1 = x2 – 3x – 2x + 6
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 3).
4x – 5 = x2 – 5x + 6
2 y
x – 9x + 11 = 0
Comparing x2 – 9x + 11 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have line of symmetry
a = 1, b = –9 and c = 11.
–(–9) ± (–9)2 – 4(1)(11)
x=
2(1)
y = (x + 1)(x + 3)
9 ± 37
=
2
= 7.54 (to 3 s.f.), 1.46 (to 3 s.f.)
3
\ x = 7.54 or x = 1.46
19. Assumptions: The aircraft is flying in the same direction as the wind
from Sandy Land to White City and against the wind from White x
–3 –1 0
City to Sandy Land.
Let the speed of the wind be x km/h.
450 450 1
+ =5
165 + x 165 – x 2
(b) y = (x – 2)(x + 4)
⎡ 450 450 ⎤
⎢⎣ 165 + x + 165 – x ⎥⎦ × (165 + x)(165 – x) Since the coefficent of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards.
When y = 0.
11 (x – 2)(x + 4) = 0
= × (165 + x)(165 – x)
2 x–2 =0 or x+4=0
450 450 x =2 x = –4
× (165 + x)(165 – x) + × (165 + x)(165 – x)
165 + x 165 – x \ The graph cuts the x-axis at (2, 0) and (– 4, 0).
11 When x = 0,
= (165 + x)(165 – x)
2 y = (–2)(4) = –8
11 \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, –8).
450(165 – x) + 450(165 + x) = (165 + x)(165 – x)
2
y
11
74 250 – 450x + 74 250 + 450x = (27 225 – x2)
2
148 500 = 149 737.5 – 5.5x2
line of symmetry
5.5x2 = 1237.5 y = (x – 2)(x + 4)
x2 = 225
x = ± 225
= ±15
Since the speed cannot be a negative value, x = 15.
\ The speed of the wind is 15 km/h.
x
–4 0 2

–8

65 1
(c) y = –(x + 1)(x – 5) (e) y = (3 – x)(x + 2)
Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards. Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards.
When y = 0, When y = 0,
–(x + 1)(x – 5) = 0 (3 – x)(x + 2) = 0
x+1 =0 or x–5 =0 3–x =0 or x+2 =0
x = –1 x =5 x =3 x = –2
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (–1, 0) and (5, 0). \ The graph cuts the x-axis at (3, 0) and (–2, 0).
When x = 0, When x = 0,
y = –(1)(–5) = 5 y = (3)(2) = 6
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 5). \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 6).
y y

line of symmetry line of symmetry

6
y = –(x + 1)(x – 5)

5 y = (3 – x)(x + 2)

x x
–1 5 –2 3

(d) y = –(x – 1)(x + 6)

Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards.
When y = 0,
(f) y = (2 – x)(4 – x)
–(x – 1)(x + 6) = 0
Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards.
x–1 =0 or x+6 =0
When y = 0,
x =1 x = –6
(2 – x)(4 – x) = 0
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (1, 0) annd (–6, 0).
2–x =0 or 4–x =0
When x = 0,
x =2 x =4
y = –(–1)(6) = 6
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (2, 0) and (4, 0).
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 6).
When x = 0,
y
y = (2)(4) = 8
line of symmetry \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 8).
y

6
y = –(x – 1)(x + 6) y = (2 – x)(4 – x)

x 8
–6 1

x
2 4

1 66
2. (a) y = x2 + 2 When x = 0,
Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards. y = (0 – 3)2 + 1 = 10
When y = 0, \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 10).
x2 + 2 = 0 The coordinates of the minimum point are (3, 1).
x2 = –2 The equation of the line of symmetry is x = 3.
\ The graph does not cut the x-axis. y x=3
When x = 0,
y = 02 + 2 = 2
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 2).
The equation of the line of symmetry is x = 0.
y
y = (x – 3)2 + 1
x=0 10

y = x2 + 2
(3, 1)
x
0

(d) y = (x + 1)2 – 3
2 Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards.
(0, 2)
The coordinates of the minimum point are (–1, –3).
0 The equation of the line of symmetry is x = –1.
When y = 0,
(b) y = –x2 – 6 (x + 1)2 – 3 = 0
Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards. (x + 1)2 = 3
When y = 0, x+1 =± 3
–x2 – 6 = 0
x+1 = 3 or x+1 =– 3
x2 = –6
\ The graph does not cut the x-axis. x = 3 –1 x =– 3 –1
When x = 0, = 0.732 (to 3 s.f.) = –2.73 (to 3 s.f.)
y = –(0)2 – 6 = –6 \ The graph cut the x-axis at (0.732, 0) and (–2.73, 0).
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, –6). When x = 0,
The coordinates of the maximum point are (0, –6). y = (0 + 1)2 – 3 = –2
The equation of the line of symmetry is x = 0. \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, –2).

y y

x=0 x = –1
y = (x + 1)2 – 3
x
0
–6 (0, –6)

y = –x2 – 6

x
–2.73 0 0.732
–2
(–1, –3)

(c) y = (x – 3)2 + 1 (e) y = –(x + 2)2 + 3

Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards. Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards.
When y = 0, The coordinates of the minimum point are (–2, 3).
(x – 3)2 + 1 = 0 The equation of the line of symmetry is x = –2.
(x – 3)2 = –1
\ The graph does not cut the x-axis.
67 1
 When y = 0, 3 ⎛ 3⎞
3. (i) x2 + x = x⎜x + ⎟
–(x + 2)2 + 3 = 0 4 ⎝ 4⎠
–(x + 2)2 = –3 3
(ii) y = x2 + x
(x + 2)2 = 3 4

x+2 =± 3 ⎛ 3⎞
= x⎜x + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
x+2 = 3 or x+2=– 3
Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards.
x = 3 –2 x=– 3 –2
When y = 0,
= –0.268 (to 3 s.f.) = –3.73 (to 3 s.f.)
⎛ 3⎞
\ The graph cut the x-axis at (–0.268, 0) and (–3.73, 0). x⎜x + ⎟ = 0
⎝ 4⎠
When x = 0, 3
y = –(0 + 2)2 + 3 = –1 x = 0 or x = –
4
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, –1). ⎛ 3 ⎞
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (0, 0) and ⎜ – , 0 ⎟ .
y ⎝ 4 ⎠
When x = 0,
x = –2
⎛ 3⎞
y = 0⎜0 + ⎟ = 0
(–2, 3) ⎝ 4⎠
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 0).
x
–3.73 –0.268 0 y

line of symmetry 3
–1 y = x2 + x
4
y = –(x + 2)2 + 3

(f) y = –(x – 4)2 – 1

x
Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards. –
3 0

The coordinates of the minimum point are (4, –1). 4

The equation of the line of symmetry is x = 4. 4. y = –(x2 – x)

When y = 0, Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards.
–(x – 4)2 – 1 = 0 When y = 0,
(x – 4)2 = –1 –(x2 – x) = 0
\ The graph does not cut the x-axis. –x(x – 1) = 0
When x = 0, x = 0 or x = 1
y = –(0 – 4)2 – 1 = –17 \ The graph cuts the x-axis at (0, 0) and (1, 0).
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, –17). When x = 0,
y y = –(02 – 0) = 0
x=4
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 0).
x
0 (4, –1) y

line of symmetry
x
0 1
y = –(x – 4)2 – 1
y = –(x2 – x)
–17

1 68
5. (i) x2 + x – 6 = (x + 3)(x – 2) (ii) y = x2 – 8x + 5
(ii) y = x2 + x – 6 = (x – 4)2 – 11
= (x + 3)(x – 2) Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards.
Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards. When y = 0,
When y = 0, (x – 4)2 – 11 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 2) = 0 (x – 4)2 = 11
x = –3 or x = 2 x – 4 = ± 11
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (–3, 0) and (2, 0).
x – 4 = 11 or x – 4 = – 11
When x = 0,
y = (0 + 3)(0 – 2) = –6 x = 11 + 4 x = – 11 + 4
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, –6). = 7.32 (to 3 s.f.) = 0.683 (to 3 s.f.)
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (7.32, 0) and (0.683, 0).
y
When x = 0,
line of symmetry y = (0 – 4)2 – 11 = 5
y = x2 + x – 6
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 5).
y

y = x2 – 8x + 5

x
–3 2

–6 5

x
0 0.683 7.32
6. y = x2 – 4x + 3
= (x – 1)(x – 3)
Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards.
(4, –11)

When y = 0,
(x – 1)(x – 3) = 0 (iii) The coordinates of the minimum point are (4, –11).
x–1=0 or x–3 =0 (iv) The equation of the line of symmetry is x = 4.
x=1 x =3 8. y = x2 + 3x + 1
⎡ 2 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 3⎞
2 2
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (1, 0) and (3, 0). = ⎢ x + 3x + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ – ⎜ ⎟ + 1
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎝ 2⎠
When x = 0, ⎦
2
y = (–1)(–3) = 3 ⎛ 3⎞ 5
= ⎜x+ ⎟ –
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 3). ⎝ 2⎠ 4
y Since the coefficient of x2 is 1, the graph opens upwards.
line of symmetry
When y = 0,
2
y = x2 – 4x + 3 ⎛ 3⎞ 5
⎜⎝ x – ⎟ – =0
2⎠ 4
2
⎛ 3⎞ 5
⎜⎝ x – ⎟⎠ =
2 4
3 5
x– =±
2 4
3 5 3 5
x– = or x– =–
3 2 4 2 4
5 3 5 3
x + x = x =– +
0 1 3 4 2 4 2
= 2.62 (to 3 s.f.) = 0.382 (to 3 s.f.)
\ The graph cuts the x-axis at (2.62, 0) and (0.382, 0).
⎡ 2 ⎛ 8⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 8⎞
2 2

7. (i) x2 – 8x + 5 = ⎢ x – 8 x + ⎜ – ⎟ ⎥ – ⎜ – ⎟ + 5
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎝ 2⎠
⎦
2
= (x – 4) – 11

69 1
 When x = 0, y
2
y = ⎛⎜ 0 – ⎞⎟ –
3 5
=1 x=–1
⎝ 2⎠ 4 2
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 1).
⎛ 1 1⎞
The coordinates of the minimum point are ⎜ –1 , –1 ⎟ .
⎝ 2 4⎠
1 2
The equation of the line of symmetry is x = –1 . ⎛ 1⎞ 3
2 y =⎜x+ ⎟ +
⎝ 2⎠ 4
y
x = –1 1
2
1
– 1, 3
2 4
x
0

y = x2 + 3x + 1

10. –x2 + 10x – 4 = –(x2 – 10x + 4)

⎛⎡ ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 10 ⎞
2 2 ⎞
= – ⎜ ⎢ x 2 – 10 x + ⎜ – ⎟ ⎥ – ⎜ – ⎟ + 4 ⎟
0 ⎜⎝ ⎢ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎟⎠
x ⎣ ⎦
2.62 0.382 2
= –(x – 5) + 21
–1 1 , –1 1 = –(x – p)2 + q where p = 5 and q = 21
2 4
y = –(x – 5)2 + 21
⎛ 1 3⎞ Since the coefficient of x2 is –1, the graph opens downwards.
9. (i) Since the minimum point is ⎜ – , ⎟ ,
⎝ 2 4⎠ The coordinates of the maximum point are (5, 21).
2
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤ 3 When y = 0,
y = ⎢x – ⎜ – ⎟ ⎥ +
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ 4 –(x – 5)2 + 21 = 0
= (x – h)2 + k (x – 5)2 = 21
1 3
\h=– ,k= x – 5 = ± 21
2 4
2 x–5 = 21 or x – 5 = – 21
⎛ 1⎞ 3
(ii) y = ⎜ x + ⎟ +
⎝ 2⎠ 4 x = 21 + 5 x = – 21 + 5
Since the coefficient of x is 1, the graph opens upwards.
2 = 9.58 (to 3 s.f.) = 0.417 (to 3 s.f.)
⎛ 1 3⎞ \ The graph cuts the x-axis at (9.58, 0) and (0.417, 0).
The coordinates of the minimum point are ⎜ – , ⎟ .
⎝ 2 4⎠ When x = 0,
When y = 0, y = –(0 – 5)2 + 21 = – 4
2 \ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, – 4).
⎛ 1⎞ 3
⎜⎝ x + ⎟⎠ + =0 The equation of the line of symmetry is x = 5.
2 4
2 y
⎛ 1⎞ 3
⎜⎝ x + ⎟ =–
2⎠ 4 x=5
(5, 21)
\ The graph does not cuts the x-axis.
When x = 0,
2 y = –x2 + 10x – 4
⎛ 1⎞ 3
y = ⎜0 + ⎟⎠ + =1
⎝ 2 4
\ The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 1). x
0 0.417 9.58

–4

1 70
Review Exercise 1 2. (a) 2x2 + 6x + 1 = 0
Comparing 2x2 + 6x + 1 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
1. (a) x2 + 8x + 5 =0
a = 2, b = 6 and c = 1.
x2 + 8x = –5
⎛ 8⎞
2
⎛ 8⎞
2 –6 ± 6 2 – 4(2)(1)
x2 + 8x + ⎜ ⎟ = –5 + ⎜ ⎟ x =
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2(2)
x2 + 8x + 42 = –5 + 42 –6 ± 28
=
(x + 4)2 = 11 4
x + 4 = ± 11 = –0.177 (to 3 s.f.), –2.82 (to 3 s.f.)
\ x = –0.177 or x = –2.82
x + 4 = 11 or x + 4 = – 11
(b) 3x2 – 7x – 2 = 0
x = 11 – 4 x = – 11 – 4
Comparing 3x2 – 7x – 2 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
= –0.683 (to 3 s.f.) = –7.32 (to 3 s.f.)
a = 3, b = –7 and c = –2.
\ x = –0.683 or x = –7.32
(b) x2 + 7x – 3 = 0 –(–7) ± (–7)2 – 4(3)(–2)
x =
x2 + 7x = 3 2(3)
2 2 7 ± 73
x2 + 7x + ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 3 + ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
7 7 =
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 6
2
= 2.59 (to 3 s.f.), –0.257 (to 3 s.f.)
⎛ 7⎞ 61 \ x = 2.59 or x = –0.257
⎜⎝ x + ⎟⎠ =
2 4 (c) – 4x2 + x + 5 = 0
7 61 Comparing – 4x2 + x + 5 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
x+ =±
2 4 a = – 4, b = 1 and c = 5.
7 61 7 61 –1 ± 12 – 4(– 4)(5)
x+ = or x+ =–
2 4 2 4 x = 2(– 4)
61 7 61 7
x = – x =– – –1 ± 81
4 2 4 2 =
–8
= 0.405 (to 3 s.f.) = –7.41 (to 3 s.f.) 1
\ x = 0.405 or x = –7.41 = –1 or 1
4
(c) x2 – 11x – 7 = 0 1
\ x = –1 or x = 1
x2 – 11x = 7 4
2 2
⎛ 11 ⎞ ⎛ 11 ⎞ (d) 3x2 = 5x + 1
x2 – 11x + ⎜ – ⎟ = 7 + ⎜ – ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 3x2 – 5x – 1 = 0
⎛ 11 ⎞
2
149 Comparing 3x2 – 5x – 1 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
⎜⎝ x – ⎟⎠ = a = 3, b = –5 and c = –1.
2 4
11 149 –(–5) ± (–5)2 – 4(3)(–1)
x– =± x =
2 4 2(3)

11 149 11 149 5 ± 37
x– = or x– =– =
2 4 2 4 6
= 1.85 (to 3 s.f.), –0.180 (to 3 s.f.)
149 11 149 11
x = + x =– + \ x = 1.85 or x = –0.180
4 2 4 2
4
= 11.6 (to 3 s.f.) = –0.603 3. (a) (x – 3)2 =
25
(to 3 s.f.)
4
\ x = 11.6 or x = –0.603 x–3 =±
25
(d) x2 + 1.2x = 1
2 2
2
⎛ 1.2 ⎞ ⎛ 1.2 ⎞ x–3 =±
x2 + 1.2x + ⎜ 5
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
=1+ ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 2
x–3 = or x–3=–
(x + 0.6)2 = 1.36 5 5
x + 0.6 = ± 1.36 2 2
x = +3 x=– +3
5 5
x + 0.6 = 1.36 or x + 0.6 = – 1.36
2 3
=3 =2
x = 1.36 – 0.6 x = – 1.36 – 0.6 5 5
= 0.566 (to 3 s.f.) = –1.77 (to 3 s.f.) 2 3
\ x = 3 or x = 2
\ x = 0.566 or x = –1.77 5 5

71 1
 (b) (4 – x)2 = 12
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
4 – x = ± 12
(b) ⎜⎝ x + ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x + ⎟⎠ = 0
2 3
4 – x = 12 or 4 – x = – 12 2 1 1
x2 + x+ + =0
x = 4 – 12 x = 4 + 12 3 2 3
= 0.536 (to 3 s.f.) = 7.46 (to 3 s.f.) 7 1
x+ x+ =0
\ x = 0.536 or x = 7.46 6 3
(c) (x – 1)(x + 3) = 9 6x2 + 7x + 2 = 0, where a = 6, b = 7 and c = 2.
x2 + 3x – x – 3 = 9 5
6. (a) x–1 =
x2 + 2x – 12 = 0 x+7
Comparing x2 + 2x – 12 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have 5
(x – 1) × (x + 7) = × (x + 7)
a = 1, b = 2 and c = –12. x+7
(x – 1)(x + 7) = 5
–2 ± 2 2 – 4(1)(–12)
x = x2 + 7x – x – 7 = 5
2(1) x2 + 6x – 12 = 0
–2 ± 52 Comparing x2 + 6x – 12 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
=
2 a = 1, b = 6 and c = –12.
= 2.61 (to 3 s.f.), – 4.61 (to 3 s.f.)
–6 ± 6 2 – 4(1)(–12)
\ x = 2.61 or x = –4.61 x =
2(1)
(d) x(x + 4) = 17
x2 + 4x = 17 –6 ± 84
=
2
x + 4x – 17 = 0 2
Comparing x2 + 4x – 17 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have = 1.58 (to 3 s.f.), –7.58 (to 3 s.f.)
a = 1, b = 4 and c = –17. \ x = 1.58 or x = –7.58
x –1 2x
– 4 ± 4 2 – 4(1)(–17) (b) =
x = x+4 x–3
2(1) x –1 2x
– =0
– 4 ± 84 x+4 x–3
=
2 ⎡ x –1 2x ⎤
= 2.58 (to 3 s.f.), –6.58 (to 3 s.f.) ⎢⎣ x + 4 – x – 3 ⎥⎦ × (x + 4)(x – 3) = 0 × (x + 4)(x – 3)
\ x = 2.58 or x = –6.58 x –1
× (x + 4)(x – 3) –
2x
× (x + 4)(x – 3) = 0 × (x + 4)(x – 3)
4. (i) 2x2 – 7x + 4 = 0 x+4 x–3
Comparing 2x2 – 7x + 4 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have (x – 1)(x – 3) – 2x(x + 4) = 0
a = 2, b = –7 and c = 4. x2 – 3x – x + 3 – 2x2 – 8x = 0
–x2 – 12x + 3 = 0
–(–7) ± (–7)2 – 4(2)(4)
x = Comparing –x – 12x + 3 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2

2(2) a = –1, b = –12 and c = 3.

7 ± 17
= –(–12) ± (–12)2 – 4(–1)(3)
4 x =
2(–1)
= 2.78 (to 2 d.p.), 0.72 (to 2 d.p)
\ x = 2.78 or x = 0.72 =
12 ± 156
(ii) 2(y – 1)2 – 7(y – 1) + 4 = 0 –2
Let (y – 1) be x. = –12.2 (to 3 s.f.), 0.245 (to 3 s.f.)
2x2 – 7x + 4 = 0 \ x = –12.2 or x = 0.245
Since x = 2.78 (to 2 d.p.), 0,72 (to 2 d.p.),
\ y – 1 = 2.78 or y – 1 = 0.72
y = 3.78 y = 1.72
⎛ 6⎞
5. (a) (x – 2) ⎜ x – ⎟ = 0
⎝ 7⎠
6 12
x2 – x – 2x + =0
7 7
20 12
x2 – x+ =0
7 7
7x2 – 20x + 12 = 0, where a = 7, b = –20 and c = 12.

1 72
 1 x 1 3
(c) – 5x = 5 (f) + =
x x +1 5 x–2
⎛1 ⎞ 3 x 1
– 5 x⎟ × x = 5 × x
⎝⎜ x
– =
⎠ x–2 x +1 5
1 – 5x2 = 5x ⎛ 3 x ⎞ 1
⎜⎝ – ⎟ × (x – 2)(x + 1) = (x – 2)(x + 1)
x – 2 x + 1⎠
2
5x + 5x – 1 = 0 5
Comparing 5x2 + 5x – 1 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have 3 x 1
a = 5, b = 5 and c = –1. × (x – 2)(x + 1) – × (x – 2)(x + 1) = (x – 2)(x + 1)
x–2 x +1 5
–5 ± 5 2 – 4(5)(–1) 1
x = 3(x + 1) – x(x – 2) = (x – 2)(x + 1)
2(5) 5
1
–5 ± 45 3x + 3 – x2 + 2x = (x2 + x – 2x – 2)
= 5
10 1
= 0.171 (to 3 s.f.), –1.17 (to 3 s.f.) 5x + 3 – x2 = (x2 – x – 2)
5
\ x = 0.171 or x = –1.17 1 1 2
5 x 5x + 3 – x2 = x2 – x –
(d) =3– 5 5 5
x x–3 6 2 26 17
5 x x – x– =0
+ =3 5 5 5
x x–3 2
6x – 26x – 17 = 0
⎛5 x ⎞ Comparing 6x2 – 26x – 17 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
⎜⎝ + ⎟ × x(x – 3) = 3 × x(x – 3)
x x – 3⎠ a = 6, b = –26 and c = –17.
5 x
× x(x – 3) + × x(x – 3) = 3x(x – 3) –(–26) ± (–26)2 – 4(6)(–17)
x x–3 x =
5(x – 3) + x(x) = 3x(x – 3) 2(6)
5x – 15 + x2 = 3x2 – 9x 26 ± 1084
=
2x2 – 14x + 15 = 0 12
Comparing 2x – 14x + 15 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
2
= 4.91 (to 3 s.f.), –0.577 (to 3 s.f.)
a = 2, b = –14 and c = 15. \ x = 4.91 or x = –0.577
5 3 2
–(–14) ± (–14)2 – 4(2)(15) (g) – 2 =
x = x–2 x –4 7
2(2)
5 3 2
– =
14 ± 76 x–2 (x – 2)(x + 2) 7
=
4 ⎡ 5 3 ⎤ 2
= 5.68 (to 3 s.f.), 1.32 (to 3 s.f.) ⎢ x – 2 – (x – 2)(x + 2) ⎥ × (x – 2)(x + 2) = × (x – 2)(x + 2)
⎣ ⎦ 7
\ x = 5.68 or x = 1.32
5 3
2 1 × (x – 2)(x + 2) – × (x – 2)(x + 2)
(e) + =5 x–2 (x – 2)(x + 2)
x +1 x–3
2
= (x – 2)(x + 2)
⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 7
⎜⎝ + ⎟ × (x + 1)(x – 3) = 5 × (x + 1)(x – 3)
x + 1 x – 3⎠ 2 2
5(x + 2) – 3 = (x – 4)
2 1 7
× (x + 1)(x – 3) + × (x + 1)(x – 3) = 5(x + 1)(x – 3)
x +1 x–3 2 2 8
5x + 10 – 3 = x –
2(x – 3) + (x + 1) = 5(x + 1)(x – 3) 7 7
2x – 6 + x + 1 = 5(x2 – 3x + x – 3) 2 2 8
5x + 7 = x –
3x – 5 = 5(x2 – 2x – 3) 7 7
3x – 5 = 5x2 – 10x – 15 2 2 57
x – 5x – =0
2
5x – 13x – 10 = 0 7 7
2
2x – 35x – 57 = 0
Comparing 5x2 – 13x – 10 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
(2x + 3)(x – 19) = 0
a = 5, b = –13 and c = –10.
2x + 3 = 0 or x – 19 = 0
–(–13) ± (–13)2 – 4(5)(–10) 2x = –3 x = 19
x =
2(5) 1
x = –1
13 ± 369 2
=
10 1
\ x = –1 or x = 19
= 3.22 (to 3 s.f.), –0.621 (to 3 s.f.) 2
\ x = 3.22 or x = –0.621

73 1