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Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays 4
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Author(s): Unknown
ISBN(s): 9780787639310, 0787639311
Edition: Kindle
File Details: PDF, 17.41 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
 Junior
Worldmark
Encyclopedia of

World Holidays
 Junior
Worldmark
Encyclopedia of

World Holidays

VOLUME 4
New Year, Ramadan and
Id al-Fitr, Thanksgiving
and Harvest Festivals
Junior Worldmark
Encyclopedia
of World Holidays
Robert H. Griffin and Ann H. Shurgin

Staff
Kelle Sisung, Contributing Editor Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carol DeKane Nagel, U·X·L Managing Editor
Thomas L. Romig, U·X·L Publisher Junior worldmark encyclopedia of world holidays/
Meggin Condino, Senior Analyst, New Product edited by Robert Griffin.
Development p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Dean Dauphinais, Senior Editor, Imaging and Multimedia Summary: Alphabetically arranged entries pro-
Content vide descriptions of celebrations around the
Shalice Shah-Caldwell, Permissions Associate, Text and world of some thirty holidays and festivals,
Pictures including national and cultural holidays, such as
Independence Day and New Year’s Day, which are
Robert Duncan, Senior Imaging Specialist commemorated on different days for different
Randy A. Bassett, Image Database Supervisor reasons in a number of countries.
Barbara J. Yarrow, Graphic Services Manager ISBN 0-7876-3927-3 (set). — ISBN 0-7876-3928-1
Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Senior Art Director (vol. 1). — ISBN 0-7876-3929-X (vol. 2). — ISBN
Graphix Group, Typesetting 0-7876-3930-3 (vol. 3). — ISBN 0-7876-3931-1
(vol. 4).
Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer 1. Holidays—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 2. Festi-
Evi Seoud, Assistant Manager, Composition Purchasing vals—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. [1. Holidays—
and Electronic Prepress Encyclopedias. 2. Festivals—Encyclopedias. 3.
Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager Encyclopedias and dictionaries.] I. Griffin, Robert
H., 1951–
This publication is a creative work fully protected by
GT3933 .J86 2000
all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappro- 394.26’03—dc21
priation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other 00-023425
applicable laws. The author and editors of this work
have added value to the underlying factual material Front cover photographs (top to bottom): Krewe of Rex
herein through one or more of the following: unique float reproduced by permission of Archive Photos, Inc;
and original selection, coordination, expression, jack-o-lanterns, monk beating drum, and Fastnacht
arrangement, and classification of the information. All witches reproduced by permission of AP/Wide World
rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Photos, Inc. Back cover photograph: Chicago Chil-
Copyright © 2000 U·X·L, an imprint of The Gale Group dren’s Choir reproduced by permission of AP/Wide
World Photos, Inc.
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction
in whole or in part in any form.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents

Contents by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii United States (Christmas, Yule,

Noel, or Feast of the Nativity) . . . . . 116
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Venezuela (Navidad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
How the Modern Calendar Developed . . xiii

Calendar of World Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii
Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi

Volume 1: Volume 2:
Easter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Buddha’s Birthday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Colombia (Semana Santa) . . . . . . . . 153
Carnival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Greece (Pascha) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Brazil (Carnaval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Poland (Wielkanoc). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Germany (Karneval, Fastnacht,
Fasching, or Fasnet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Spain (Semana Santa) . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Italy (Carnevale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Ukraine (Velykden) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Trinidad and Tobago (Carnival) . . . . 50 Halloween and Festivals of the Dead . . . 195
United States China (Ching Ming Festival) . . . . . . 209
(Mardi Gras or Carnival) . . . . . . . . . . 57
Japan (Obon Festival) . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Christmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Mexico (El Día de los Muertos
Ethiopia (Genna or Gannā . . . . . . . . 90 or Day of the Dead) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Italy (Il Natale). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 United Kingdom (Halloween) . . . . . 226
Philippines (Pasko Ng Bata, United States (Halloween) . . . . . . . . 232
Christmas, or Navidad) . . . . . . . . . . 103
Sweden (Jul) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii

v
 Contents

Volume 3: Volume 4:
Hanukkah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 New Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 China (Lunar New Year or

Chinese New Year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
France (Bastille Day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
India (Diwali). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Ghana (Independence Day). . . . . . . 279
Iran (Nouruz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Israel (Yom Ha’atzmaut) . . . . . . . . . . 287
Israel (Rosh Hashanah). . . . . . . . . . . 379
Mexico (Independence Day or
Sixteenth of September) . . . . . . . . . . 299 Scotland (Hogmanay) . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
United States (Independence Day Ramadan and Id al-Fitr . . . . . . . . . . . 403
or Fourth of July). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Thanksgiving and Harvest Festivals . . . . 421
Kwanzaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Czech Republic and
Slovakia (Obzinky) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii India (Pongal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Nigeria (New Yam Festival) . . . . . . . 446
Swaziland (Incwala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
United States (Thanksgiving). . . . . . 458

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii

vi Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays

 Contents
by Countr y

Brazil Greece

Carnival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 26 Easter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2: 161

China India

Halloween and Festivals New Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 361

of the Dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2: 209 Thanksgiving and
New Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 347 Harvest Festivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 439
Iran
Colombia
New Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 371
Easter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2: 153
Israel
Czech Republic Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . 3: 287
Thanksgiving and New Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 379
Harvest Festivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 435
Italy
Ethiopia
Carnival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 42
Christmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 90
Christmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 95
France Japan
Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . 3: 268 Halloween and
Festivals of the Dead. . . . . . . . . . . 2: 214
Germany
Mexico
Carnival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 33
Halloween and
Ghana Festivals of the Dead. . . . . . . . . . . 2: 218
Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . 3: 279 Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . 3: 299

vii
 Contents by Country

Nigeria Trinidad

Thanksgiving and Carnival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 50

Harvest Festivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 446
Tobago
Philippines
Carnival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 50
Christmas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 103
Ukraine
Poland
Easter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2: 183
Easter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2: 168
United Kingdom
Scotland
Halloween and
New Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 391 Festivals of the Dead. . . . . . . . . . . 2: 226
Slovakia United States
Thanksgiving and Carnival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 57
Harvest Festivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 435
Christmas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 116
Spain
Halloween and
Easter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2: 175 Festivals of the Dead. . . . . . . . . . . 2: 232
Swaziland Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . 3: 310
Thanksgiving and Thanksgiving and
Harvest Festivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 452 Harvest Festivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: 458

Sweden Venezuela

Christmas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 109 Christmas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: 128

viii Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays

 Reader’s Guide

Ever wonder why children trick-or- focus on how the holiday is observed
treat on Halloween? How Christmas festivi- in that featured country.
ties in Italy differ from those in the United
States? What the colors of Kwanzaa repre- • History: Discusses the holiday’s devel-
sent? When will Ramadan come this year? opment, often from ancient origins
Who creates all those floats in the parades? through modern times. When a holi-
The answers to these and other questions day was established to commemorate a
about holiday traditions and lore can be historical event, such as a revolution or
found in Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of a nation’s declaration of indepen-
World Holidays. This four-volume set dence, a historical account of the event
explores when, where, why, and how peo- is given. When a holiday began with
ple from thirty countries around the world the rise of a religion, a discussion of
celebrate eleven different holidays. the growth of the religion follows.
Each holiday’s general history is pre-
Each chapter in Junior Worldmark sented in the overview, while its devel-
Encyclopedia of World Holidays opens with a opment in a particular country is the
general overview of the featured holiday. focus of the country history.
The chapter then provides details on one to
six countries that observe that holiday. • Folklore, Legends, Stories: Each holi-
Each overview and country profile is day has at least a few legends and sto-
arranged into the following rubrics, allow- ries, folklore and superstitions associat-
ing for quick scanning or comparisons ed with it. These are discussed here,
among the countries and holidays: along with literature commonly associ-
ated with the holiday. Traditional char-
• Introduction: Offers a brief descrip- acters or historical tales can be found,
tion and useful background informa- as well as a brief synopsis of a well-
tion on the holiday. The introduction known story or an excerpt from a
in the overview discusses the holiday poem. Religious holidays include
in general; the country introductions excerpts or synopses of the scriptural

ix
 Reader’s Guide

account on which they are based. For iday meals shared by people within a
some holidays, sidebars listing popular culture. It covers the foods themselves
stories and poems are included. as well as table settings, mealtime cere-
monies, and the significance of eating
• Customs, Traditions, Ceremonies:
certain foods on special days. For some
This section delves into the actual cele-
holidays, picnic or festival foods are
bration of the holiday, from prepara-
also mentioned. For most countries, a
tion for its arrival through ceremonies
favorite holiday recipe is featured.
to bid it farewell for another year.
Some of the ceremonies and traditions • Arts, Crafts, Games: Described here are
are religious, others are secular. Some famous works of art associated with spe-
are based on beliefs and superstitions cific holidays, as well as crafts created
so old that no one knows their origin, by different peoples in connection with
while others center around the reen- the holiday, such as intricate Nativity
actment of historical or religious scenes made by Italian woodcarvers and
events. Some are carried out on a grand special pictures created by Chinese
scale, while others involve a quiet fam- artists to bring good luck in the New
ily ceremony. Learn how a European Year. Holiday decorations and tradition-
family celebrates a particular holiday al games are also discussed here. Includ-
while someone in Africa or Asia cele- ed for some holidays are crafts projects
brates it in a very different—or some- that, in addition to bringing added
times very similar—way. enjoyment by making one’s own deco-
rations, will help foster an appreciation
• Clothing, Costumes: Some holidays,
of the art of other cultures.
such as Halloween and Carnival, have
costumes at the heart of the celebra- • Symbols: Included in the holiday
tion. For others, such as Independence overviews are discussions of the symbols
Days, simply wearing the national col- associated with the holiday and its cele-
ors is enough. In many cultures, peo- bration. A description of each symbol is
ple don traditional folk costumes for given, along with its origin, meaning,
particular holidays, while others just and significance to the holiday.
dress in their “Sunday best.” Whether
• Music, Dance: Whether performing
it is a pair of sneakers or a six-foot
classical compositions or folk dancing
feather plume, clothing and costumes
in a courtyard, people all over the
play an important role in the tradi-
world love to make music and dance
tions. This section will explain how
during their holidays. This rubric focus-
people dress for the holiday and why.
es on the music and dance that helps
• Foods, Recipes: What does Christmas make up holiday celebrations. Some
dinner mean to an Italian family? musical performances can be fiercely
What do Chinese youngsters snack on competitive, like the steel band con-
at New Year festivals? What is the main tests held during Carnival in Trinidad.
“Thanksgiving dinner” dish in Swazi- Others are solemn and deeply moving,
land? This rubric details the special hol- like a performance of Handel’s Messiah

x Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays

 Reader’s Guide

in a cathedral at Easter. Here learn developed, a calendar list of world holidays,

about folk instruments, the origins of and a words to know section. Concluding
songs and dances, and famous com- each volume is a cumulative subject index
posers or musicians from many cul- providing easy access to the holidays, coun-
tures. Excerpts from songs associated tries, traditions, and topics discussed
with the holiday are also given. throughout Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of
World Holidays.
• Special Role of Children, Young
Adults: Children and young adults
often have a special role to play in holi-
day celebrations. While children may Advisory Board
simply participate in family activities Special thanks to the Junior World-
during a holiday in some countries, in mark Encyclopedia of World Holidays advisors
others children have distinct roles in for their invaluable comments and sugges-
parades, plays and performances, or cus- tions:
toms. Here students can learn how chil- • Mary Alice Anderson, Media Specialist,
dren their own age celebrate holidays in Winona Middle School, Winona, Min-
nations thousands of miles away. nesota.
• For More Information and Sources: • Ginny Ayers, Department Chair, Media
Print and electronic sources for further Technology Services, Evanston Town-
study are found at the end of each hol- ship High School, Evanston, Illinois.
iday overview and again at the end of
each country essay. Those following • Jonathan Betz-Zall, Children’s Librari-
the overview are general sources for an, Sno-Isle Regional Library System,
the holiday, whereas the others pertain Edmonds, Washington.
to a particular nation. Books listed • Peter Butts, Media Specialist, East Mid-
should be able to be found in a library, dle School, Holland, Michigan.
and electronic sources are accessible on
the World Wide Web.
Additionally, each chapter contains Comments and Suggestions
a Holiday Fact Box highlighting the themes We welcome your comments on
of the specific holiday, while sprinkled this work as well as your suggestions for
throughout the set are boxes featuring holidays to be featured in future editions of
recipes, activities, and more fascinating Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holi-
facts. One hundred twenty-five photos help days. Please write: Editors, Junior Worldmark
bring the festivities to life. Beginning each Encyclopedia of World Holidays, U•X•L,
volume is a table of contents for the entire 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills, MI
set listing the holidays and countries fea- 48331–3535; call toll-free: 1–800–877–4253;
tured, a table of contents by country, an fax: 248–414–5043; or send e-mail via www.
explanation of how the modern calendar galegroup.com.

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays xi

 How the
Modern
Calendar
Developed

The Egyptian Calendar Sirius, the “Dog Star.” This event was signifi-
The earliest known calendar, that of cant for the Egyptians, for it occurred at
the Egyptians, was lunar based, or calculat- nearly the same time the Nile River flooded
ed by the cycles of the Moon. One cycle is a each year, the key to their agricultural pros-
lunar month, about 29.5 days in length, the perity. The new Egyptian solar calendar also
time it takes the Moon to revolve once retained the division of days into months,
around the Earth. Although the calculations although they were no longer based on
are fairly simple, reliance upon lunar lunar cycles. The Egyptian year in the
months eventually leads to a problem: a reformed calendar contained 12 months of
lunar year, based upon 12 lunar cycles, is 30 days, with 5 days added throughout the
only 354 days. This is 11 days shorter than year, bringing the total number of days to
the solar year, the time it takes Earth to 365. It was only a fraction of a day different
revolve once around the Sun. In any agri- from the length of the solar year as deter-
cultural society, such as that of ancient mined by modern scientific means.
Egypt, the solar-based seasons of the year
are vitally important: they are the most reli-
able guide for knowing when to plow,
The Sumerian Calendar
plant, harvest, or store agricultural produce.
Like the early Egyptian calendar, the
Obviously, the discrepancy between the
ancient Sumerian calendar, developed
lunar and solar year had to be addressed.
around the twenty–seventh century B.C.,
The Egyptian solution was to rely was lunar. To the Sumerians, however, the
on a solar calendar to govern civil affairs Moon’s cycles were apparently more signifi-
and agriculture; this was put in place cant, for they retained lunar months and a
around the third millennium B.C. This cal- 354–day year. They made alignments with
endar observed the same new year’s day as the seasons by adding extra days outside the
the older lunar one, which for the Egyptians regular calendar. (This process of adding
was the day, about July 3, of the appearance extra days as necessary to reconcile the
on the horizon just before sunrise of the star lunar with the solar year is called intercala-

xiii
 How the Modern Calendar Developed

tion.) The calendar of the sacred city of Nip- does exist, however; thus, the observance of
pur, which became the Sumerian standard a Sabbath may well have existed before the
in the eighteenth century B.C., assigned Babylonian captivity. In any event, it is clear
names to the months, with the intercalary that the tradition of the seven-day week, as
month designated by royal decree. well as the retention of the concept of
months, has much to do with the Western
inheritance of Jewish calendar practices. (See
also The Hebrew Calendar, below.)
The Seven–day Week
The ancient Babylonians, a Sumer- The seven-day week as we know it
ian people with a highly developed astrono- today was carried into Christian use in the
my, are thought to be the first people to first century A.D. and was officially adopted
observe a seven-day week. The concept was by the Roman emperor Constantine in the
probably based upon the periods between fourth century. Interestingly, the English
the distinct phases of the moon, which names for the days still reflect their origin in
roughly correspond to seven days. The Baby- the names of the seven principal heavenly
lonians also regarded the number seven as bodies of the ancient Babylonian astronomy:
sacred, probably because they knew of seven • Sunday: Old English Sunnan daeg, a
principal heavenly bodies—Sun, Moon, translation of Latin dies solis, “day of
Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn— the sun.”
and saw supernatural significance in their
seemingly wild movements against a back- • Monday: Old English Monan daeg, a
drop of fixed stars. The days of the week translation of Latin lunae dies, “day of
were named for these principal heavenly the moon”; compare with the French
bodies, one assigned to each day according lundi.
to which governed the first hour of that day. • Tuesday: Old English Tiwes daeg, “day
In addition to their lunar calendar, of Tiw,” an adaptation of Latin dies
the Babylonians also devised a solar calen- Martis, “day of Mars” (the god Tiw
dar based upon the points at which the Sun being identified with the Roman
rises in relation to the constellations. This Mars); compare with the French Mardi.
calendar is the basis for the zodiac system, • Wednesday: Old English Wodnes daeg,
the key to astrology. “Woden’s Day,” an adaptation of Latin
Mercurii dies, “day of Mercury” (the god
From the Babylonians, the ancient
Woden being identified with the
Hebrews are believed to have adopted the
Roman Mercury); compare with the
practices of intercalation and observance of
French mercredi.
a seven-day week, probably during the time
of Jewish captivity in Babylon beginning in • Thursday: Old English Thunres daeg,
586 B.C. Babylonian influence may also have “Thunor’s day” or “Thor’s day,” an
played a role in their observing every sev- adaptation of the Latin dies Jovis, “day
enth day as special—the Jewish concept of of Jove” (the god Thor being identified
Sabbath. Evidence for an earlier Jewish cal- with the Roman Jove); compare with
endar (from at least the twelfth century B.C.) the French jeudi.

xiv Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays

 How the Modern Calendar Developed

• Friday: Old English Frize daeg, “Freya’s Names of the Months

Day,” an adaptation of the Latin dies in the Babylonian and Jewish
Veneris, “day of Venus” (the goddess Calendar Systems
Freya being identified with the Roman
Babylonian Jewish Equivalent
Venus); compare with the French ven-
dredi. Nisanu Nisan March/April
Aiaru Iyar April/May
• Saturday: Old English Saetern(es) daeg, Simanu Sivan May/June
derived from the Latin Saturni Dies, Du’uzu Tammuz June/July
“day of Saturn.” Abu Ab July/August
Ululu Elul August/September
Tashritu Tishri September/October
Arahsamnu Heshvan October/November
The Hebrew Calendar
Kislimu Kislev November/December
Little is known of the Hebrew cal-
Tebetu Tebet December/January
endar prior to the Exodus from Egypt (c.
1250 B . C .) except that it appears to have Shabatu Shebat January/February
contained four single and four double Adaru I Adar February/March
months called yereah. The early Hebrews Adaru II Veadar (intercalary)
apparently did not study the heavens and
timekeeping as did their Sumerian and Thus, the year in the Jewish (and
Egyptian neighbors. In fact, it was only Babylonian) calendar consists of 12 lunar
after the period of Babylonian exile months, with the addition of the intercalary
(586–516 B.C.) that a more fully developed month as necessary to synchronize with the
method of timekeeping was adopted to solar year. The months contain alternately
modify the ancient practices. After their 29 or 30 days; the beginning of each is
return from captivity, the Hebrews marked by the appearance of the new moon.
employed a calendar very similar to that
The Hebrew week ends with the
of the Babylonians, intercalating (adding
observation of the Sabbath, lasting from
as necessary) months into the lunar calen-
sunset Friday to sunset Saturday, a day to
dar so it would correspond with the solar
rest and pay homage to God. The use of
year. Unlike the Babylonians, who marked
weeks and observation of a day of rest are
the beginning of the new year in the
primarily contributions from Jewish tradi-
spring, the Hebrews retained the custom
tion to our present–day calendar. (See also
of recognizing the new year in the
The Seven–day Week, above.)
autumn, the time of their principal reli-
gious festivals of Rosh Hashanah (New The Jewish Era, designated A.M. (for
Year), Yom Kippur, the Sukkoth, all falling Latin anno mundi, “year of the world”),
in the month of Tishri (September/Octo- begins with the supposed date of Creation,
ber). Still, similarities between the Jewish which tradition sets at 3761 B.C. After more
and Babylonian calendars are clear from a than two thousand years, devout Jews still
comparison of the names used in each observe essentially the same calendar for
system for the months: religious purposes, although they follow

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays xv

 How the Modern Calendar Developed

other calendars for their business and social a series. They did, however, establish three
lives. With its roots based in scripture, the fixed points from which other days could
Hebrew calendar has remained a primary be reckoned. These three designations were:
binding force of tradition and continuity 1) Kalends, the first day of the month
throughout the long and varied history of (ancestor of English calendar); 2) Nones, the
the Jewish people. ninth day; and 3) Ides, originally the day of
the full moon of the lunar month. In
months of 31 days (March, May, July, Octo-
ber) the Nones were the seventh day and
The Early Roman Calendar
the Ides the fifteenth, while in the shorter
Ancient Rome played a significant
months the Nones fell on the fifth and the
role in the development of our modern
Ides on the thirteenth day.
method of reckoning time. The earliest
known Roman calendar, created according The Romans also recognized a mar-
to legend by the city’s founder, Romulus, in ket day, called nundinae, which occurred
the eighth century B.C., had 10 months every eighth day. This established a cycle
totaling 304 days: 6 months of 30 days and for agriculture in which the farmer worked
4 months of 31 days. The new year began in for seven days in his field and brought his
March, the time when agricultural activities produce to the city on the eighth for sale.
were revived and new military campaigns
were initiated, and ended with December,
which was followed by a winter gap that The Julian Calendar
was used for intercalation. The Etruscan It was not until the mid-first centu-
king Numa Pompilius (reigned 715–673 ry B.C., by which time the reformed lunar
B.C.) reformed Romulus’s primitive calendar, calendar had shifted eight weeks out of
instituting a lunar year of 12 months. The phase with the seasons, that emperor Julius
two new months, following December, were Caesar determined that a long-term and sci-
named Januarius and Februarius, and were entific reform of the calendar must take
respectively assigned 29 and 28 days. place. He enlisted the aid of the Alexandri-
While this reform was a clear an astronomer Sosigenes to devise the new
improvement, it was set aside in Rome during calendar. The solar year was reckoned quite
a time of political unrest that began about accurately at 365.25, and the calendar pro-
510 B.C. Still, its advantages were remem- vided for years of 365 days with an addi-
bered, and in 153 B.C. Numa Pompilius’s cal- tional day in February every fourth year. In
endar was again adopted. At the same time 46 B.C. a total of 90 days were intercalated
the beginning of the Roman civil year was into the year, bringing the calendar back
changed to January 1, which became the day into phase with the seasons. As a result,
that newly elected consuls assumed office. what would have been March 1, 45 B.C.
was, in the new system, referred to as Janu-
ary 1, 45 B.C. Thus 46 B.C. was a long year,
Days of the Roman Month containing 445 days, and was referred to by
The Romans did not have a method Romans as ultimus annus confusionis, “the
for numbering the days of their months in last year of the muddled reckoning.”

xvi Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays

 How the Modern Calendar Developed

In 10 B.C. it was found that the occurring in the “wrong” season, which
priests in charge of administering the new bewildered church officials. Moreover, cer-
Roman calendar had wrongly intercalated tain fixed holy days were also used to deter-
the extra day every third year rather than mine when to plant and harvest crops.
every fourth. In order to rectify the situa-
Pope Gregory’s reform, presented in
tion, the emperor Augustus declared that
the papal bull of February 24, 1582, consist-
no 366–day years should be observed for
ed of deleting ten days from the year (the
the next 12 years, and made certain that
day following October 5 was designated as
future intercalation would be properly con-
October 15) and declaring that three out of
ducted. With this minor adjustment, the
every four “century” years (1700, 1800, etc.)
Julian calendar was fully in place, so to
would not be leap years; if a century year,
remain for the next 1,626 years.
such as 1600, were divisible by 400, it would
be a leap year. These modifications estab-
lished the form of our present calendar.
In spite of its superior accuracy, the
The Gregorian Calendar
Gregorian calendar met with resistance in
Since the Julian calendar year of
various parts of the world, and was not
365.25 days (averaging in the leap-year
used until the eighteenth century in Protes-
day) was slightly longer than the actual
tant Europe and the American colonies,
length of a solar year, 365.242199 days,
and even later still in areas under strong
over time even this system proved wanting,
Byzantine influence.
growing out of phase by about three or four
days every four centuries. By the time of Although the Gregorian calendar
Pope Gregory XIII in the late sixteenth cen- measures out a year that is slightly longer
tury, the difference between the calendar than the solar year (differing by about 25
and the seasons had grown to ten days; the seconds a year, or 3 days in every 10,000
vernal equinox of 1582 occurred on March years) its general workability and accuracy
11. Left without change, the Julian calen- have led to its use worldwide for nearly all
dar would have resulted in fixed holy days nonreligious purposes.

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays xvii

 Calendar
of Selected
Holidays

January Month of Magha (January–February)

Khumbha Mela (Urn Festival; India)
January 1
New Year’s Day Month of Tagu, Days 1–4
January 2 Thingyan (Buddhist water-sprinkling
Second New Year (South Africa) festival)
January 5–6
Fifteenth Day, Shevat (January–February)
Día de los Tres Reyes (Day of the Three
Tu Bi-Shevat (Feast of the Trees; Israel)
Kings; Christian)
Epiphany Eve and Epiphany/Twelfth Moon 1, Day 1
Night (Christian celebration at the Losar (Tibetan New Year)
end of the twelve days of Christmas)
January 6 or 7 Moon 1, Days 1–15

Old Christmas Chinese New Year

January 7 Moon 1, Day 7

Gannā (Ethiopian Christmas) Nanakusa (Festival of the Seven
January 12 Grasses; Japan)
Old New Year’s Day (Wales)
Moon 1, Day 15
January 15
Dal-jip-tae-u-gee (Burning of the Moon
Seijin-No-Hi (Adult’s Day; Japan) House Festival; North and South
January 19 and 20 Korea)
Timqat (Ethiopian Epiphany)
Moon 1, Day 19
January 22
Rats’ Wedding Day (China)
Midwife’s Day (Greece)
January 25 January–February
Burns Night (Scottish folk festival) Pongol/Sankranti (Hindu rice festival)

xix
 Calendar of Selected Holidays

February 14
St. Valentine’s Day (Christian feast day
that became a celebration of love)
Circa February 15–17
Kamakura Matsuri (Igloo Festival;
Japan)
February 22
Boys’ Day (Russia)
February 28
Feast of the Spring (Algeria)
February 29
Leap Year Day
Moon 2, Day 1 (February–March)
Wind Festival (North and South Korea)
February (full moon)
Maka Buja (Buddhist Feast of the
Sheep)
February–March (full moon)
Dol Purnima (Hindu celebration of
Lord Krishna)
Phalguna (February–March)
A Carnival reveler.
Reproduced by permission of AP/Wide World Photos. Sivaratri (Hindu celebration of Lord
Siva)
February Day 10 of Dhu’l-hija (February–March)
Circa February Id Al-Kabir (Muslim Great Feast)
Tsagan Sara (Mongolian New Year) Moveable: Fourteenth Day of Adar
Moon 1, First Two Weeks (circa February) (February–March)
Mon Lam Chen Mo (Buddhist prayer Purim (Commemoration of Queen
festival) Esther’s rescuing Jews from a
February massacre)
Winterlude (Canadian midwinter Moveable: February–March
festival) Carnival/Mardi Gras (Christian period
Circa February 1–3 of celebration before Lent)
Setsubun (Japanese last-day-of-winter Ash Wednesday (First day of Lent)
festival) Moveable: February–April
February 5 Lent (Christian period of fasting before
Igbi (Russian midwinter festival) Easter)

xx Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays

 Calendar of Selected Holidays

March
First Two Weeks in March
Festival of the Water of Youth (Japan)
March 3
Hina Matsuri (Girls’ Day; Japan)
Circa March 5
Feast of Excited Insects (China and
North and South Korea)
March 6
Independence Day (Ghana)
March 8
Women’s Day (Russia)
Circa mid-March, 11⁄2 moons after Dosmoche
Storlog (Tibetan spring festival)
March 17
St. Patrick’s Day (Celebration of the
patron saint of Ireland)
Circa March 20
Ibū Afo Festival (Nigerian year-end
festival)
Circa March 21
Vernal Equinox An Armenian Easter tradition.
Circa March 21 and Thirteen Days Reproduced by permission of AP/Wide World Photos.
Thereafter
Nouruz (Persian New Year) March–April (full moon)
Moveable: Fourth Sunday in Lent Panguni Uttiram (Hindu celebration of
(March–April) celestial marriages)
Mothering Sunday (Britain)
Moveable: March 22–April 25
March–April
Easter and Holy Week (Christian Gājan of Siva (Hindu celebration of
commemoration of Jesus’ God Siva)
crucifixion and resurrection)
Hanuman Jayanti (Birthday of the
Day 28 after Easter Monkey God; Hindu)
Ropotine (Women’s Day; Romania) Mahavira Jayanti (Celebration of the
Moon 3, Day 5 birth of Lord Vardhamana
Thanh-Minh (Pure and Bright; Mahavira, founder of the Jain
Vietnamese day of remembrance) religion)

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Holidays xxi

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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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