CHAPTER

1 Solutions

SCAN ME
for detailed theory

MIND MAP
SOLUTION

Solute + Solvent Solution

Gas in Gas, 0, and N,

Solid in Solid, Alloys e.g. Brass
Liquid in gas, CHCI, in N, gas

Gas in Solid, H, in Pd TYPES OF SOLUTIONS Solid in gas, Camphor in N,

Solid in ligquid, Salt solution

Liquid in Solid, Amalgam
Hg with Na Liquid in liquid, Ethanol in water

Gas in Liquid, CO, gas in water

Parts per Million

Mx1000
ppm = x 10 1000 x d -Mx M.wt
n, + n,
Volume Percentage Molarity

V %ge by mass x 10 xd
M=
WX 1000
VIV = x 100 M=
Molar mass of solute Mp Volume in solution in mL

Mass by Volume Percentage Molality

W
X 100
EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION W 1000
m/V = M
Volume of Solution OF SOLUTIONS WA
Mole fraction of solute
W
W Y, + y, = 1 X, + x, = 1
Mass %= x 100 M
W
p, M Ma
PA+Ps
Vapour phase X
1000
m -
M
 SOLUBILITY Solid in Liquid
Gas in Liquid

Maximum amount dissolved No effect of pressure

Increases with increase in pressure
in fixed amount of solution at
particular temperature
Increases with increase in temperature
Decreases with increase in temperature

Foliow Le Chatelier's Principle

Higher K. lower solubility

= Kx X Henry's Law

Raoult's law Raoult's law as special

Non-ideal Solutions
P, =PXa P¡ P, Xa case of Henry's law
|P,= PX, +P,x,

Positive deviation Negative deviation Ideal solution

AH = + ve AH = -ve
AV = + ve AV = -ve Follow Raoult's law

IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL

Ethanol + H,0 CHCI, + Acetone SOLUTIONS
H,0 + HNO, AH = 0, AV = 0
Cyclohexane + Ethanol mi mix

H,0 + HCI

Separated by fractional
Minimum boiling Maximum boiling distillation
azeotropes azeotropes

Hexane-heptane,
A-B<A-A, B-B A-B> A- A, B- B C,H,Br + C,H)

Can be separated by
Azeotropic distillation

K, =
RxMxT
1000 x Ayap

AT, = K, x m PA
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
AND DETERMINATION OF
MOLAR MASS
AT, = K, x m nV= nRT

n = CRT

Rx MxT
K, =
1000 x Asion
 i= (dimer)
1 i <1 1-i
i = P)
1
Association
1-1
i=
(S,)

Observed colligative property

Normal colligative property
P;PA
PA
=ix, van't Hoff Factor ()

Normal molar mass

i=
Observed molar mass
AT, = iK,m
i>1 i= 2
Dissociation NaCI
|AT, = 0K, x m
for electrolyte a = 100%

Abnormal molar mass

Tt = 0CRT
V = inRT i-1
a.=
n1

TOPIC 1.1
Types of Solutions
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS (b) Its composition and properties are uniform
throughout.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Mca QUESTIONS 1Mark (c) The component in large quantity is solvent
and small quantity is solute.
1. Which of the following statement (s) is/are correct
regarding solution? |Level-l| (d) Allof these
(a) Homogencous mixtures of twO or more than
two components
|NCERTI
2. Match the following and select the correct option:

I(Common examples II(Types of solution)

1. Chloroform mixed with N, gas p. Solid in solid
2. CO, dissolved in water 9. Gas in solid

3. Ethanol dissolved in water r Liquid in gas

4. Copper dissolved in Gold s. Liquid in liquid
5. Solution of H, in Pd . Gas in liquid

(a) 1. -p, 2. - g, 3.-; 4. - s, 5. -t (b) 1. - t, 2. - s, 3.-; 4. - q. 5.- p

(c) 1. -; 2. -t, 3. - s, 4. -p, 5.-q (d) 1. - q. 2. -t, 3. -s, 4. -p. 5. -r
 |Level-4) SHORT ANSWER
3. Amalgam of mereury with sodium is: SA TYPE QUESTIONS 3 Marks
(a) Liquid in liquid (b) Liquid in soid
(c) Solid in solid () None of these 7. Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange
4. Camphor in N, gas is an example of Level-i1| the following in order of increasing solubility in
(a) Gas in gas (h) Soid in gas n-octane and explain. (NCERT|
(c) Gas insoid (d) Liquid in gas Cyclohexane, KC1, CH;OH, CHCN.
5, Which of the following is an example of solid in 8. Amongst the following compounds, identify
liquid? |Levet-1] which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly
(a) Gucose in water souble in water? INCERT|
(6) Sulphur in CS. () phenol, (i) toluene. (ii) formic acid.
(c) Urea in water
tot more
MCOs (iv) ethylene glycol. (v)chloroform. (v) pentanol,
LONG ANSWER
() Al of these LA TYPEQUESTION 5 Marks
cONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
9. Suggest the most important type of inter
TYPE QUESTIONS molecular attractive interaction in the following
pairs: INCERT)
VSA VERY SHORTANSWER
TYPE QUESTION 2 Marks () n-hexane and n-octane,
(ii) L,and CCl,. (üi) NaCIO, and water.
6. What role does the molecular interaction play in (iv) methanol and acetone,
solution of alcohol and water? NCERT| (v) acetonitrile (CH,CN) and acetone (C,H,0).

TOPIC 1.2
Expressing Concentration of Solutions
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS 5. The molarity of the solution containing 7. l g of
Na,SO,(M =142 g/mol) in 100 ml of aqueous
MULTIPLE CHOICE solution is |KVS] |Level-]
Mca QUESTIONS 1 Mark (a) 2M (b) 0.5 M (c) IM () 0.05M
1. 4L of0.02 Maqueous solution of NaClwas diluted 6. Conc. H,SO, is 98 % H,S0, by mass has
by adding one litre of water. The molarity of the d=1.84 g cm. Volume of acid required to make
resultant solution is one litre of 0.1 MH,SO, is [Level-1]
(a) 5.55 mL (b) 10 mL
(NCERT Exemplar| |Leve-11)
(c) 20 mL (d) 30 mnL
(a) 0.004 (6) 0.008 (c) 0.012 (d) 0.016 7. What is mole fraction of solute in l.00 m aqueous
2. Increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution solution? |Levet-11]
willcause (CBSE 2021] |Level-| (a) 0.0354 (b) 0.0177
(a) Increase in Molarity (c) 0.177 (d) .770
(b) Increase in Molality
(c) Decrcase in Molarity
8. The molarity of asolution containing sg of NaOH
in 450 mL of solution is |Level-i)
(dy Decrease in Molality (u) 0.278 × 10 M (b) 0.278 M
3. 49° H,SO, by mass has density 1.8 g cm'. The (c) 2.78 x10 M (d) 2.78M
molarty of solution will be |CBSE 2021||Level-l|
9. A certain solution is isotonie with glucose
(uj 49 M (b) 9.0 M (c) 9.8 M(d) 10.0M
solution having concentration 0.05 Mat acettait
4. 50 ml of an aqueous solution of glucose CH,,0, lemperature. Ifvolume of solution is lL.Find the
(Molar nass 180 g/mol) contains 6.02 x I0
molecules. The concentration of solution will be molar mass of soluteit 1gofsolute is dissoled
n the solution. lievel-tI|
|CBSE 2020| |Level-H} (a) 120 () 240
(u) 0.1 M (b) 0.2 M (c) LO M d) 2.0 M
10. The mass ratio of ethylene glycol (62 g/mol)
reauired to make 500mL of 0.25 M and 250 mL 16. A sample of drinking water was found to be
severely contaminated with chloroform., (CHCI),
of 0.25 M solution is
|Level-II] supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of
contamination was 15 ppm (by mass): (i) express
(a) 1:1 (6) 1:2 this in per cent by mass, (ii) determine the molality
(c) 2:1 of chloroform in the water sample [NCERT]
(d) 4:1 for more
MCQs 17. A 10% solution of urea is isotonic with 20% solution
of x`at same temperature. Calculate molecular weight
CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE of x.
TYPE QUESTIONS 18. Differentiate between molarity and molality of
solution. How can we change molality value into
VERY SHORT ANSWER
VSA TYPE QUESTIONS 2 Marks molarity value?

11. Define the following terms: SHORT ANSWER

(i) Mole fraction [KVS; AI 2015(C) 14]
SA TYPE QUESTIONS 3 Marks
(ii) Molality Delhi 2017; AI 2015(C) 14] 19. Calculate the molarity of each of the following
(ii) Molarity solutions:
(iv) Mass percentage. [NCERT|]
12. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (CçH,) (a) 30 gof Co(NO,),. 6H,O in 4.3 Lof solution.
and carbon tetrachloride (CCI,) if 22 g of benzene [Molar Mass of Co(NO),. 6H,0 = 29I g/ mol]
is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride. (b) 30 mL of 0.5 M H,SO, diluted to 500 mL.
[NCERT Intext]
[NCERT Intext]
13. Calculate the mass of urea (NH,CÓNH,) required 20. Calculate (a) molality, (b)molarity and (c) mole
in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution. fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass)
[NCERT Intext) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL INCERT Intext]
14. Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory [Molar Mass of KI = 166 gmol]
work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous 21. 6.90M solution of KOH in water contains 30%
solution. What should be the molarity of such bymass of KOH.Calculate density and molality
asample of the acid if the density of solution is
1.504 g ml? [NCERT] of KOH solution. [K= 39, O= 16, H= 1]
15. A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% 22. What is the molality of ammonia in a D
solution and 400 g of 40% solution by mass. solution containing 0.85 g of NH, in 100
Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting mL of a liquid of density 0.85 g cm ? for more
solution. |NCERT| N= l4. H = 1| Questions

TOPIC 1.3
Solubility
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS 2. The value of Henry'sconstant KË is
[NCERT Exemplar] |Level-II|
MULTIPLE CHOICE (a) greater for gases with higher solubility.
Mca QUESTIONS 1Mark (b) greater for gases with lower solubility.
(c) constant for all gases.
1. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood (d) not related to the solubility of gases.
and tissues of people living at high altitude is 3. KH value for Ar(g), C0,(e), HCHO(g) and CHg)
due to
are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 x 10 and 0.413 respectively.
|CBSE 2023; NCERT Exemplar] |Level-I1]| Arrange these gases in the order of their incrcasing
(a) low temperature solubility. [NCERT Exemplar] [Level-11|
(b) low atmospheric pressure (a) HCHO< CH, <CO,<Ar
(c) high atmospheric pressure (b) HCHO < CO, < CH, <Ar
(d) both low temperature and high atmospheric (c) Ar < CO, < CH, < HCHO
pressure (d) Ar< CH, < CO, <HCHO
 20
Togethe cuict Phygital Chemistry-12
4. The Poas dissolved a liquid is directly propor 12. Solubility of CO, in soda water
tional to its
(a) mole fraction
[NCERT Exemplar] |Level-II| BSEincrcases
|Ctemperature
(a) Increasc in pressure and
with
2021||Level-1|
(b) molar mass (b) Increase in pressure and do
(c) boiling point of liquid temperature. decreasc in
(d) molar mass of solvent (c) Decrease in pressure and
5. The value of Henry's law constant K1 temperature. incrcasc in
(d) Decrcase in pressure and temperaturc
|CBSE 2023] |Levecl-1| 13. If concentration of N, gas in water at
(a) increases with decrcase in
(6) decreases with increase in
temperature pressure incrcases quadratically, how willconstant
yal
temperature of Ky change?
(c) increases with increase in
(d) remains constant
tempcraturc |CBSE Learning Pramework| |Level-I||
(a) Remains same
6. Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increase (b) Incrcases lincarly
[CBSE 2023| |Level-I| (c) Decreases linearly
(a) pressure (6) temperature for more
(c) volume (d) Decrcases quadratically MCOs
(d) nunmber of solute particles CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
7. Pressure does not have any
significant effect on TYPE QUESTIONS
solubility of solids in liquids because:
|CBSE 202 1| |Level-I| VERY SHORT ANSWER
(a) Solids are highly
compressible VSA TYPE QUESTIONS 2 Marks
(b) Liquids are highly compressible 14.
(c) Solubility of solid in liquid is directly H,S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used
for the qualitative analysis. Ifthe solubility of H,S
proportional to partial pressure in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry's law
(d) Solids and liquids are highly
8. To increase the solubility of CO, gasincompressible
constant.
|HOTS; NCERT Intext)
in soft drinks, 15. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in
the bottle is sealed under [CBSE 2021|[Level-I]
liquids as the temperature is raised?
(a) Low pressure (b) High temperature |NCERT|
(c) Constant pressure (d) High pressure 16. Calculate the solubility of CO, in water at 298 K
9. An unknown gas X' is dissolved in water at 2.5 under 760 mm Hg. |CBSE 2020]
bar pressure and has mole fraction 0.04 in solution. Ky for CO, in water at 298 K is
The mole fraction of X'gas when the pressure 1.25 x 10° mm Hg]
of gas is doubled at the same temperature is 17. () Gas A is more soluble in water than gas B'
[CBSE 2021] |Level-I] at the same temperature. Which one of the
(a) 0.08 (6) 0.04 two gases will have higher value of K?
(c) 0.02 (d) 0.92 (ii) What is effect of temperature on
10. Which of the following law is related to the partial solubility of gas in liquid?
pressure of gas in liquid? |CBSE 2021||Level-I| |CBSE 2016| Questions
for more
(a) Raoult's law (6) Henry's law
(c) Dalton's law (d) Boyle's law SA SHORT ANSWER
11. The value of KH (Henry's law constants) for
TYPE QUESTIONS 3 Marks
18. State Henry's law and mention some important
the given gases in water at 293 K are
applications. |KVS; Delhi 2019, DoE:
[CBSE 2021| |Level-I|
I. CBSE 2023: 2020(C)|
He - 144.97 k bar II. H, - 69.16 k bar 19. How does mole fraction of HCI gas in its solution
III. N, -76.45 k bar IV. O,-34.86 kbar in cyclohexane varies with partial pressure ol
Which gas has the lowest solubility in water? HCI(g)? Show with the help of graph?
(a) He (b) H, How can we calculate K, with the help
(c) N, of graph? Name two factors which affect D
(d) O,
the value of K,? for more
Quostions
 TOPIC 1.4
Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS
TYPE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Mca QUESTIONS 1 Mark VERY SHORT ANSWER
VSA TYPEQUESTIONS 2 Marks
1. IfP9= 100mm, P =200 mm and mole fraction liquids A and B are
x,=0.4, what will be ,(mole fraction) in vapour 4. The vapour pressure of pure respectively. Find
phase? INCERT Exemplar] [Level-II| 450 and 700 mm Hg at 350 K
mixture if total
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.30 out the composition of the liquid Also find the
vapour pressure is 600mm Hg.
(c) 0.75 (d) 0.50 composition of the vapour phase.
2. Which of the following will have lowest vapour |AI 2017; HOTS; NCERT Intext)
pressure? (Boiling points are given in brackets) 5. The vapour pressure of pureHg liquid X and pure
liquid Y at 25°C are 120 mm and 160 mm Hg
mixed
INCERT Exemplar] |Level-1] respectively. If equal moles of X and Y are
the vapour
(a) H,0 (373 K) (b) CHCl,(334 K) to form an ideal solution, calculate[CBSE 2023|
(c) Aniline (457 K) (d) Benzene (353 K) pressure of the solution.

3. An ideal solution containing x =0.2 has vapour SHORT ANSWER

pressure = 350 torr. Another ideal solution SA TYPE QUESTION 3Marks
containing x=0.2has V.P =410 torr. p°a isequal ideal solution.
to [Level-II] 6. Heptane and octane form an the two
At 373 K, the vapour pressures of kPa
and 46.8
(a) 300 torr (b) 430 torr liquid components are 105.2 kPa
respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of
(d) 350 torr 100g/mol)
(c) 314 torr for more a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane (M =
and 35.0 g of octane (M= 114g/mol)? [NCERT]
MCQs

TOPIC 1.5
ldeal and Non-ideal Solutions
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS (B) In ethanol and acetone mixture A-A or B-B
type intermolecular interactions are stronger
MULTIPLE CHOICE than A-B type interactions.
Mca QUESTIONS 1 Mark (C) In chloroform and acetone mixture A-A or
B-B type intermolecular interactions are
1. Considering the formation, breaking and strength weaker than A-B type interactions.
ofhydrogen bond, predict which of the following (a) Solution (B) and (C) willfollow Raoult's law.
mixtures will show a positive deviation from
Raoult's law? [NCERT Exemplarl Level-II (b) Solution (A) will follow Raoult's law.
(a) Methanol and acetone (c) Solution (B) will show negative deviation
(b) Chloroform and acetone from Raoult's law.

(c) Nitric acid and water (d) Solution (C)will show positive deviation
(d) Phenol and aniline from Raoult's law.

2. On the basis of information given below mark the 3. Which of the following is maximum boiling
correct option. [NCERT Exemplar] [Level-II| azeotropic? INCERT Exemplar||Level-l1])
Information: (a) CH,COOH + C,H,N (pyridine)
(b) H,0 t ethanol
(A) In bromoethane and chloroethane mixture (c) cyclohexane + ethanol
intermolecular interactions of A-A and B-B
(d) H,0 + methanol
type are nearly same as A-B type interactions.
 Phygital Chemistry--12
4. Which of the following conditions is correct tor (a) shows large negative deviation from Raoult'
an ideal solution? law
(CBSE 2021|}Level-1}
(a) Al0and AV 0 (b) shows no deviation from Raoult's LawV
(b) AH,is and AV (c) shows large positive deviation from Raouts
(c) AH,0and AV Law
(d) A,0and AVi 0 () obeys Raoult's law
5. Pure water boils at 373 1SK and nitne acid boils 10, Which of the following will not form ideal
at 359 1SK An azeotropic mixtute of H,0 and solution? {CBSE 2021| |Level-1}
HNO, boils at 393.S5 K. Distilling the areottopic (a) Benzene and toluene
mixture willcause CBSE 2021| |L.evc-) (b) Ethanol and Acetone
(a) Pure nitric acidto distil over first. (c) n-Hexane and n-heptane
(b) Pure water to distil over first. (d) Chloroethane and bromoethane for more
(c) One of them todistil over with a small anmount MCOs
of the other. CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
() both of them to distil over in the same
TYPE QUESTIONS
composition as that of the mixture being
distilled. VERY SHORT ANSWER
6. Which of the following liquid pairs shows a VSA
positive deviation from Raoult's law?
TYPE QUESTIONS 2Marks
|KVSI|Level-I| 1. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is
(a) Water - Nitric acid formed by negative deviation from Raoult's law?
(6) Benzene - Methanol Give an cexample. (CBSE 20231
(c) Water -Hvdrochloric acid 12. Write two difference between idealsolutions and
(d) Acetone- Chlorofon non-ideal solutions. [CBSE 20231
7. Imole ofhquid 'A' and 2 moles ofliquid B` make 13. State Raoult's law for asolution containing volatile
a solution with total pressure 40 tor. Thevapour components. What is the similarity between
pressure of pure A and pure B' are 45 torr and Raoult's law and Henry's law? |CBSE 2020)
30torr respectively. The above solution 14. Why a mixture of carbon disulphide and acetone
|CBSE 2023] [Level-II] shows positive deviation from Raoult's law?
(a) is an ideal solution What type of azeotrope is formed by this mixture?
(6) shows positive deviation |CBSE 2018)
(c) shows negative deviation
(d) is maximum boiling azeotrope SHORT ANSWER
8. Which of the following is incorrect for an ideal SA TYPE QUESTIONS 3 Marks
solution? |Level-|
(a) AHm 0 15. What is meant by positive and negative deviations
(b) AVn, =0 from Raoult's law and how is the sign of A,H
(c) AP= Pos-P calculated=0 related to positive and negative deviations from
(d) AGm 0 Raoult's law? |DoE: NCERT Exercise)
9. An azeotropic mixture of two liquids have higher 16. State Raoult's law for asolution containing non
boiling point than either of two liquids when it volatile solute. What type of deviation from
|CBSE 2023] (Level-I] Raoult's law is shown by a solution of chloroform
and acetone and why? [CBSE 2017)

TOPIC 1.6
Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS (a) it gains water dueto osmosis.
(b) it loses water due to reverse osmnoss.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Mca QUESTIONS 1 Mark (c) it gains water due to reverse osnnosis.
(d) it loses water due o osmosis.
1. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt
solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because
INCERT Exemplar) |Level-I1|
 Soluios

2. Consider thefigure and mark the corect option

Piston (A) Piston (B) (d) 360 K
SPM B. If moality of dilute soutio is dosbled, the val
of K, (mnolal eleyation constant) will be

Concentrated (a) halved (h) doshled

Fresh water (d) uncnged
(A)
sodium chloride (r) tripled
solution in water (B)
9. The osmotic pressure of aolutof)
icrCsc if
( BSE 2021| |Level- i}

(a) water willmove from side (A) to side (B) if (a) The volume of the solution s increascl
(b) The numberof solute molecules sincreased
a pressure greater than osmoicpressure is
applicd on piston (B). () Temperature is decreascd
(b) water will movefrom side (B)to side (A)if (d) Solution constant (R) 5 Increascd
a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is 10. Vapour pressure of dilute aqueous solution of
glucose is 750 mm Hg at 373 K. The mole fractn
applied on piston (B). of solute is: (CBSE 2021| |Leve-|
(c) water will move from side(B)to side (A)ifa
pressure cqual to osmotic pressure is applied (a) (h) (c)
7.6 38
on piston (B). a
11. Thefreezing pointof a 0.2 molal solution of
(d) water will move from side (A) to side (B) if non-electrolyte in water is :CBSE 2021| |level-f|
pressure cqual to osmotic pressure is applicd (K, for water 186 K kg mol)
onpiston (A). |NCERT Exemplar) |Levcl-11| (a) -0.372°C (b) -186C
3. K, (molal elevation constant) is inversely (c) +0,372°C (d) +L86°C
proportional to INCERT Exemplar] |Level-11|
12. Whcn 2.5 g ofa non-volatilesolute was dissolved
(a) boiling point of solvent in 50mL of water, it gavc boilingpoint clevation
(b) A,aH of solvent of 0.52C. The molar mass of thc solutc is
(c) Molar mas of solvent (K, for water =0.52 Km )CBSE 2021| |Level-I|)
(d) allof these (a) 100g mol (b) 50 g mol
4. Isotonic solutions have the same
|CBSE 2024] |Level-I| (c) 25 gmol (d) 75 g mol for moe
MCQs

(a) density (b) refractive index CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE TYPE

(c) osmotic pressure (d) volume
QUESTIONS
5. For determination of molar mass of polymers and
proteins,which colligative property is used? VERY SHORT ANSWER
|CBSE 2023, 21] (Level-1]
VSA TYPE QUESTIONS 2 Marks
(a) Relative lowering in vapour pressure 13. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by
(b) Elevation in boiling point asolution prepared by dissolving 1.0gofpolymer
of molar mass 185,000 in 450 ml. of water at
(c) Osmotic pressure 37 °C. [R= 8.314 Pal |NCERTIntext|
(d) Depression in freezing point 14. Calculate the mass of anon-volatile solute (molar
6. A 5% (by mass) solution of glucose (molar mass mass 40 g mol) which should be dissolved in
=180 g mol)is isotonic with 1% solution J14 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%
(by mass) of asubstance 'X. The molar mass of
(Similar to CBSE 2023; HOTS;
Xis |CBSE 2021| [Level-1| NCERT|
15. Derive expression for Raoult's law when the solute
(a) 36 g mof (b) 18gnol
IS non-volatile.
(c) 72 gmol (d) 900 gmoj
16. How is vapour pressure of solvent affected wher
7. The temperature at which 10% aqucous solution of a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it?
(W/V) of glucose willshow the osmotic pressure 17. For a 5% solution of urea(Molar mass 60g
of 16.4 atm is (R = 0.082 L atm K mol) mol), calculate the osmotic pressure at 30
|level-| |R0.0821 LatmKmol] CBSE 2020;
 18. The molecular masses of polymers are determined 22. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at
Calculate vapour pressure of I moial 300 K.
by osmotic pressure methodand nor by measuring
other colligative propertics, Give two reasons. a non-volatile solute in it. solution of
19. When fruits and vegectable that have dried up
placed in water, they slowly swell and return to
|HOTS; NCERT Exercisel
original form, Why? Will temperature increase LONGANSWER
LA
ccelerate the process? Explain.
20. Visha took two aqueous solutions-- one
|CESE 2020) TYPE QUESTION
5 Marks
containing
7:5gof urea (Molar mass 60 g/mol) and the 2.3, (a) A4% solution (w/w) of sucrose (M =
other containing 42-75 g of substance Z' in 100 g mol')in water has a freczing point of 271342 IsB
of water, respectively, It was observcd K. Calculate the frcezing point of 5%
that both the solutions frozen atthe same glucose
(M =180 g mol)in water. (Given:
temperaturc, Calculatethe molar mass of for more point of pure water = 273.15 K) [Delhi Freczing
(b) Asolution prepared from 1.25 g of oil2019|
(CBSE 2020) Questions
of
SA SHORT ANSWER wintergrcen (methyl salicylate) in 90.0
TYPE QUESTIONs 3 Marks of benzcne has a boiling point of 80.31 °c:
21. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is Determine the molar mass of this compound.
23.8 mim Hg. 50 g of urea
dissolved in 850 g of wvater.(NH,CONH,) (Boiling point of pure benzene = 80.10 c
is
Calculate thc and K, for benzene = 2.53 °C kg mol).
vapour pressure of water for this solution and
its relative lowering. INCERT Intext|

TOPIC 1.7
Abnormal Molar Masses
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS (a) Urea (6) NaCI
MULTIPLE CHOICE (c) Na,SO, (d) Al,(SO,),
Mca QUESTIONS 5. Van't Hoff factor for Na,SO4.10H,0
solution,
TMark
I. assuming complete ionisation is
Which of the following aqueous
solutions
should have the highest boiling point? (CBSE 2024] [Level-II|
|Similar to CBSE 2023; NCERT Exemplar| (a) 1 (b) 3
[Level-II| (c) 13 (d) 2
(a) 1.0 M NaOH (6) 1.0MNa,SO4 6. For an electrolyte undergo dissociation in
solution the van't Hoff factor is
aqueous
(c) 1.0M NH,NO, (d) 1.0 MKNO,
2. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the [CBSE 2023] [Level-I]
depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M MgCl (a) is always less than one
solution is (6) is always greater than one
(c) has zero value (d) has negative value
[NCERT Exemplar] |Level-II|
7. Which has the highest freezing
(a) the same (b) about twice point? [Level-I]
(c) about three times (d) about six times (a) 1 Mglucose (6) 1M NaCl
3. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled (c) 1MCaCl, (d) 1 M AIF,
as 'A', B'and 'C' with concentrations 0.1 M, 8. Consider the IM aqueous
solution of the following
0.01 M and 0.001M, respectively. The value of compounds and arrange them in increasing order
van't Hoff factor for these solutions will be in the of elevation in boiling
order points. |Level-1)
I.
CH,,O6 II. NaCI
NCERT Exemplar] [Level-11] III. MgCI, IV. AICl,
(a) in<iy <ic (6) in >iy> ic V. Al,(SO),
(c) in iy ic (d) i<iy> ic (a) II < III < IV<V<I
4. Out of lm solution off following dissolved in (b) I<V<IV< I|| <|
water. Which one will have lowest freezing point (c) I< II < I |<|V<V
(assuming all are fully ionised) (d) V< IV< II<I|<|
|NCERT Exemplar| |Level-II|
 9. Which one of the following will have the highest 17. An electrolyte AB is 50% ionised in aqueous
van't Hoff factor?
[Level-I] solution. Calculate the freezing point of Imolal
(a) K,SO, (6) MgSO, (c) KCI (d) NaCI
10. Acompound undergoes tetramerisation in a given aqueous solution. [Freczing point of H,0 - 273K]
organic solvent. The van't Hoff factor (i) is
|CBSE 2023] |Level-I] SHORT ANSWER
(a) 4.0 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.125 (d) 2.0 SA TYPE QUESTIONS 3 Marks
11. Volume of0.02 MHBr in mL necdcd to completely
neutralise 10 mL of0.01 MBa(OH), in [Level-I|| 18. Asolution0.I MofNa,S0, is dissolved to the extent
of 95%. What would be its osmotic pressure at
(a) 20 mL (b) 10 mL
27°C? (R= 0.0821 Latm K' mol') CBSE 2019
(c) 30 mL (d) 40 mL for more 19. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 gof benzenc
shows adepression in freezing point of i.62 K.
MCQs
cONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
TYPE QUESTIONS Calculate the van't Hoff factor and predict thc
nature of solute (associatcd or dissociatcd).
VERY SHORT ANSWER
VSA TYPE QUESTIONS 2Marks (Given: Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol.
K, for benzene =4.9 K kg mol') [CBSE 2015]
12. Determine the amount (moles) of CaCl, (i= 2.47)
dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic LONG ANSWER
pressure is 0.75 atm at 27 °C. [NCERT] |HOTS] LA TYPE QUESTIONS 5 Marks
13. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution
prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K,SO, in 2 litre 20. (i) Why is value of van't Hoff factor for ethanoic
of water at 25°C, assuming that it is completely acid in benzene closed to 0.5?
dissociated.
[NCERT| |Chandigarh 2019; CBSE 2023] (ii) Determine the osmotic pressure of solution
14. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of AICI, freezes at prepared by dissolving 2.32 x 10g of
0.068 C. Calculate the percentage of K,SO, in 2 L solution at 25° Cassuming
dissociation. K,SO, is completely dissociated.
[Given: K, for Water= 1.86 Kkg mol]
[CBSE 2020]
[R = 0.082 Latm K mol, Molar mass of
15. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes K,SO, = 174 g mol]
below 273 K. Explain the lowering in freezing (ii) When 25.6 g sulphur was dissolved in
points of water with the help ofa suitable diagram. 1000g of benzene, the freezing point
16. A1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic lowered by 0.512 K. Calculate the formula
acid (CCl,COOH) is heated to its boiling point.
The solution has the boiling point of 100. 18 °C. of sulphur (S,) [K, for benzene = 5.12K kg
Determine the van't Hoff factorfor trichloroacetic mol:, Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol
acid.
[CBSE 2023]
[K, for water = 0.512 K kg mol]

la INTEGRATED (MIXED) QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following statements is false? (d) According to Raoult's law, the vapour
[Level-II (1 Mark) pressure exerted by a volatile component of
(a) Two different solutions of sucrose of same a solution is directly proportional to its mole
molality prepared in different solvents will fraction in the solution.
have the same depression in freezing point. 2. At 100°C, the vapour pressure of asolution of 6.5
(b) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given g of solute in 100g of water is 732 mm. If K, is
by the equation = CRT
(where Cis the molarity of the solution). 0.52 K/m,the boiling point of solution will be
(c) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for (1 Mark) Level-Il]
0.01 Maqueous solutions of barium chloride, (a) 102°C (b) 103°C
potassium chloride, acetic acid and sucrose is (c) 101°C (d) 100°C |HOTS]
BaCl, > KCl > CHCOOH > sucrose.
 3. Chemistry2
Deine the tollowing temns: (2 Marks) 6. Adecimolar solution of KFe(CN),lis S0o.
() Non-idealsoltion
|CBSE 2023) ionised, Calculate its osmotiC pressure at 300 r
() ChyOscopic constant JR 0.0821 L atm K'mol
t. () 0n mixing (3 Marks)
liquid and liquid Y, volume of 7. (i) Ishan's autonobile radiator filled
theresulting solution ko of water. How many grams of witlh 1.0
of deviation from decreases. What type ethylene
Raoult's law is shown
by the resulting solution?
glycol (Molar mass =62gmol )must Ishan
What add to get the freezing point of the solution
temperature would youobserve afterchange in
mixing lowercd t0 -2.8 °C. K, for water is 1.86 K
liquids and " |CBSE 2023| kg mol.
() What happens when we
inwater place the blood cell (ii) What type of deviation from Raoult's law :.
(hypotonic solution? Give reason. shown by ethanol and acetone mixture? Give
5. Give reasons for |AI 2015] (3 Marks) reason.
|CBSE 2024| (5 Marks)
the
(a) Measurement offollowing: (3 Marks) 8, (o) A 10% solution (by nmass) of sucrose in
water
osmotic pressure method
is preferred for the has a freczing point of 269,15 K. Calculate the
determination of molar
masses of macronnolecules freezing point of 10% glucose in water if the
such as proteins freczing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
and polymers.
(b) Aquaticanimals are more Given: (Molar mass of sucrose = 342 mol)
water tlhan in warm water.comfortable cold
in (Molar mass of glucose = 180 mol)
(c) Elevation ofboiling point of1M |Chennai 2019] (b) Define the following terims:
is nearly double than that ofKCl solution
1M sugar () Reverse osmosis
solution. |Similar to Chennai 2019; (ii) Abnormal molar mass [AI 2017|
CBSE 2018] (5 Marks)
COMPETENCY FOcUSSED QUESTIONS
AR ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS
In the following questions (Q. No.
of assertion followed by
1 10), a statement Reason (R): The dissolution of gas in liquid is an
statement of a reason is endothermic process. [KVS 2022|
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following 4. Assertion (A): The aquatic species feel more
choices.
comfortable in winter than summer.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
Reason (R):Solubility of gases in liquid increases
explanation of A. with increase in temperature. |KVS 2022)
(b) Both A andR are true but R is not the correct 5. Assertion (A): Azeotropic mixtures are formed
explanation of A. only by non-ideal solution.
(c) A is true but R is false. Reason (R): Boiling point of azeotropes is either
(d) Ais false but R is true. higher or lower than both the components.
|KVS 2022)
1. Assertion (A): When methyl alcohol is added to
6. Assertion (A): An aqueous solution of NaCl
water, boiling point of water increases.
freezes below 273 K.
Reason (R): When a non-volatile solute is added
Reason (R): Vapour pressure of solution is less
toa volatile solvent elevation in boiling point is than that of pure solvent.
observed. [NCERT Exemplar)
[CBSE 2023; KVS 2022]
2. Assertion (A): When a solution is separated from 7. Assertion (A): When glucose is added to water,
the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane, an elevation in boiling point is observed.
the solvent molecules pass through it from pure Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure
solvent side to the solution side. causes elevation in boiling point. |CBSE 2023]
Reason (R): Diffusion of solvent occurs from a 8. Assertion (A): 0.1Msolution of KCI has greater
region of high concentration solution to a region osmotic pressure than 0.1 Msolution of glucose
of low concentration solution. [NCERT Exemplar] at same temperature.
3. Assertion (A): Soft drink bottles are sealed under Reason (R): In solution, KCI dissociates to
high pressure. produce more number of particles. |CBSE 2020}
 Solutions

9. Assertion (A):An ideal solution obeys Henry's 10. Assertion (A): Non-ideal solutions form
law. azeotropic mixture.
Reason (R): In an ideal solution, solute-solute as Reason (R): Maximum boiling
well as solvent-solvent interactions are similar to azeotropes are formed by solution
negative deviation. D%
solute-solvent interaction. |CBSE 2020] showing for more
[CBSE 2020| Questions

CBQ CASE-BASED/sOURCE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

1. Read the following passage and answer the (c) The vapour prssure of a solution of glucose
questions that follow: in water is 750 mm Hg at 100°C. Calculate
Raoult's law for volatile liquids states that the the mole fraction of solute. (Vapour pressure
partial vapour pressure of each component in of water at 373 K= 760 mm Hg)
the solution is directly proportional to its mole Or
fraction, whereas for a non-volatile solute, it (c) The boiling point of solution increases when 1
states that the vapour pressure of a solution of a mol of NaCl is added to 1Jitre of water while
non-volatile solute is equal to the vapour pressure addition of 1mol of methanol to one litre of water
of the pure solvent at that temperature multiplied decreases its boiling point. Explain the above
by its mole fraction. Two liquids A and B are observations.
mixed with each other to form a solution. Once
2. Read the following passage and answer the
the components in the solution have reached questions that follow:
equilibrium, the total vapour pressure of the
solution can be determined by combining Raoult's There are many phenomena which we observe
law with Dalton's law of partial pressures. If a in nature or at home. For example, raw mangoes
non-volatile solute B is dissolved into a solvent shrink when pickled in brine, wilted flowers revive
A to form asolution, the vapour pressure of the in fresh water, etc. The substances are bound by
soion will be lower than that of the pure solvent. membranes. Small molecules like water can pass
The solutions which obey Raoult's law over the through these membranes. This process of flow
entire range of concentration are ideal'solutions, of solvents is called osmosis. The pressure that
whereas the soltutios for which vapour pressure just stops the flow of solvents is called osmotic
is either higher or lower than that predicted by pressure of solution. Osmotic pressure is directly
Raoult's law are called non-ideal solutions. Non proportional to molarity of the solution at a given
ideal solutions are identified by determining the temperature. [CBSE 2020(C)]
strength of the intermolecular forces between the (a) Out of 1 M urea and 1 M NaC1, which one
different molecules in that particular solution. has higher osmotic pressure of the solution?
They can either show positive or negative Or
deviation from Raoult's law depending on whether Name one natural and one synthetic membrane
the A-B interactions in solution are stronger or that can be used in osmosis.
weaker than A - A and B B interactions.
(b) A doctor advised a person suffering from
[CBSE 2023(C)] high blood pressure to take less quantity of
(a) 20mL of a liquid A was mixed with 20 mL salt. Why?
of liquid B. The volume of resulting solution (c) How can we convert sea water into potable
was found to be less than 40 mL. What do water?
you conclude from the above data?
(d) The Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) in O
(b) Which of the following show positive animal cells are isotonic with 0.9%
deviation from Raoult's law?
NaCl solution. What will happen o
Carbon disulphide and Acetone; Phenol and when RBCs are placed in 1% NaCI Questions
for more

Aniline; Ethanol and Acetone. solution?