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Black Yanks in the Pacific Race in the Making of
American Military Empire after World War II The
United States in the World 1st Edition Michael Cullen
Green Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Michael Cullen Green
ISBN(s): 9780801448966, 0801448964
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 17.86 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2018 with funding from
The Arcadia Fund

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BLACK YANKS IN THE PACIFIC
A volume in the series

The United States in the World

Edited by Mark Philip Bradley and Paul A. Kramer

A list of titles in this series is available at

www. co rn ellp ress .cornell.edu.
BLACKYANKS
IN THE PACIFIC

Race in the Making of American

Military Empire after World War II

Michael Cullen Green

Cornell University Press

Ithaca and London
Copyright © 2010 by Cornell University

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review,

this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any
form without permission in writing from the publisher. For
information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House,
512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.

First published 2010 by Cornell University Press

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Green, Michael Cullen, 1977-

Black Yanks in the Pacific : race in the making of American
military empire after World War II / Michael Cullen Green.
p.cm.—(The United States in the world)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8014-4896-6 (cloth : alk. paper)
I. United States—Armed Forces—African Americans—
History—:20th century. 2. African American soldiers—
Japan—History—20th century. 3. African American
soldiers—Korea—History—20th century. 4. Japan—
History—Allied occupation, 1945—1952. 5. Korean War,
1950-1953—Participation, African American. 6. United
States—Race relations-—History—20th century. I. Title.
II. Series: United States in the world.

E185.63.G725 2010
940.54'03—dc22
2010008556

Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally

responsible suppliers and materials to the tullest extent possible
in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-
based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled,
totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For
further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.
cornell.edu.

Cloth printing 10 987654321

For my parents,
Dan and Andrea Green
 Contents

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction: Everyday Racial Politics in a Military Empire 1

Chapter 1: Reconversion Blues and the Appeal

of (Re)Enlistment 9

Chapter 2: The American Dream in a Prostrate Japan 30

Chapter 3: The Public Politics of Intimate Affairs 60

Chapter 4: A Brown Baby Crisis 87

Chapter 5: The Race of Combat in Korea 109

Epilogue: Military Desegregation in a Militarized World 136

Notes 149

Selected Bibliography 191

Index 201
 Acknowledgments

I incurred many debts as I pondered, researched, and wrote this book.

Librarians and archivists at Northwestern University, the Center for the
Study of the Korean War, the National Archives, and the Library of Con¬
gress patiently helped me identify many of the sources used. At North¬
western I benefited enormously from the criticisms, suggestions, and
advice of Martha Biondi, Mark Bradley, Laura Hein, and Nancy Ma-
cLean. Michael Sherry, my adviser, provided unfailing encouragement,
good cheer, and deep wisdom. He is, quite simply, the best. I am grateful
to friends and colleagues who read numerous chapter drafts, offered in¬
valuable feedback, and provided moral support and much-needed diver¬
sions as I wrote and revised the manuscript. They include, but are by no
means limited to, Stefanie Bator, Tristan Cabello, Charlotte Cahill,
Shawn Clybor, David Davidson, Sam Dorf, Erik Gellman, Ronnie
Grinberg, Jason Johnson, David Keenan, Richard Lutjens, Stephen Mak,
Victor Padilla, Jimmy Pieterse, Meghan Roberts, Strother Roberts,
Thomas Rudczynski, Tobin Shearer, Nathaniel Small, David Sellers
Smith, and Andrew Warne. At Cornell University Press, series editors
Mark Bradley and Paul Kramer and the anonymous readers offered indis¬
pensable suggestions for improving the manuscript. Michael McGandy,
x Acknowledgments

Emily Zoss, Kay Scheuer, and Candace Akins were enthusiastic about
this project from the start and provided expert editorial guidance as the
manuscript made its way through the publication process.
This book would not have been possible without the support of those
closest to me. Lesley Perry demonstrated infinite patience during the
hours I locked myself away to finish writing, distracted our cats when they
demanded more attention as I worked, and persuaded me to get outside
and enjoy life every once in a while. Finally, I wish to thank my parents,
Dan and Andrea Green, for their warmth, inspiration, and love. This
book is dedicated to them.
BLACK YANKS IN THE PACIFIC
 Introduction

Everyday Racial Politics

in a Military Empire

In the late 1940s, Lemo Houston, a native of Alabama stationed in

American-occupied Japan, began a sexual relationship with a woman
named Setsuko Takechi. Such dalliances were common among his fel¬
low black servicemen. However, unlike most of his peers, Houston then
began a lengthy courtship. Takechi’s family was appalled. Her father,
distraught in part over his daughter’s ongoing relationship with an Afri¬
can American, committed suicide. Takechi’s remaining family disowned
her. Nonetheless, Houston decided to seek rare military permission to
marry his partner, who because of her race was otherwise ineligible for
immigration and citizenship. Their homecoming, following months of
paperwork and background checks, proved inauspicious. While visiting
relatives in New York City, Houston was summoned to Washington,
D.C., to receive his next military assignment, leaving his wife and their
two daughters with his extended family. Houston returned to discover
that relatives had locked them in an attic. As one daughter later remem¬
bered, those responsible did not want their black neighbors “to think
they were harboring a ‘Jap.’
African American Curtis Morrow of Chicago enlisted in the army in
1950 at the age of seventeen, volunteering for combat duty in Korea during
 2 Introduction

his training. After being wounded and evacuated from frontline service,
Morrow was given a temporary assignment in Pusan, the primary port of
entry for Americans serving in the war. Following a visit to a Korean
prostitute, Morrow joined a black companion for drinks in a local bar. “I
never knew no Chinese before,” his friend remarked at one point. “Sure,
I used to see ’em around D.C. sometimes, but hell, I don’t even remember
ever speaking to any of’em before. As for Korea, man, I never even heard
of any Koreans before coming here.” Morrow thought for a moment,
took a sip from his glass, and replied, “The same thing goes for me. But
if I live to get out of here, every time I see one, I’ll be reminded of Korea.”
His memories, including a willingness to execute Korean and Chinese
prisoners of war, featured a number of brutal encounters with Asian sol¬
diers and civilians.2
Houston and Morrow were among the nearly two million black citizens
who served in the military in the decade after World War II. To place this
figure in perspective, the nation then contained fifteen million black men,
women, and children. By the late 1950s, African Americans comprised a
substantial portion of the approximately one million U.S. troops and
their dependents stationed at foreign military bases, more than 250 of
which were located in Asia and the Pacific.3 Armed service at the dawn
of the Cold War enabled tens of thousands of African Americans to in¬
teract daily with Asian peoples, Japanese and Koreans in particular—
encounters on a scale impossible prior to 1945.
As the experiences of Houston and Morrow indicate, however, tension
and conflict increasingly defined such interactions during the occupation
ofjapan (1945—1952), the Korean War (1950—1953), and beyond. How did
these strained relations influence and reflect black engagement with a
growing American military empire in East Asia? In the context of foreign
occupation and war, Afro-Asian conflict and African American identifi¬
cation with the state and its military power reinforced each other. Black
military service abroad encouraged African Americans to share many of
j the same racialized attitudes toward Asian peoples held by their white
counterparts, to think of themselves first and foremost as Americans (and
not as members of what some activists claimed was a global “colored”
community), and to identify with their government’s foreign policy ob¬
jectives in Asia (if not its every strategic decision). By the time the Supreme
Court declared de jure segregation unconstitutional in its landmark 1954
Brown v. Board of Education decision, African American investment in the
state’s overseas military expansion was largely secured. This book explores
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