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Textual Research on the Psalms and Gospels Recherches
textuelles sur les psaumes et les evangiles Papers From
the Tbilisi Colloquium on the Editing 2007 Christian-B.
Amphoux Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Christian-B. Amphoux, J. Keith Elliott, Bernard Outtier
ISBN(s): 9789004214439, 9004214437
Edition: Bilingual
File Details: PDF, 4.34 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
 Textual Research on the Psalms and Gospels
Recherches textuelles sur les psaumes et les évangiles
 Supplements
to
Novum Testamentum

Executive Editors
M. M. Mitchell
Chicago
D. P. Moessner
Dubuque

Editorial Board
L. Alexander, Sheffield – H.W. Attridge, New Haven
F. Bovon, Cambridge MA – C. Breytenbach, Berlin
J. K. Elliott, Leeds – C. R. Holladay, Atlanta
M. J. J. Menken, Tilburg – J. C. Thom, Stellenbosch
P. Trebilco, Dunedin

VOLUME 142

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/nts

 Textual Research on the
Psalms and Gospels
Recherches textuelles sur les
psaumes et les évangiles
Papers from the Tbilisi Colloquium on the Editing
and History of Biblical Manuscripts

Actes du Colloque de Tbilisi, 19–20 septembre 2007

Edited by
Christian-B. Amphoux
J. Keith Elliott
with
Bernard Outtier

LEIDEN • BOSTON
2012
This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tbilisi Colloquium on the Editing and History of Biblical Manuscripts (2007)

Textual research on the Psalms and Gospels : papers from the Tbilisi Colloquium on the
Editing and History of Biblical Manuscripts / edited by Christian-B. Amphoux, J. Keith Elliott,
with Bernard Outtier = Recherches textuelles sur les Psaumes et les Evangiles : actes du
colloque de Tbilisi, 19-20 septembre 2007 / edité par Christian-B. Amphoux, J. Keith Elliott,
avec Bernard Outtier.
p. cm. – (Supplements to Novum Testamentum, ISSN 0167-9732 ; v. 142)
English and French.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-20927-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Bible. N.T.–Criticism, Textual–Congresses. 2. Bible. O.T. Psalms–Criticism,
Textual–Congresses. 3. Bible. N.T. Gospels. Georgian–Versions–Congresses. 4. Bible. O.T.
Psalms. Georgian–Versions–Congresses. I. Amphoux, Christian-Bernard. II. Elliott, J. K.
(James Keith) III. Outtier, B. (Bernard) IV. Title. V. Title: Recherches textuelles sur les Psaumes
et les Evangiles.

BS2555.52.T35 2007
226'.4046–dc23
2011037998

ISSN 0167-9732
ISBN 978 90 04 20927 5 (hardback)
ISBN 978 90 04 21443 9 (e-book)

Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
 CONTENTS / TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Biographies of Authors / Présentation des auteurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Avant-Propos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Tributes / Hommages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

PART I
THE PSALMS / PSAUMES

. Titres hébreux et titres grecs des psaumes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Gilles Dorival
. The Old Georgian Psalter and the Titles of the Psalms . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Mzekala Shanidze
. Pluralité textuelle et choix éditoriaux: étude des variantes
λγς-νμς (Ps ,) et νμυ- νματς (Ps ,) . . . . . . . . 43
Florence Bouet
. Quelques psaumes dans les documents liturgiques anciens
géorgiens et arméniens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Charles Renoux

PART II
THE GOSPELS / ÉVANGILES

. Qu’ est-ce que le type de texte « césaréen »? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Christian-B. Amphoux
. Le Codex de Koridethi (Θ.) et la famille : une nouvelle
collation de l’ évangile de Marc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Didier Lafleur
. The Endings of Mark’s Gospel and the Presentation of the
Variants in the Marc multilingue Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
J. Keith Elliott
vi contents / table des matières

. Le Codex de Bèze: base indispensable pour une edition de

l’ évangile de Marc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Josep Rius-Camps
. Luke–Acts: The Problem of Editing a Text with a Multiple
Textual Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Jenny Read-Heimerdinger
. The Problem of Establishing the Recensions of the Georgian
Version of the Gospels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Sophio Sarjveladze
. Les types de texte des évangiles en géorgien ancien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Bernard Outtier
Appendix: Recent Work on the Georgian New Testament . . . . . . . . . . . 199
†David M. Lang
. The Manuscripts of Georgian Translations of the Gospels from
the Black Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Darejan Tvaltvadze
. The Manuscript Anbandidi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Manana Machkhaneli
. Fragments of St. John’s Gospel in the Language of the
Causasian Albanians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Jost Gippert
Appendix: Review, The Caucasian Albanian Palimpsests of Mount
Sinai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Simon Crisp
. Le caractère harmonisant des traductions de l’ évangile de
Marc en copte sahidique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Anne Boud’hors
Index of Biblical References / Index des références bibliques . . . . . . . . . 263
Index of Ancient Writers / Index des auteurs anciens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Index of Modern Scholars / Index des auteurs modernes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
 BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS /
PRÉSENTATION DES AUTEURS

Christian-B. Amphoux, chercheur au CNRS (–), est membre

du Centre Paul-Albert Février de l’ Université de Provence (UMR ).
Ses recherches portent sur les manuscrits de la Bible grecque et spéciale-
ment l’ histoire du texte du Nouveau Testament. Il dirige avec Bernard
Outtier la collection «Histoire du texte biblique » aux éd. du Zèbre (Lau-
sanne).

Anne Boud’hors, chercheur au CNRS depuis , s’ est d’ abord con-

sacrée aux fragments bibliques coptes de la Bibliothèque nationale de
France et de la BNU de Strasbourg. Depuis une quinzaine d’ années elle
travaille à la fois sur des textes monastiques littéraires (notamment le
Canon  de Chénouté dont elle achève l’ édition et la traduction) et docu-
mentaires (ostraca et papyrus). En parallèle, elle continue ses recherches
sur l’ évangile de Marc en copte, à la fois sur le plan linguistique et textuel.

Florence Bouet, professeur agrégée de Lettres classiques et Docteur

ès Lettres, a étudié les principes de traduction mis en œuvre dans les
psaumes de la Septante. Elle cherche à évaluer l’ importance des motifs
idéologiques ou poétiques qui gouvernent la traduction, par rapport
aux motifs purement linguistiques. En lien avec l’ analyse de la version
grecque des psaumes comme œuvre littéraire, elle s’ intéresse à sa récep-
tion chez les Pères de l’ Eglise. Sa thèse sur Les Cantiques des degrés
(Psaumes –) selon la Bible grecque des Septante est en cours de
publication.

Simon Crisp is based in the United Kingdom as a member of the United

Bible Societies, and is a recognised expert in Eastern European Biblical
studies.

Gilles Dorival, professeur émérite de langue et littérature grecques

à l’ Université d’ Aix-Marseille , membre de l’ Insitut Universitaire de
France, co-directeur de la collection “La Bible d’ Alexandrie”, a été le
responsable de l’ unité mixte de recherche “Textes et documents de la
viii biographies of authors / presentation des auteurs

Méditerranée antique et médiévale” (Centre Paul-Albert Février)

jusqu’ en octobre . Cette unité a coorganisé la rencontre de Tbilisi.
Les recherches de Gilles Dorival portent sur les traditions bibliques,
juives et chrétiennes; sur la Bible grecque des Septante; sur les psaumes
dont il prépare une traduction et une annotation pour “La Bible
d’ Alexandrie”.

J. Keith Elliott recently retired as Professor of New Testament Textual

Criticism from the University of Leeds. He has published extensively on
New Testament textual criticism and on non-canonical early Christian
writings. These include The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford, )
and New Testament Textual Criticism: The Application of Thoroughgoing
Principles (Leiden, ). He is President of the journal Novum Testa-
mentum and is a former Assistant Secretary of Studiorum Novi Testa-
menti Societas. For many years he served as Executive Editor then secre-
tary of the International Greek New Testament Project.

Jost Gippert is Professor of Comparative Linguistics at the University of

Frankfurt / Main. His major research interests comprise Indo-European
and Caucasian languages both from a synchronical and a historical point
of view as well as computational linguistics, language documentation and
description. As the founder and leader of the TITUS project, he has been
engaged in the digital preparation and dissemination of linguistic data
since .

Didier Lafleur est membre de l’ Institut de recherche et d’ histoire des

textes (IRHT-CNRS, UPR ). Ses travaux portent principalement sur
la critique textuelle du Nouveau Testament grec, et particulièrement sur
la famille  (f 13), l’ un des témoins du type de texte «césaréen ». Une
étude du stemma de la famille  dans l’ évangile de Marc, issue de sa
thèse de doctorat, est à paraître dans la collection New Testament Tools,
Studies and Documents (Brill).

†David M. Lang, having served in the British forces during the Second
World War in Persia, became a lecturer in Georgian language at the
University of London in . His long and distinguished academic
career saw him elevated to Professor of Caucasian Studies in the School
of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in the University of London;
he was a much sought-after lecturer internationally and a productive
author of books on the Armenians and ancient Bulgarians as well as
 biographies of authors / presentation des auteurs ix

A Modern History of Georgia () and The Georgians (), plus

numerous articles in those fields of study.

Manana Machkhaneli, a graduate of the Faculty of Philology of Ivane

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (), has a project for “Georgian
Palimpsests”, with the Frankfurt Univ. Major research interests: Philol-
ogy, Textology, Biblical Studies, Codicology, problems of language and
text of the translation of New Testament. Major publications: () The
Greek “Life” of Ioane, Euthymius and Giorgi the Athonites, Tbilisi, ;
() Anbandidi: A Manuscript of the Gospels from the Ninth Century, Tbil-
isi, .

Bernard Outtier est directeur de recherches au CNRS (Villejuif) et

membre honoraire de l’ Académie des sciences de Géorgie, docteur
honoris causa des Universités de Fribourg et Tbilisi. Ses travaux portent
sur les langues et littératures de l’ Orient chrétien, arménien et géorgien
en particulier. Il dirige avec Christian Amphoux la collection «Histoire
du texte biblique » aux éd. du Zèbre (Lausanne).

Jenny Read-Heimerdinger, lecturer in New Testament (Greek, textual

criticism and exegesis) at the University of Wales with opportunities for
research, has developed a particular interest in the history of the text
of the New Testament. The focus of her research has been the work of
Luke in the setting of st century Judaism, to which she has applied
the linguistic tools of discourse analysis as a method to evaluate variant
readings in their narrative context. Collaboration with scholars in the
UK, Switzerland, France and Catalonia.

Charles Renoux, de l’ Abbaye d’ En Calcat ( Dourgne, France),

chercheur au CNRS (–), étudie les anciens documents
liturgiques et patristiques arméniens, géorgiens et syriaques, en tant que
témoins primordiaux des textes et des rites de l’Église de Jérusalem aux
origines. Il a publié sur ces littératures religieuses dix-neuf volumes, prin-
cipalement dans la Patrologia Orientalis, et divers travaux de recherche
et de traduction dans des collections et périodiques français et étrangers.

Josep Rius-Camps, professeur émérite de la Facultat de Teologia de

Catalunya à Barcelone, d’ abord patrologue, avec un intérêt spécial pour
les pères grecs prénicéens, puis à partir du début des années ,
s’ orientant vers les évangiles et les Actes des Apôtres. Son intérêt pour
x biographies of authors / presentation des auteurs

la langue grecque l’ a conduit à examiner leurs variantes et ainsi à décou-

vrir le Codex de Bèze. Consacre une partie de son activité pastorale aux
études bibliques.

Sophio Sarjveladze, head of the Orioni Laboratory in the State Uni-

versity I. Djavakhishvili in Tbilisi. Interested in philology, history of the
Georgian text of the Bible, she has been working for a long time on the
editio critica maior of the Georgian Gospels. She has produced many
articles and discovered a manuscript of the XIth century with khanmeti
forms.

Mzekala Shanidze, Honorary Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi

State University, lecturer (chair of Old Georgian Language –,
Head of Philological department, Institute of Manuscripts –),
member of Georgian State National Academy of Sciences, awarded
Javakhishvili prize  (highest prize of Academy). Main publications:
history of Georgian language, lexicology, textology, Old Georgian texts
(biblical and historical). Especially: Old Georgian Versions of the Psalter
(text), ; The Text of Ephrem Mtsire’s Commentary on Psalms (,
Georgian), Translations of the Book of Psalms  (Georgian, sum-
mary Russian); Catalogue of Georgian Manuscripts discovered in 
at St. Catherine’s Monastery of Mt. Sinai (co-author and translator of the
English text—in the trilingual Catalogue—Georgian, Greek, English),
Athens, ; Concordance to the Georgian Psalter, .

Darejan Tvaltvadze, a graduate of the Faculty of Humanities of Ivane

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (Georgia), is currently Associate
Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at that University. Her
major research interests are philology, Biblical studies, palaeography,
codicology, problems of the language and text of the New Testament,
Old Georgian translations from the mediaeval period and Byzantium-
Georgian relations. She has published the monograph Ephrem Mtsire’s
Colophons (Tbilisi, ), several text books and a large number of
scholarly articles.
 AVANT-PROPOS

Le colloque tenu à Tbilisi en septembre  sur « le texte biblique

et son édition » est l’ aboutissement d’ une longue collaboration entre
chercheurs français et géorgiens, à propos de l’ histoire du texte de la
Bible. On sait généralement assez bien que les livres de la Bible ont une
histoire, qu’ ils n’ ont pas été écrits de prime abord comme ils nous sont
parvenus, mais que des états antérieurs appelés « sources » et restitués
par de savantes analyses ont probablement existé. Pourtant, ces analy-
ses ignorent le plus souvent les données de la tradition manuscrite, con-
sidérant que la rédaction est antérieure à la transmission des écrits. Or,
les recherches récentes sur la Bible grecque (Septante et Nouveau Testa-
ment) ont montré que la tradition manuscrite de la Bible contenait des
données susceptibles de modifier les théories concernant les sources des
livres, que l’ on croyait bien établies.
A côté des manuscrits grecs, il faut noter l’ importance des versions
anciennes dont les modèles grecs ont disparu et dont le texte ne se con-
fond pas toujours avec celui qui nous est parvenu. La première collabo-
ration entre chercheurs français et géorgiens à propos du texte biblique
remonte au début des années  et concerne une parenté observée entre
la version géorgienne de l’ épître de Jacques et un groupe de manuscrits
grecs médiévaux, le groupe , et aboutit à une publication signée
de B. Outtier et C.-B. Amphoux, parue en 1. B. Outtier collabore
alors à la préparation de l’ édition critique de la vieille version géor-
gienne du Nouveau Testament que prépare une équipe constituée à
Tbilisi et principalement constituée de chercheurs géorgiens. En parlant
les deux langues, Outtier a pu faire l’ intermédiaire. Cette collaboration
se poursuit au cours des années , à propos du dossier sur la lecture
liturgique des épîtres catholiques dans l’ Eglise ancienne et aboutit à un
livre dirigé par J.-P. Bouhot et C.-B. Amphoux, paru en 2, dans lequel
la tradition géorgienne prend une place essentielle, comme témoin du

1 C.-B. Amphoux, B. Outtier, « Les leçons des versions géorgiennes de l’ épître de

Jacques », Biblica / (), pp. –.

2 C.-B. Amphoux, J.-P. Bouhot (éd.), La lecture liturgique des Epîtres Catholiques dans

l’ Eglise ancienne, Histoire du texte biblique , Lausanne, .

xii avant-propos

Lectionnaire de Jérusalem dans lequel sont conservées les traces d’ un

texte grec des épîtres plus ancien que celui que transmettent les manu-
scrits grecs.
Au cours des années , grâce au concours du Centre Paul-Albert
Février, de l’ Université de Provence, la collaboration prend la forme
d’ échanges de chercheurs entre Aix et Tbilisi. Sophio Sarjvéladzé vient en
 faire une conférence à Aix, qui montre l’ avancement des travaux de
son équipe concernant les rapports entre le texte grec des évangiles et la
version vieille géorgienne ; puis C.-B. Amphoux est invité pour une mis-
sion en Géorgie, où B. Outtier et Ch. Renoux se rendent régulièrement
pour leurs propres travaux. Lors d’ un deuxième séjour en France, Sophio
Sarjvéladzé est accompagnée de deux collègues, Manana Machkhaneli
et Daréjan Tvaltvadzé. Et à travers ces échanges répétés, il semble utile
de prévoir un colloque, pour une mise en commun des travaux qui se
rejoignent dans leurs conclusions. Le colloque est organisé en septembre
 à Tbilisi, il est un des points forts de la collaboration entre le labo-
ratoire d’ Aix soutenu par le CNRS (CPAF) et celui de Tbilisi (Orioni).
La publication des Actes a été assurée par J.K. Elliott, pour la partie
anglaise, et par C.-B. Amphoux, pour la partie française, après l’ expé-
rience réussie d’ un colloque tenu en juillet  à Lille dont les actes
sont parus en 3. Mais nous avons eu besoin de la collaboration
de B. Outtier pour relire la partie des contributions rédigée en langues
orientales et pour choisir des caractères compatibles avec les contraintes
de l’ édition. Nous remercions enfin les responsables des éd. Brill, pour la
qualité de la publication qu’ ils offrent régulièrement aux chercheurs qui
le leur demandent.

3 C.-B. Amphoux, J.K. Elliott (éd.), Le texte du NT au début du christianisme / The NT

Text in Early Christianity, Histoire du texte biblique , Lausanne, .
 INTRODUCTION

Textual critics, especially those who work in the field of Biblical

manuscripts, are typically exercised with the task of re-establishing the
earliest attainable form of the text, the form from which all subsequent
changes or even later text-types are claimed to have been traced. German
scholars have recently adopted the term Ausgangstext to describe such a
text, all-too-aware that the creation of an ‘original’ text intended to corre-
spond with the published autograph as it left its author’s hands and prior
to its contamination by any subsequent alterations by scribe and user is
chimeric.
But in recent times text-critics have also been alert to the need to
describe the history of a text from its beginnings through to the latest
copies of that writing and have been gainfully employed with plotting
such trajectories. The differing changes are often stages in an evolving
story because any text, especially a Biblical writing, was adapted to serve
new exegetical and historical circumstances. To be able to plot such a
progression may illuminate the way in which the text was understood,
interpreted and used at different periods. As a Biblical text was accorded
a uniquely authoritative status by its readers and church leaders, who
were prone to brand the writing as a canonical text, it is not surprising
that its precise wording was subjected to particular scrutiny. Whatever
the textual differences between manuscripts, it has to be recognised that
each and every manuscript would at one time in its existence have been
regarded as the canonical form of the scriptures by its owner, be that an
individual, a community or a monastery.
That means that each manuscript within each distinctive text-type and
each language has a significance and importance which ensures that its
witness is worth hearing; readings deemed ‘secondary’ should not be
jettisoned by having been relegated to a footnote, however maverick a
text it may be branded by modern editors or however aberrant a reading
it may display vis-à-vis other, alternative, readings which may be upheld
as an earlier or more accurate copy of the supposed original.
The Marc multilingue project, under the controlling editorship of
Christian Amphoux at Aix-en-Provence aims to set out in as objective
a way as practicable the differing stages in the development of the Greek
New Testament and in each of several early versions. Some authors in
xiv introduction

this current book are contributors to that series and they state here how
helpful it is to have an objective presentation of differing manuscript
witnesses for each respective version in order to illustrate the textual
progression and exegetical history of a biblical book. As its name makes
clear, this project concentrates on the Gospel of Mark.
The present book, though, is concerned with all four canonical Gospels
as well as with the Psalter. But the principles applicable to Mark are
relevant to all other Biblical texts in nearly all the different languages.
To make confusion worse confounded the Psalter betrays an even more
complex picture than the New Testament Gospels. There we need to
take into account not only the differing Greek versions (including the
Septuagint, as well as the versions attributed to Theodotion, Aquila,
Symmachus and others) but also, of course, the underlying Hebrew in
its Masoretic or other forms, including that in the Dead Sea Scrolls.
As far as the Psalms are concerned, there are four essays here. Two
concern the titles, the first by Gilles Dorival. He revisits a topic that he has
made his own, namely the headings of the individual Psalms in Hebrew
and Greek. Here he subjects a good number of these titles to his analysis;
his interest is where there are substantive differences between the two
languages. These differences may suggest the ways in which individual
Psalms were used and interpreted. The inclusion or exclusion of certain
forms of wording may also be of significance in plotting the histories of
the collections of Psalms (not least Christian interpretations), as well as
enabling textual links to be identified. And those links may inevitably
involve other languages. (Work on the Syriac Psalter is a desideratum
that comes to mind. More, differing, titles may be seen in that tradition)
As is the case with other contributions to this volume, Dorival’s essay
encourages readers to appreciate the trichotomy, text, translations and
traditions, that needs to be understood by text-critics concerned with
elucidating the history of a version.
Mzekala Shanidze’s essay parallels Dorival’s, by looking at the titles of
the Psalms in Georgian. As in other essays dealing with the Georgian
versions, we are obligated to examine the Georgian ‘Vulgate’ as well as the
earlier, often more fluid, pre-Athonite versions, and note any differences
and changes between the texts. The relationship of the Georgian to the
Greek is, inevitably, of paramount importance in this survey. Copious
examples enhance this essay.
Florence Bouet homes in on two highly significant variants in the
Psalms, those at Ps.  (): νμς/λγς and at Ps.  ():
νμυ/ νματς. Her thorough investigation is a model worthy of
 introduction xv

emulation. Obviously here Christian and Jewish influences seem to be

in evidence but the attestation as a whole cries out for explanation.
Meticulous work such as this can be transferred to and emulated in
other passages and indeed broadened to take into account the support
or otherwise of daughter versions.
Inevitably and appropriately, because these essays originated at a con-
ference in the Caucasus, there are also important examples from the
Georgian and Armenian traditions concerning the history of the Psalms.
Charles Renoux takes up the important liturgical uses of the Psalter
in those languages. Obviously, the Psalms were used from their begin-
nings in liturgical contexts in the Temple and for particular Jewish festi-
vals. Renoux’ essay explores how, where and when the Armenian and
Georgian Christian communities made use of the Psalms. They seem
to have originated from the Jerusalem liturgical practices of the th–
th centuries. His story centres on the horologion Sinaiticus ibericus 
in particular, the oldest Georgian horology, but he also brings in lec-
tionaries and early hymn books. The nature of the text found there and
its relation to the LXX are significant and represent yet another level
of witnesses (all-too-often neglected) impacting on any analysis of the
character and origin of textual variants in the Psalms. Many a doctoral
research topic relating to the Biblical text in and influence of the Geor-
gian and Armenian lectionary and liturgical traditions awaits the writ-
ing.
Moving to the New Testament and the Gospels there are eleven major
contributions in this volume. The first, by Christian Amphoux, concerns
itself with the Caesarean text-type. Amphoux’ own distinctive contribu-
tion to the history of the New Testament has been to locate the differ-
ing forms of text within the history of the fissiparous early church and
his idiosyncratic and carefully-argued conclusions are to be found in the
essay here. It is perhaps less fashionable nowadays to speak of the Cae-
sarean text as a fully-fledged text-type in which a half-way point between
the Jewish world found in the so-called Western tradition and that of
the Greco-Roman world discerned in other text-types may be identified;
but it is clear that there are close textual relationships between the text
read in Codex Koridethi, in the intriguing Southern Italian corpus of
manuscripts collectively labelled family  and, intriguingly, the (pre-
Athonite) Georgian version. Amphoux is a keen defender of the Cae-
sarean text-type and his paper here stresses the position of this form of
the Gospels in relation to other text-types, ‘Western’, Alexandrian and
Byzantine. But his essay, like many another in this collection, wisely does
xvi introduction

not concentrate on theory alone; his essay is devoted to a meticulous

analysis of half a dozen well-chosen practical examples of textual varia-
tion in Mark to show how the Caesarean manuscripts behave. Through-
out, he is concerned less with championing an original text and more
with trying to elucidate the nature of all the changes and the probable
historical reasons for their creation and existence and what effect the text
then had.
As a corollary to Amphoux’ paper, Didier Lafleur’s contribution hap-
pily meshes with it. He fortuitously writes about the text of a major Cae-
sarean witness, namely Codex Koridethi (Θ, ), a manuscript that hap-
pens to be housed in Tbilisi. Alongside that, his new collations of the
manuscripts of family  in Mark confirm the homogeneous character
of this family and he also shows the agreements of the family with not
only Koridethi but also minuscules , ,  and uncial W . He
establishes that one of the family members, minuscule , stands clos-
est to the archetype of that family and how frequently family  as a whole
allies itself to Codex Koridethi. Consequently, he, like Amphoux, encour-
ages the use of the Caesarean text-type (obviously not a geographically-
centred ‘local’ text) as a serious and distinctive grouping and a legitimate
textual form found not only in Mark but in the New Testament Gospels
as a whole.
J. Keith Elliott’s essay focuses on two other early Greek manuscripts
à  and Vaticanus B  particularly in that perennial textual crux, the
ending of Mark which they conclude at :. These two manuscripts are
both accorded separate sections amid the seven differing manuscripts of
Mark in Marc mutilingue as both demonstrate differing textual stages in
the history of Mark. But they happen to agree in their form of the end-
ing of Mark and are the only two ancient Greek witnesses to the shorter
text. Among other supporters of the shorter reading are the two earliest
Georgian witnesses. Elliott’s paper shows whatever Mark’s original inten-
tion may have been—and it is unlikely that anything he may have written
beyond : has survived—his Gospel once circulated in the truncated
form now exhibited by these two old Greek uncials. Inevitably, and within
the second century, attempts were made to repair the damaged ending
and Mark was duly provided with a ‘proper’ and satisfying conclusion
that included references to the anticipated post-Easter appearances. The
longer ending, commonly numbered Mark :–, represents a later
editing of the text of Mark and, as such, belongs to a history of this Gospel
that had an inevitable impact on a reader’s understanding of Mark as nar-
rator and on his theology.
 introduction xvii

Yet another famous Greek New Testament manuscript (and, like à and
B, one that has its own text displayed by the Greek fascicule of Marc
multilingue) is D . Jenny Read-Heimerdinger and Josep Rius-Camps
have both written extensively on this bilingual (Greek-Latin) manuscript.
Both write separate pieces on this manuscript now. Rius-Camps’ paper
advocates the use of this bilingual in any establishing of an edition of
Mark. Jenny Read-Heimerdinger looks at D in Luke. Based on her and
Rius-Camps’ studies of D in Acts, she is prepared now to promote D in
Luke as an early and coherent writing that must be taken into account
because it represents the first volume of a comprehensive ‘demonstration’
of the claims of Christianity from a Jewish perspective. Luke :– is
taken as an example to show how Jesus in this work was interpreted in
Jewish written and oral traditions.
Again, because the origin of the book was the presentation of most of
its papers in Tbilisi, we have articles on the Georgian version itself. This
is a version that deserves much attention and not only because of its early
origins. This is an important translation but the attempted resolutions of
its many problems are not as widely known internationally as they should
be, although Georgian Biblical scholars, notably current members of the
Orioni research laboratory in Tbilisi State University (some of whose
members are contributors to this volume: Sophio Sarjveladze, Manana
Machkhneli, Mzekala Shanidze, Darejan Tvaltvadze) are initiating and
disseminating the latest research into the version. There have also always
been a smattering of non-Georgian nationals who have devoted their
scholarly careers to the Georgian biblical text, Bernard Outtier, Jost
Gippert and Charles Renoux among them. It is to be hoped that the essays
here rekindle wider interest in the Caucasian versions.
As befits a contribution by the director of the Orioni project at Tbilisi
State University responsible for examining the Georgian Gospels, Sophio
Sarjveladze’s essay is an over-arching survey that may be seen as a wor-
thy introduction to the other essays in this volume dealing with aspects
of the Georgian version. But as is typical of most articles in this volume,
broad principles and generalised summaries give rise to, and are indeed
supported by, specific and well-chosen Biblical references. Sophio Sar-
jveladze’s examples reveal the complexity of her text-critical researches
and the care with which her team’s efforts are rooted in close philological
examination.
Following this is Bernard Outtier’s essay. With his long-established and
wide-ranging expertise in Georgian studies he is well placed to proffer a
general survey of current research in the area of the Georgian version
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Test 1: Research findings and conclusions

Learning Objective 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 5: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 2: Research findings and conclusions
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 11: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 16: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 17: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Test 3: Practical applications and examples
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 24: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 26: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Abstract 4: Historical development and evolution
Example 30: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 37: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 39: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Abstract 5: Case studies and real-world applications
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 42: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Chapter 6: Case studies and real-world applications
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 58: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 59: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 7: Current trends and future directions
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 61: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 66: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 67: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 8: Study tips and learning strategies
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 75: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 78: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 79: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 9: Learning outcomes and objectives
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 81: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 89: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 10: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Practice Problem 90: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 91: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 92: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 93: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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