SECOND DIVISION

[G.R. No. 116918. June 19, 1997.]

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , plaintiff-appellee, vs. BONFILO

MARTINEZ y DE LA ROSA, JOHN DOE and PETER DOE, accused,
BONFILO MARTINEZ y DE LA ROSA, accused-appellant.

The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.

Public Attorney's Office for accused-appellant.

DECISION

REGALADO, J : p

In an information filed before Branch 121 of the Regional Trial Court of Caloocan
City on March 8, 1994, accused-appellant Bonfilo Martinez and two other unidentified
persons were charged with the special complex crime of robbery with rape allegedly
committed as follows:
That on or about the 28th of December, 1991 in Kalookan City, Metro
Manila and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named
accused, conspiring together and mutually helping with (sic) one another, with
intent of gain and by means of violence and intimidation employed upon the
persons of MICHAEL BUENVINIDA Y SOLMAYOR, POL BONGGAT,
SHERWIN SOLMAYOR, JONATHAN BONGGAT, JUNIOR SOLMAYOR,
GLORIA SOLMAYOR and GLORIVIC BANDAYANON Y QUIAJO while the
aforesaid persons were inside the house of ERNESTO BUENVINIDA viewing
television program, said accused, all armed with guns of unknown caliber, tied
the hands of the occupants of the house, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully
and feloniously take, rob and carry away the following articles belonging to
ERNESTO BUENVINIDA. to wit:
1. Radio Cassette Recorder worth P3,000.00
2. Assorted imported perfumes 30,000.00
3. Assorted imported canned goods 5,000.00
4. Cash money amounting to 8,000.00
5. Cash money in U.S. Dollar $1,000.00
that in the course of said robbery, said accused, with the use of force,
violence and intimidation, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously
lie with and have sexual intercourse with one GLORIVIC BANDAYANON Y
QUIAJO, against the latter's will and without her consent. 1
Although the two Does remained unknown and at large, appellant was arrested
on March 3, 1994 for soliciting funds for a fictitious volleyball competition. 2 After his
arrest, he was confined at the Bagong Silang Sub-station detention cell for an hour and
was later transferred to the Caloocan City Jail. 3 Appellant entered a plea of not guilty
during his arraignment in Criminal Case No. C-46704 (94) on March 21, 1994. 4
As collated from the transcripts of the testimonies of prosecution eyewitnesses
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 Glorivic Bandayanon 5 and Michael Buenvinida, 6 the indicated coverage of which yield
the particular facts hereunder narrated, the circumstances attendant to the crime
charged are detailed in the paragraphs that follow.
Michael Buenvinida, Michelle Buenvinida, Gloria Solmayor, Sherwin Solmayor,
Junior (JR) Solmayor, Paul Bonggat, Jonathan Bonggat and Glorivic Bandayanon were
in Ernesto and Cornelia Buenvinida's house situated at Lot 25, Block 20, Walnut St.,
Rainbow Village, Caloocan City when the crime was committed on December 28, 1991.
Michael and Michelle are the children of Ernesto and Cornelia. Gloria is a sister-
in-law of Cornelia who was in the house for a visit, while Sherwin, Junior, Paul and
Jonathan are Cornelia's nephews. Glorivic is a friend of Cornelia who volunteered to
look after the latter's children while she is in Sweden. Ernesto was at the office at the
time of the commission of the crime.
While the occupants of the house were watching a television show in the living
room at around 6:30 P.M., Michael noticed a man wearing short pants and holding a
handgun jump over the low fence of their house. The man entered the house through its
unlocked front door and introduced himself to the surprised group as a policeman. The
intruder then told them that Michael's father got involved in a stabbing incident in the
local basketball court. As if on cue, two men followed the first man in entering the house
and promptly thereafter covered their faces with handkerchiefs. These two were
wearing long pants and also carried handguns. The first man who entered the house did
not cover his face.
With guns pointed at them, the occupants of the house were brought to the
master's bedroom where they were tied and detained by the three intruders.
Later, one of the armed men, identified by Michael as herein appellant, untied
Michael and ordered him to pull out the plugs of the appliances in the house, such as
the television set, the V.H.S. player and the radio cassette recorder. Appellant and the
other masked man then began to search the house for valuables in the living room and
in the kitchen.
Meanwhile, the first man remained in the master's bedroom and found cash
money, in pesos and dollars, and bottles of perfume. The men then placed in a big bag
the radio cassette player, canned goods, money and perfumes that they had found
inside the house.
Thereafter, the first intruder, whom Glorivic referred to as the mastermind of the
group, returned to the master's bedroom and asked the terrified group for jewelries.
Unable to get any jewelry, he brought Glorivic to the children's (Michael and Michelle's)
bedroom opposite the master's bedroom. Upon entering the room, the man turned on
the lights there. In the meanwhile, his two masked companions continued looking
around the house for other valuables.
Inside the bedroom, the ostensible leader of the gang untied Glorivic and ordered
her to search the room for jewelries. After Glorivic failed to find any, the man directed
her to remove her clothes and pointed his gun at Glorivic's head. Despite her pleas and
cries, the man removed the shirt, long pants and underwear of Glorivic while keeping
the gun leveled at her. Shortly after, the man put the gun on top of the ironing board
beside the bed, then pushed Glorivic towards the bed and lay on top of her. Glorivic's
resistance proved to be futile as the man was able to violate her chastity.
Before the first man could leave the room, another member of the group entered
and pushed Glorivic again to the bed when she was just about to put on her dress.
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 Upon entering the room, the second man's cloth cover tied around his face fell and hang
around his neck. After threatening to kill her, the man put a pillow on her face, forcibly
spread Glorivic' s legs and had sexual congress with her. Glorivic would later point to
appellant during the trial as this second man.
After the second man was through, the third man came in. While Glorivic was still
sitting on the bed and crying, the third man took the bed sheet and covered her face
with it. Just like what his companions did before him, the third man had sexual
intercourse with Glorivic through force and intimidation, but not without first removing
the handkerchief tied over his face.
Michael was able to see the three malefactors enter and leave the room one after
the other as the door of the master's bedroom was left open. He was also able to hear
Glorivic crying and her imploration to her tormentors in the opposite room.
After the consummation of the odious act, the third man told Glorivic to dress up.
Glorivic felt blood flowing down her thighs as she put on her clothes. Thereafter, the
third man tied her up and brought her back to the company of the other occupants of
the house. Michael saw Glorivic with disheveled hair and wearing her pants turned
inside out, with blood on the lower parts.
The felons left after intimating to the group by way of a threat that they were
going to explode a hand grenade. Around five minutes later, after ascertaining that the
culprits had left, Michael and the others untied each other. Thereafter, they went to the
house of his father's friend located two blocks away and, from there, they proceeded to
the Urduja police detachment.
Glorivic met appellant again on March 7, 1994. Policemen came to her place of
work and asked her to come with them as they had a person in custody who they
suspected to be herein appellant. At the Caloocan City Jail, Glorivic was made to face
eight detainees. She was able to readily recognize appellant among the group because
of the mole on his right cheek. Before she picked him out from the other men, she
carefully saw to it that the one she pointed out was really appellant.
On the part of Michael, he stated that he was fetched by policemen on March 7,
1994 at his school to make an identification at the Dagat-Dagatan police station.
Appellant was with six other inmates when they arrived at the station. Michael pointed to
appellant as one of the robbers who entered their house, after readily remembering that
he was the one who ordered him to unplug the appliances. Michael could never be
mistaken in appellant's identity because he could not forget the prominent mole and its
location on appellant's right cheek.cdasia

Testifying at the trial, 7 appellant denied any participation in the robbery with rape
committed in the Buenvinida residence. Appellant claimed that it was only on March 7,
1994 that he first met Glorivic Bandayanon and insisted that he does not know Michael
Buenvinida.
He claimed that he was in his house in Wawa, Parañaque together with his wife
and children the whole day of December 28, 1991. He moved to Bagong Silang,
Caloocan City in 1993 after he was able to find work as a mason under his brother who
lives in the same district. On cross-examination, appellant denied having visited his
brother at Bagong Silang from 1991 to 1992. However, upon further questioning by the
public prosecutor, appellant admitted that he made several visits to his brother in 1991.
Moreover, he explained that it usually took him three hours to travel to Caloocan City
from Parañaque by public utility bus.
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 Giving credence to the testimonies of the witnesses of the prosecution and
rejecting appellant's defense of alibi, the trial court 8 found appellant guilty of the
composite crime of robbery with rape. Although the proper imposable penalty is death, 9
considering the lower court's finding of two aggravating circumstances of nocturnidad
and use of a deadly weapon, appellant was sentenced to reclusion perpetua in
observance of the then constitutional prohibition against the imposition of capital
punishment. With regard to his civil liabilities, appellant was ordered to indemnify
Ernesto Buenvinida in the sum of P73,000.00 as the value of his stolen and
unrecovered personal properties, and to pay Glorivic Bandayanon P30,000.00 by way
of moral damages, plus the costs of suit. 10
In this present appellate review, appellant inceptively faults the lower court for
convicting him despite the supposedly undependable and untrustworthy identification
made by the eyewitnesses. He claims that Glorivic Bandayanon and Michael
Buenvinida could have been mistaken in their identification 11 because (1) of the long
interval of time before they were able to confront him; (2) his face was covered with a
handkerchief as they themselves narrated in court; and (3) they could have been so
gravely terrified by the criminal act as to have their mental faculties impaired.
When an accused assails the identification made by witnesses, he is in effect
attacking the credibility of those witnesses who referred to him as the perpetrator of the
crime alleged to have been committed. 12 The case then turns on the question of
credibility.
It has long been a well-entrenched rule of evidence and procedure that the issue
of credibility of witnesses is almost invariably within the exclusive province of a trial
court to determine, under the principle that the findings of trial courts deserve respect
from appellate tribunals. 13 The foregoing rule notwithstanding, we expended
considerable time and effort to thoroughly examine the records and objectively assay
the evidence before us, considering the gravity of the offense charged. However, we
find no compelling reasons to overturn the lower court's conclusion on the accuracy and
correctness of the witnesses' identification of appellant as one of the persons who
robbed the house of the Buenvinidas and raped Glorivic.
The testimonies of the principal witnesses for the prosecution were not only
consistent with and corroborative of each other. The transcripts of stenographic notes
which we have conscientiously reviewed, further reveal that their narrations before the
lower court were delivered in a clear, coherent and unequivocal manner.
There was no perceptible hesitation or uncertainty on the part of Glorivic and
Michael when they unerringly identified appellant during the trial. The unhurried,
studious and deliberate manner in which appellant was identified by them in court
added strength to their credibility 14 and immeasurably fortified the case of the
prosecution.
The records also show that the memory of these witnesses were not in any way
affected by the passage of two years and three months since the tragedy. Glorivic
categorically stated on the witness stand that the lapse of those years did not impair her
memory and she could still identify those who raped her. 15 Michael asserted that he
could still positively identify appellant because of the latter's mole, as well as the several
opportunities of the former to take a good look at appellant's face during the robbery, 16
and the same is true with Glorivic. Appellant's mole on his right cheek provided a
distinctive mark for recollection and which, coupled with the emotional atmosphere
during the incident, would be perpetually etched in the minds of the witnesses.
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 It is the most natural reaction for victims of criminal violence to strive to ascertain
the appearance of their assailants and observe the manner in which the crime was
committed. Most often, the face and body movements of the assailants create a lasting
impression on the victim's minds which cannot be easily erased from their memory. 17
While appellant claims that his face was covered during the commission of the
crime, there were providential points in time when the two witnesses were able to freely
see his face and scan his facial features closely to as to enable them to identify him
later on.
Although appellant placed a pillow on her face. Glorivic declared that when the
latter two offenders raped her, their faces were no longer covered. In the case of
appellant, the handkerchief on his face fell upon his entering the room and he left it that
way while he raped Glorivic. 18 And when the latter two transgressors entered the
house, their faces were then exposed and it was only when they were already inside
the house that they covered their faces with handkerchiefs. 19 These circumstances
gave Michael and Glorivic sufficient time and unimpeded opportunity to recognize and
identify appellant.
There is no evidence to show that the two eyewitnesses were so petrified with
fear as to result in subnormal sensory functions on their part. Contrarily, in a recently
decided case, we held that fear for one's life may even cause the witness to be more
observant of his surroundings. 20 The ample opportunity to observe and the compelling
reason to identify the wrongdoer are invaluable physiognomical and psychological
factors for accuracy in such identification.
The records do not disclose any improper motive on the part of the witnesses to
falsely point to appellant as one of the robber-rapists. Appellant even admitted that he
did not know Glorivic and Michael prior to the commission of the crime. It is doctrinally
settled that in the absence of evidence showing that the prosecution witnesses were
actuated by improper motive, their identification of the accused as the assailant should
be given full faith and credit. 21
Where conditions of visibility are favorable, as those obtaining in the Buenvinida
residence when the crimes were committed, and the witnesses do not appear to be
biased, their assertions as to the identity of the malefactor should be accepted as
trustworthy. 22
For his second assignment of error, appellant contends that the lower court
should not have ordered him to pay the value of the unrecovered personalities to
Ernesto Buenvinida, damages to Glorivic Bandayanon, and the costs of suit because he
is not criminally liable as shown by the failure of the witnesses to properly identify him.
We find speciosity in this second contention of appellant because such argument
flows from the premise that he is not guilty. As the trial court found, and with which we
resolutely agree as already explained, appellant is culpable beyond reasonable doubt
for the special complex crime of robbery with rape committed in the early evening of
December 28, 1991 at Caloocan City.
However, we deem worthy of elucidation the matter of the value of the items
established to have been stolen from the house of the Buenvinidas. Incidentally,
appellant claims in his brief that the amounts alleged in the information as the bases of
his civil liability for robbery were just concocted and founded on speculation and
conjectures. 23
To prove the value of the burglarized properties, the prosecution presented an
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 affidavit executed by Ernesto Buenvinida 24 on March 7, 1994, containing a list of the
stolen movables and with their corresponding values, as now found in the information.
This affidavit was identified and marked as Exhibit H 25 for the prosecution during the
testimony of SPO4 Abner Castro, 26 the police officer who conducted an investigation of
the incident on December 28, 1991. In addition to testifying on the arrest and
investigation of appellant, Castro repeated in open court the respective values of the
personal properties as explained to him by Ernesto Buenvinida and how he helped
Ernesto in the preparation thereof. 27 The same was formally offered in evidence 28 to
prove, among others, the facts and amounts contained therein and as testified to by
witness Castro. Although objected to by appellant as self-serving, 29 the lower court
admitted said document for the purpose for which it was offered and as part of the
testimony of said witness. 30
It may be theorized, and in fact appellant in effect so postulates, that the
prosecution has failed to prove the value of the stolen properties and, for lack of
evidence thereon, the civil liability therefor as adjudged by the court below may not be
sustained. It is true that the evidence presented thereon consisted of the testimony of
the investigator, Abner Castro, who based his evaluation on the report to him by
Ernesto Buenvinida. These are legal aspects worth discussing for future guidance.
While it is claimed that hearsay testimony was involved, it is actually and not
necessarily so. The rule that hearsay evidence has no probative value does not apply
here, since SPO4 Abner Castro was presented as a witness and testified on two
occasions, during which he explained how the value of the stolen properties was arrived
at for purposes of the criminal prosecution. During his testimony on his investigation
report and the affidavit of Ernesto Buenvinida on the amounts involved, appellant had
all the opportunity to cross-examine him on the correctness thereof; and it was this
opportunity to cross-examine which negates the claim that the matters testified to by the
witness are hearsay. And, said documents having been admitted as part of testimony of
the policeman, they shall accordingly be given the same weight as that to which his
testimony may be entitled.
Again, even under the rule on opinions of ordinary witnesses, the value of the
stolen items was established. It is a standing doctrine that the opinion of a witness is
admissible in evidence on ordinary matters known to all men of common perception,
such as the value of ordinary household articles. 31 Here, the witness is not just an
ordinary witness, but virtually an expert, since his work as an investigator of crimes
against property has given him both the exposure to and experience in fixing the current
value of such ordinary articles subject of the crime at bar. Incidentally, it is significant
that appellant never dared to cross-examine on the points involved, which opportunity
to cross-examine takes the testimony of Castro out of the hearsay rule, while the lack of
objection to the value placed by Castro bolsters his testimony under the cited exception
to the opinion rule.
Also not to be overlooked is the fact that the trial court has the power to take
judicial notice, in this case of the value of the stolen goods, because these are matter of
public knowledge or are capable of unquestionable demonstration. 32 The lower court
may, as it obviously did, take such judicial notice motu proprio. 33 Judicial cognizance,
which is based on considerations of expediency and convenience, displace evidence
since, being equivalent to proof, it fulfills the object which the evidence is intended to
achieve. 34 Surely, matters like the value of the appliances, canned goods and perfume
(especially since the trial court was presided by a lady judge) are undeniably within
public knowledge and easily capable of unquestionable demonstration.
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 Finally, as a matter of law and not on the excuse that after all appellant cannot
satisfy his civil liability, the real value of the asported properties would nonetheless be
irrelevant to the criminal liability of appellant. Insofar as the component crime of robbery
is concerned, the same was committed through violence against or intimidation of
persons, and not through force upon things, hence the value of the property subject of
the crime is immaterial. 35 The special complex crime of robbery with rape has,
therefore, been committed by the felonious acts of appellant and his cohorts, with all
acts of rape on that occasion being integrated in one composite crime. The value of the
objects of the apoderamiento relates only to the civil aspect, which we have already
resolved.
One final complementary disposition is called for. Victim Glorivic Bandayanon
was subjected by appellant and his co-conspirators to multiple rape, and under
humiliating circumstances equivalent to augmented ignominy since she was abused by
the three accused successively and virtually in the presence of one after the other. The
award of P30,000.00 for moral damages made by the court below should accordingly
be amended.
WHEREFORE, the appealed judgment of the trial court is hereby AFFIRMED in
full, with the sole MODIFICATION that the damages awarded to the offended party,
Glorivic Bandayanon, is hereby increased to P50,000.00.
SO ORDERED.
Romero, Puno, Mendoza and Torres, Jr., JJ ., concur.

Footnotes
1. Original Record, 1.

2. TSN, May 16, 1994, 8.

3. Ibid., id., 1994, 9.

4. Original Record, 8.
5. TSN, April 5, 1994, (A.M.), 2-14; (P.M.), 2-25.

6. Ibid., April 6, 1994, 2-21.

7. TSN, May 16, 1994, 2-11.
8. Presided over by Judge Adoracion G. Angeles.
9. The law in force at the time of the commission of the crime was Art. 294(2) of the
Revised Penal Code, as amended by P.D. No. 767, which provided that when the
robbery accompanied with rape is committed with the use of a deadly weapon or by two
or more persons the penalty shall be reclusion perpetua to death.
10. Original Record, 60; Decision, 11.

11. Appellant's Brief, 5; Rollo, 52-55.

12. See People vs. Apawan, et al., G.R. No. 85329, August 16, 1994, 235 SCRA 355.

13. People vs. Miranda, et al., G.R. No. 92369, August 10, 1994, 235 SCRA 202.
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 14. See People vs. Corpuz and Eufemia, G.R. No. 105007, January 18, 1995, 240 SCRA
203.
15. TSN, April 5, 1994, afternoon, 22.

16. Ibid., April 6, 1994, 20.

17. People vs. Apawan, et al., supra; People vs. Salazar, et al., G.R. No. 109943,
September 20, 1995, 248 SCRA 460.

18. TSN, April 5, 1994, (P.M), 10, 15.

19. Ibid., April 6, 1994, 11-12.

20. See People vs. Salazar, et al., supra.

21. People vs. Lozano, G.R. No. 90801, February 13, 1992, 206 SCRA 234.

22. People vs. Bongadillo, G.R. No. 96687, July 20, 1994, 234 SCRA 233;People vs.
Villaruel, G.R. Nos. 110803-04, November 25, 1994, 238 SCRA 408.

23. Appellant's Brief, 9; Rollo, 56.

24. Exhibit H, Exhibits for the Prosecution.

25. TSN, April 8, 1994, 18-19.

26. Ibid., id., 12-19 and April 12, 1994, 1-7.

27. Ibid., id., 17-18.

28. Original Record, 41-42.

29. Ibid., 41.

30. Ibid., 45.

31. Galian vs. State Assurance Co., Ltd., 29 Phil. 413 (1915).

32. Sec. 2, Rule 129, Rules of Court.

33. Republic vs. Court of Appeals, et al.,G.R. No. L-54886, September 10, 1981, 107
SCRA 504.

34. Alzua, et al. vs. Johnson, 21 Phil. 308 (1912).

35. Art. 294, et seq., in contrast to Art. 299, et seq., Revised Penal Code. See alsoNapolis
vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-28865, February 28, 1972, 43 SCRA 301;
People vs. Disney, et al., G.R. No. L-41336, February 18, 120 SCRA 637.

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