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Optical Engineering Fundamentals 2nd Edition Bruce H.
Walker Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Bruce H. Walker
ISBN(s): 9780819475404, 0819475408
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 26.97 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
 Optical
Engineering
Fundamentals
Second Edition
Tutorial Texts Series
• Fundamentals of Polarimetric Remote Sensing, John Schott, Vol. TT81
• Radiation Thermometry: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petrochemical Industry, Peter Saunders,
Vol. TT78
• Matrix Methods for Optical Layout, Gerhard Kloos, Vol. TT77
• Fundamentals of Infrared Detector Materials, Michael A. Kinch, Vol. TT76
• Practical Applications of Infrared Thermal Sensing and Imaging Equipment, Third Edition, Herbert
Kaplan, Vol. TT75
• Bioluminescence for Food and Environmental Microbiological Safety, Lubov Y. Brovko, Vol. TT74
• Introduction to Image Stabilization, Scott W. Teare, Sergio R. Restaino, Vol. TT73
• Logic-based Nonlinear Image Processing, Stephen Marshall, Vol. TT72
• The Physics and Engineering of Solid State Lasers, Yehoshua Kalisky, Vol. TT71
• Thermal Infrared Characterization of Ground Targets and Backgrounds, Second Edition, Pieter A. Jacobs,
Vol. TT70
• Introduction to Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy, Michiel Müller, Vol. TT69
• Artificial Neural Networks: An Introduction, Kevin L. Priddy and Paul E. Keller, Vol. TT68
• Basics of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Raghuveer Rao and Sohail Dianat, Vol. TT67
• Optical Imaging in Projection Microlithography, Alfred Kwok-Kit Wong, Vol. TT66
• Metrics for High-Quality Specular Surfaces, Lionel R. Baker, Vol. TT65
• Field Mathematics for Electromagnetics, Photonics, and Materials Science, Bernard Maxum, Vol. TT64
• High-Fidelity Medical Imaging Displays, Aldo Badano, Michael J. Flynn, and Jerzy Kanicki, Vol. TT63
• Diffractive Optics–Design, Fabrication, and Test, Donald C. O’Shea, Thomas J. Suleski, Alan D.
Kathman, and Dennis W. Prather, Vol. TT62
• Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy Instrumentation Engineering, Vidi Saptari, Vol. TT61
• The Power- and Energy-Handling Capability of Optical Materials, Components, and Systems, Roger M.
Wood, Vol. TT60
• Hands-on Morphological Image Processing, Edward R. Dougherty, Roberto A. Lotufo, Vol. TT59
• Integrated Optomechanical Analysis, Keith B. Doyle, Victor L. Genberg, Gregory J. Michels, Vol. TT58
• Thin-Film Design: Modulated Thickness and Other Stopband Design Methods, Bruce Perilloux, Vol. TT57
• Optische Grundlagen für Infrarotsysteme, Max J. Riedl, Vol. TT56
• An Engineering Introduction to Biotechnology, J. Patrick Fitch, Vol. TT55
• Image Performance in CRT Displays, Kenneth Compton, Vol. TT54
• Introduction to Laser Diode-Pumped Solid State Lasers, Richard Scheps, Vol. TT53
• Modulation Transfer Function in Optical and Electro-Optical Systems, Glenn D. Boreman, Vol. TT52
• Uncooled Thermal Imaging Arrays, Systems, and Applications, Paul W. Kruse, Vol. TT51
• Fundamentals of Antennas, Christos G. Christodoulou and Parveen Wahid, Vol. TT50
• Basics of Spectroscopy, David W. Ball, Vol. TT49
• Optical Design Fundamentals for Infrared Systems, Second Edition, Max J. Riedl, Vol. TT48
• Resolution Enhancement Techniques in Optical Lithography, Alfred Kwok-Kit Wong, Vol. TT47
• Copper Interconnect Technology, Christoph Steinbrüchel and Barry L. Chin, Vol. TT46
• Optical Design for Visual Systems, Bruce H. Walker, Vol. TT45
• Fundamentals of Contamination Control, Alan C. Tribble, Vol. TT44
• Evolutionary Computation: Principles and Practice for Signal Processing, David Fogel, Vol. TT43
• Infrared Optics and Zoom Lenses, Allen Mann, Vol. TT42
• Introduction to Adaptive Optics, Robert K. Tyson, Vol. TT41
• Fractal and Wavelet Image Compression Techniques, Stephen Welstead, Vol. TT40
• Analysis of Sampled Imaging Systems, R. H. Vollmerhausen and R. G. Driggers, Vol. TT39
• Tissue Optics: Light Scattering Methods and Instruments for Medical Diagnosis, Valery Tuchin, Vol. TT38
 Optical
Engineering
Fundamentals
Second Edition

Bruce H. Walker

Tutorial Texts in Optical Engineering

Volume TT82

Bellingham, Washington USA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Walker, Bruce H.
Optical engineering fundamentals / Bruce Walker. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm. -- (SPIE tutorial texts)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8194-7540-4
1. Optics. 2. Lenses. 3. Optical instruments. I. Title.
TA1520.W35 2008
681'.4--dc22
2008047526

Published by

SPIE
P.O. Box 10
Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA
Phone: +1 360 676 3290
Fax: +1 360 647 1445
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://spie.org

Copyright © 2008 The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed

in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.

The content of this book reflects the work and thought of the author(s).
Every effort has been made to publish reliable and accurate information herein,
but the publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any
outcomes resulting from reliance thereon.

Printed in the United States of America.

 Introduction to the Series
Since its inception in 1989, the Tutorial Texts (TT) series has grown to more than
80 titles covering many diverse fields of science and engineering. The initial idea
for the series was to make material presented in SPIE short courses available to
those who could not attend and to provide a reference text for those who could.
Thus, many of the texts in this series are generated by augmenting course notes
with descriptive text that further illuminates the subject. In this way, the TT
becomes an excellent stand-alone reference that finds a much wider audience
than only short course attendees.
Tutorial Texts have grown in popularity and in the scope of material covered
since 1989. They no longer necessarily stem from short courses; rather, they are
often generated by experts in the field. They are popular because they provide a
ready reference to those wishing to learn about emerging technologies or the
latest information within their field. The topics within the series have grown from
the initial areas of geometrical optics, optical detectors, and image processing to
include the emerging fields of nanotechnology, biomedical optics, fiber optics,
and laser technologies. Authors contributing to the TT series are instructed to
provide introductory material so that those new to the field may use the book as a
starting point to get a basic grasp of the material. It is hoped that some readers
may develop sufficient interest to take a short course by the author or pursue
further research in more advanced books to delve deeper into the subject.
The books in this series are distinguished from other technical monographs
and textbooks in the way in which the material is presented. In keeping with the
tutorial nature of the series, there is an emphasis on the use of graphical and
illustrative material to better elucidate basic and advanced concepts. There is also
heavy use of tabular reference data and numerous examples to further explain the
concepts presented. The publishing time for the books is kept to a minimum so
that the books will be as timely and up-to-date as possible. Furthermore, these
introductory books are competitively priced compared to more traditional books
on the same subject.
When a proposal for a text is received, each proposal is evaluated to
determine the relevance of the proposed topic. This initial reviewing process has
been very helpful to authors in identifying, early in the writing process, the need
for additional material or other changes in approach that would serve to
strengthen the text. Once a manuscript is completed, it is peer reviewed to ensure
that chapters communicate accurately the essential ingredients of the science and
technologies under discussion.
It is my goal to maintain the style and quality of books in the series and to
further expand the topic areas to include new emerging fields as they become of
interest to our reading audience.

James A. Harrington
Rutgers University
Contents
Preface xi

1. Introduction 1

2. Historical Review 5

2.1 Definition of Optical Engineering 5

2.2 Ancient History 5
2.3 Medieval Optics 6
2.4 From 1600 to the 1900s 8
2.5 Speed of Light 11
2.6 Modern Optical Engineering 13
2.7 Case History: Optics in the United States 16
2.8 The Hubble Space Telescope 19
2.9 Review and Summary 20

3. Basic Concepts of Light 21

3.1 Light: an Elusive Topic 21
3.2 Understanding Light 21
3.3 Velocity, Wavelength, and Frequency 24
3.4 Wavefronts and Light Rays 27
3.5 Light Sources 28
3.6 Behavior of Light Rays 30
3.7 Refraction 35
3.8 Refraction by a Lens 37
3.9 Dispersion and Color 39
3.10 Diffraction of Light 40
3.11 Review and Summary 41

4. Thin-Lens Theory 47
4.1 Definition of a Thin Lens 47
4.2 Properties of a Thin Lens 47
4.3 Aperture Stop, Entrance and Exit Pupils, and Field Stop 49
4.4 Reference Coordinate System 51
4.5 Thin-Lens Power 52

vii
 4.6 Ray Trace of a Thin Lens (Object at Infinity) 54
4.7 Ray Trace of a Thin Lens (Finite Object Distance) 57
4.8 Rounding Off 60
4.9 Thin-Lens Formulas 61
4.10 Applications of Thin-Lens Theory 64
4.11 Mock-up of the Thin-Lens System 70
4.12 Review and Summary 74

5. Optical Design Basics 77

5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Historical Perspective 77
5.3 OSLO Optical Design Software Package 80
5.4 Introduction to Computer Design Using OSLO 81
5.5 Laser Transmitting System 84
5.6 Instrument Design and Analysis 89
5.7 Magnification Analysis 93
5.8 Design of a Noncatalog System 96
5.9 Review and Summary 100

6. Primary Lens Aberrations 103

6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 Spot Diagram, Radial Energy Distribution, and Modulation 103
Transfer Function
6.3 Spherical Aberration 105
6.4 Coma 107
6.5 Field Curvature 108
6.6 Astigmatism 110
6.7 Distortion 112
6.8 Axial Color 113
6.9 Lateral Color 117
6.10 Aberration Curves 117
6.11 Point-Spread Function Analysis 119
6.12 Review and Summary 120

7. Optical Components 123

7.1 Introduction 123
7.2 Lens 123
7.2.1 Typical lens application 124
7.2.2 Detail lens drawing 128
7.3 Mirror 130
7.3.1 Common reflecting coatings 135
7.3.2 Other mirror configurations 136
7.4 Prisms 139
7.4.1 Total internal reflection 142
7.4.2 Typical prism application 143
7.5 Review and Summary 144

viii
8. Basic Optical Instruments 147
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Magnifier, or Loupe 147
8.3 Eyepiece 152
8.4 Microscope 155
8.5 Telescope 158
8.6 Binoculars 163
8.7 Riflescope 164
8.8 Surveying and Optical Tooling Instruments 166
8.9 Periscope, Borescope, and Endoscope 169
8.10 Review and Summary 172

9. Optical Materials and Coatings 173

9.1 Introduction 173
9.2 Optical Glass 173
9.3 Low-Expansion Materials 178
9.4 Surface Losses and Antireflection Coatings 179
9.5 Materials for Infrared Systems 181
9.5.1 Germanium 182
9.5.2 Silicon 183
9.5.3 Zinc sulfide 183
9.5.4 Zinc selenide 183
9.6 Optical Plastics 185
9.7 Review and Summary 186

10. Visual Optical System 189

10.1 Introduction 189
10.2 Structure of the Eye 189
10.3 Resolution of the Eye 192
10.4 Visual Instrument Design Considerations 193
10.5 Visual Instrument Focus 197
10.6 Visual Instrument Detailed Lens Design 199
10.7 Review and Summary 203

11. Lens Design and Image Evaluation 205

11.1 Introduction 205
11.2 Lens Design Process 205
11.3 10× Telescope Design 206
11.3.1 Defining the problem 206
11.3.2 Selecting a starting point 206
11.3.3 Modifying the starting point 207
11.3.4 Optimizing the modified starting design 207
11.3.5 Evaluating performance 208
11.3.6 Documenting the final design 209

ix
 11.4 Precision Collimator Lens Design 209
11.4.1 Defining the problem 209
11.4.2 Selecting a starting point 212
11.4.3 Modifying the starting point 213
11.4.4 Optimizing the modified starting design 214
11.4.5 Evaluating performance 215
11.4.6 Documenting the final design 217
11.5 Precision Imager Lens Design 220
11.5.1 Defining the problem 220
11.5.2 Selecting a starting point 220
11.5.3 Modifying the starting point 221
11.5.4 Optimizing the modified starting design 222
11.5.5 Evaluating the design 222
11.5.6 Documenting the final design 225
11.6 Unusual Lens Design Task 226
11.7 Review and Summary 230

12. Optics in Our World 231

12.1 Introduction 231
12.2 Optical Illusions: Size 231
12.3 Other Optical Illusions 234
12.4 Seeing the Third Dimension 235
12.5 Optics and the Compact Disk 236
12.6 Optics and the Projection TV 237
12.7 Optics and Photography 239
12.8 Optics of the Rainbow 242
12.9 Review and Summary 242

Appendix A. Basic Optical Engineering Library 245

Appendix B. Optical Design Software Sources 249

Appendix C. Optical Glass Sources 251

Appendix D. Conversion Factors and Constants 253

Appendix E. Measures and Equivalents 255

Appendix F. Basic Photometric Considerations 259

Appendix G. Surface Sag and Conic Sections 265

Index 269

x
Preface to the First Edition
The concept of this book, along with many of the ideas and much of the material
contained here, has evolved over the last 25 years. During that time, while
working in the field of optical engineering and lens design, I have frequently
been called on to describe and explain certain optical theories or phenomena to
coworkers or readers of trade publications. In responding, my goal has always
been to reduce these explanations to the most basic technical level, one that is
easily comprehensible. The value of this book, then, is not in bringing forth new
information never previously available to the reader. Rather, it is a carefully
thought-out selection of material that I feel will be of maximum interest and
value to the reader. The material will be presented in a form that can be easily
understood in the absence of complex theories of mathematics and physics.
The field of optical engineering and the subject of optics in general are not
merely interesting, but often quite fascinating. In order to be a good optical
engineer, one must have a sincere interest and curiosity about the subject. This
must then be supplemented by a fundamental knowledge of just a few very basic
principles that will allow that curiosity to be satisfied. This book is designed to
assist the student or worker who is interested and involved in the field of optics
to obtain a better understanding of those basic principles and to prepare the
reader for the more complex topics that will be encountered using more
advanced, specialized textbooks and reference material.
Thanks to the extraordinary nature of the human visual system and the many
wonders of the world in which we live, hardly a day passes that we are not
exposed to the science of optics, albeit often without a full understanding of what
we are experiencing. Consider modern technology like home television systems
that include projection TVs, laser disks, and compact camcorders. In the case of
home audio systems, consider the compact laser disk revolution that, in just a few
short years, has made the traditional phonograph record essentially obsolete.
Consider also the optical technology that has been demonstrated by the space and
defense industries in recent years. We have been privileged to view pictures from
space and from distant planets. Military conflicts have been decided by the use of
“smart” bombs, laser sights, and head-up displays . . . all sophisticated products
of today’s optical engineer.
These are wonders of our own making. We need only observe a colorful
sunset, or view a rainbow, to witness some of the many optical wonders of
nature. Of course we would not observe this or anything else were it not for the
most amazing of nature’s optical systems: the human eye and its associated

xi
xii Preface

physiological components. It is my sincere hope that this book will, in some

small way, make it possible for readers to understand and appreciate many of
these things, so that they might feel more a part of all that goes on around them,
especially as it relates to the science of optics and the field of optical engineering.
If you work in the field of optics, I’m certain you will find that a better
understanding of the subject will serve to improve your basic skills. In addition, I
believe it will also enhance your enjoyment of not just your work, but hopefully
of life in general. Equally important, it is this understanding that makes it
possible for us to share these experiences with others.
One goal of this book is to demonstrate that there are many aspects of the
science of optics and the field of optical engineering that are not that difficult to
understand. Until now, the majority of texts and other publications in this field
have assumed a certain level of understanding and proceeded from that point. In
some 25 years of work as an optical engineer, which has included the preparation
and presentation of numerous technical papers and articles for a variety of
publications, I have encountered a very real need, and a sincere desire on the part
of many, to obtain that information required in order to reach that assumed level
of understanding. This book is presented in the belief that it will serve to meet
that need and to quench that desire.

Bruce H. Walker
November 1994

Preface to the Second Edition

The first edition of Optical Engineering Fundamentals (OEF) reflected my
experience and exposure to the history of optical engineering as I witnessed it
during 25 years of work within the optics industry. All of these work assignments
involved the usual team structures, where the range of duties and responsibilities
of the optical engineer were quite limited.
In the years 1992 through 2008, I continued to work actively as an
independent consultant in the fields of optical engineering, lens design, and
optomechanical systems design. This second edition of OEF reflects much of
what I have learned during this more recent personal work experience, with
emphasis on the application of state-of-the-art computer software to generate
solutions to related lens design and optimization problems. While all lens design
examples presented involve the use of the OSLO software package (Lambda
Research, Littleton, MA), it must be made clear that competitive software
packages, such as ZEMAX, Code V, and others can be applied to generate
similar results.
All of this consulting work has required a more complete and thorough
understanding of the optical engineering, design, and manufacturing process.
Many of the changes and additions contained in this second edition reflect that
increased scope of work.
Optical Engineering Fundamentals xiii

Another area that has witnessed significant changes in recent years includes
computer systems and software for optical design and analysis. This second
edition of OEF contains a chapter dealing with the OSLO-EDU software
package. It is hoped that all interested readers, regardless of their professional
responsibilities, will find that being familiar with tools like OSLO-EDU will
permit them to do a better job.
The early chapters of OEF deal with basic concepts that remain unchanged.
This edition will expand on those concepts and improve on the effectiveness of
the presentations.
Subsequent portions of this edition deal with specific optical components,
instruments, and systems. These topics are updated to reflect recent
developments in those areas, in particular, the development of electronic sensors
and how they impact the work of the optical engineer.

Acknowledgments
One of the many advantages of a career in the field of optical engineering is the
assurance that one will encounter a wide variety of very talented and interesting
people in the course of one’s work. As a young fledgling engineer at General
Electric in the early 1960s, my interest in optics and lens design was sparked and
nurtured by three such individuals. For their early and sustained inspiration and
support, I would like to thank Dr. Jack Mauro, Mr. Bob Sparling, and Mr. Don
Kienholz.
I would like to dedicate this second edition of Optical Engineering
Fundamentals to the memory of Warren J. Smith, who passed away earlier this
year. In 1968, while at General Electric Co., I completed an in-house course on
basic optics. The text used was Modern Optical Engineering by Warren J. Smith.
This book was my introduction to optical engineering, and it would have a
profound impact on the remainder of my professional life. Later that year I
submitted my first article for publication in Optical Spectra. While I was already
quite proud of being published, that pride increased exponentially when I
received a personal note from Warren complimenting my work. Twenty-five
years later, while searching (without much luck) for a publisher of Optical
Engineering Fundamentals, I contacted Warren for advice. He quickly reviewed
my proposal and put me on the fast track with the people at McGraw-Hill, where
my book was published in 1994. Warren was a great engineer, a good friend, and
a wonderful person. We will all miss him.
In addition, I would like to thank the staff at SPIE, especially those in the
publications department, for their enthusiastic and effective support over the
years.

Bruce H. Walker
Walker Associates
December 2008
Chapter 1
Introduction
Optical Engineering Fundamentals is intended to be a “bridge” book, i.e., a book
that will carry the reader who is interested in the field of optical engineering from
a position of curiosity, confusion, and apprehension, to one of understanding,
comfort, and appreciation. While this book alone will not make you an optical
engineer, it is hoped that it will enable you to communicate and work closely and
effectively with the optical engineer. Should it be your goal to eventually work in
the field of optical engineering, this book will provide major assistance in two
ways. First, it will provide a basic understanding and appreciation of many
fundamental optical principles, thus preparing you to get the most out of the
many fine advanced optics texts and courses of study that are available. Second,
as you work into the field, this book will serve as a convenient source of valuable
reference material.
How many of us have said to ourselves (or heard it said), “I don’t know
anything about optics, but…” and then the speaker has proceeded to conclusively
prove that point? It is this author’s fondest hope that this book will render that
phrase obsolete for its readers. Frequently, an optics subject is brought up in a
discussion, couched in terms that are esoteric beyond the understanding of the
layperson or novice. This book will provide the reader with a level of knowledge
that will assure a degree of comfort in discussing the basics of such topics and
exploring their more advanced aspects, as required.
For many years the job descriptions for the optical engineer and the lens
designer were considered to be quite separate and distinct. Because the science of
lens design was so unique, and because the calculations involved were so
complex and time consuming, the lens designer rarely had the time or inclination
to venture into the more general fields that were the responsibility of the optical
engineer. Likewise, the successful optical engineer has traditionally been more
than willing to leave the tedious task of lens design to the specialist. However,
recent developments in modern technology have led to a significant realignment
in these areas.
With today’s modern personal computer systems and easy-to-use (read
“fun”) software packages dedicated to lens design and optical analysis, it
behooves today’s optical engineer to develop a certain level of competence in

1
2 Chapter 1

this area. While the intricacies of starting lens-type selection and detailed lens
optimization are still best left to the lens designer, the ability to utilize a modern
optics program for performing basic optical system analysis will make one a
much more effective optical engineer. Likewise, the speed with which lens
design tasks can now be accomplished allows the lens designer to diversify his or
her activities into some of the more general areas of optical engineering. The two
classifications that once were quite distinct and clearly defined are gradually
blending together into a single position, often labeled optical designer. This is
good for the optics industry, in that there has always been a shortage of qualified
personnel in both areas. More important, it is very good for individuals who
select optical design as a career path in that it broadens the scope of their work,
making it more interesting, challenging, and rewarding.
It is believed that anyone working in or dealing closely with the optics
industry will find this book both interesting and useful. A first reading will create
a sense of comfort with the subject matter not obtainable from previously
available material. As a teaching tool, this book will prove most valuable in
exposing the student to the intriguing science of optics and optical engineering
without the complications of advanced physics and mathematical theory.
Subsequently, the formulas, illustrations, and tables of information contained
within the book will serve as valuable reference material for all working within
or in close proximity to the field of optical engineering.
The book begins with a historical review, covering some of the more
interesting people and events that have been involved in the study and application
of the science of optics over the years. While not intended to be comprehensive,
this historical information will be of interest in terms of the relationship between
modern optical engineering and the events and people of the past.
Similarly, an early chapter in the book deals with the age-old question,
“What is light?” While a definitive answer is not forthcoming, the presentation
should result in a certain level of comfort with the topic that will allow the reader
more confidently and intelligently to join with the likes of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and
Galileo in pondering the ultimate answer to this most basic question. The
relationship between light waves and light rays is then presented. The laws of
reflection and refraction and their relationship to basic optical components are
introduced, as is the subject of dispersion. The topic of diffraction is also touched
on, to the extent that it affects the performance and image quality of many typical
optical systems.
The topic of thin-lens theory is developed and discussed, along with several
examples of how it can be applied to real-world problem solving. This topic is
followed by an introduction to a basic computer software package, designed to
aid the optical engineer in understanding and evaluating the optical system.
Several examples of thin-lens theory application are included. For the transition
from a preliminary design to a final configuration, a basic understanding of the
primary aberrations of a lens system is most helpful. Coverage of this topic
includes a basic description of these aberrations with a discussion of their origins
and impact on performance and image quality of the lens system.
Introduction 3

Having established this foundation, the book then devotes several chapters to
a discussion of the design, function, and application of basic optical devices and
instruments. Details of a variety of typical optical components are discussed,
including the manufacturing processes employed and the determination of
specifications and tolerances. The characteristics, behavior, and relative strengths
and weaknesses of optical materials are covered. Included among these are
optical glass, metal optics, coatings, and special materials for the ultraviolet and
infrared portions of the spectrum. The special considerations of optical
engineering as it relates to visual systems are covered, including a comprehensive
review of the general characteristics, configurations, and functions of the human
eye. A separate chapter is dedicated to modern lens design methods, including a
brief historical review of computing techniques and the modern computer as it
relates to the history of lens design. Finally, several of the more interesting
optical devices and phenomena encountered in day-to-day life are covered.
If the reader comes away with one predominant sense after reading this book,
I hope it will be an awareness of the many ways in which optics and optical
engineering are interrelated with our everyday lives. Every book has its purpose;
in this case that purpose is to present some of the more unique, interesting, and
useful aspects of optics and optical engineering in a format that will be enjoyable,
useful, effective, and entertaining . . . rather than intimidating.
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Prepared by: Instructor Jones

Date: July 28, 2025

Part 1: Research findings and conclusions

Learning Objective 1: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 5: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 7: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Chapter 2: Research findings and conclusions
Example 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 12: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 13: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 14: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 3: Current trends and future directions
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 24: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 30: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 35: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 37: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 41: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 47: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 6: Research findings and conclusions
Example 50: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 51: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 54: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 56: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 57: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 7: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 62: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 64: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 8: Research findings and conclusions
Practice Problem 70: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 71: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 75: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 76: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 78: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Abstract 9: Interdisciplinary approaches
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 83: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 85: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 85: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 86: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 89: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 10: Best practices and recommendations
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 92: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 96: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 98: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 11: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 102: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 107: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 108: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 109: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 12: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 111: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 113: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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