1

Department of Zoology
North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong

B. Sc. Zoology (Honours)

Proposed Syllabus
(Under Semester System)
2013

Year Semester Title Marks Paper Paper-wise

Marks
First 1st Semester Systematics, Animal 100 Paper 1 (Theory) 75
Year Diversity and Paper 2 (Practical) 25
Evolution
2nd Semester Cell Biology and 100 Paper 3 (Theory) 75
Genetics Paper 4 (Practical) 25
Second 3rd Semester Animal Physiology, 100 Paper 5 (Theory) 75
Year Endocrinology and Paper 6 (Practical) 25
Biochemistry
4th Semester Developmental 100 Paper 7 (Theory) 75
Biology, Ecology Paper 8 (Practical) 25
and Economic
Zoology
Third 5th Semester Functional Anatomy, 100 Paper 9 (Theory) 75
Year Zoogeography and Paper 10 (Practical) 25
Adaptations
Paper 11 (Theory) 75
Cell and Molecular 100 Paper 12 (Practical) 25
Biology, and
Genetics

6th Semester Biochemistry, 100 Paper 13 (Theory) 75

Animal Physiology Paper 14 (Practical) 25
and Endocrinology

Developmental 100 Paper 15 (Theory) 75

Biology, Paper 16 (Practical) 25
Environmental
Biology and
Biotechnology
Total Marks 800 800
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Paper 1
Systematics, Animal Diversity and Evolution (Theory)
Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours

Unit-I: Systematics: Definition; Taxonomic hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature;

Six-kingdom classification (Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia and
Chromista); Classification, salient characteristics and examples of Non-
chordates (Kingdom Protozoa up to phyla, other major phyla up to classes)
and Chordates (up to classes); Introduction to minor phyla.

Unit-2: Protozoa: Paramecium - Morphology and reproduction; Life cycle and

pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium vivax.
Porifera: Sycon - Skeletal and canal systems.
Coelenterata: Obelia - Morphology and reproduction.
Helminthes: Ascaris lumbricoides - Morphology, life cycle and pathogenicity.

Unit -3: Annelida: Leech – Morphology; digestive and urinogenital systems.

Arthropoda: Cockroach – Morphology; Digestive, respiratory, excretory and
reproductive systems.
Mollusca: Pila – Morphology; digestive, respiratory and nervous systems.
Echinodermata: Asterias - Morphology and water vascular system.

Unit – 4: Hemichordata: Salient features of Balanoglossus.

Protochordata: Salient features of Amphioxus.
Petromyzon – Morphology, Respiratory and reproductive systems.
Pisces: Labeo - Morphology, digestive and respiratory systems.
Rabbit - Type study (morphology; digestive, respiratory, circulatory,
urinogenital and nervous systems).

Unit – 5: Origin of life; Theories of evolution: Lamarckism, Darwinism and Synthetic

theory; Evidences of evolution - anatomical, embryological and
paleontological; Geological time scale; Introduction to Evolution of man.

Suggested Readings:
1. Ghosh, K. C. and Manna, B. (2004). Fundamentals of Zoology. New Central Book
Agency. Kolkata.
2. Hall, B.K. and Hallgrimsson, B. (2008), Strickberger’s Evolution, 4th Edition. Jones and
Bartlett Publishers.
3. Jordan, E. L. and Verma, P. S. (1993). Chordate Zoology. S. Chand Company Ltd.
4. Jordan, E. L. and Verma, P. S. (19920. Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand Company Ltd.
5. Kotpal, R. L. (2012). Modern Textbook of Zoology: Invertebrates. R. K. Rastogi
Publications.
6. Kotpal, R. L. (2012). Modern Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. R. K. Rastogi
Publications.
7. Mayer, E. (1980). Principles of Systematic Zoology. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc.
8. Mayr, E. and Ashlock (1991), Principles of Systematic Zoology, 2nd Edition. McGraw
Hill and Company.
9. Minnelli, A. (1993). Biological Systematics. Chapman & Hall.
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10. Pough, F.H., Janis, C.M. and Heiser, J. B. (2012). Vertebrate Life, 9th Edition. Pearson
Benjamin Cummings.
11. Raven, P. H. (2005). Biology. McGraw Hill Education Ltd.
12. Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V. and Jackson,
R.V. (2011). Campbell Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
13. Ruppert, E. E., Fox, R. S. and Barnes, R. D. (2006). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional
Evolutionary Approach, 7th Edition. Cengage Learning India.
14. Sadava, D., Hillis, D. M., Heller, H. C. and Berenbaum, M.R. (2011). Life: The Science
of Biology, 9th Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers.
15. Sinha, A.K., Adhikari, S. and Ganguly, B. B. (2012). Biology of Animals, Vol. I & II.
New Central Book Agency. Kolkata.
16. Sinha, A.K., Adhikari, S. and Ganguly, B. B. (2012). Fundamentals of Biology, New
Central Book Agency, Kolkata.
17. Young, J. Z. (2004). Life of Vertebrates, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press.

Paper 2 (Practical)

Systematics, Animal Diversity and Evolution

Marks: 25
Time: 4 Hours
A. Dissections:
1. Nervous system of cockroach.
2. Reproductive system of cockroach.
3. Digestive system of Channa/ Labeo/common carp.
4. Afferent brancial system of Channa/ Labeo/common carp.
5. Demonstration of dissections of arterial, digestive and urinogenital systems of albino
rat/albino mouse/chicken.

B. Mounting:
1. General protocol for preparation of permanent microscopic slides: Basic concepts of
fixation, staining, dehydration, clearing and mounting.
2. Permanent stained preparations of the following:
i) Paramaecium/Euglena (whole mount)
ii) Obelia Colony
iii) Parapodium of Nereis
iv) Gemmules of sponge (whole mount)
v) Blood film of a vertebrate (single stain)
C. Osteology - Mammalia:
1. Vertebrae
2. Limb bones and girdles
3. Skull
D. Study of Prepared Slides:
1. T/S of Earthworm through typhlosolar region
2. T/S of male and female Ascaris
3. T/S of Amphioxus through branchial region
4. T/S of stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, lung, kidney and gonads of a vertebrate.
E. Study of Museum Specimens:
1. Representatives from Non-chordates and Chordates.
2. Study of fossils.
3. Evidences of evolution through chart and models.
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Distribution of Marks
1. Dissection 6
2. Mounting 3
3. Spotting
a) Museum specimens 6
b) Osteology 3
c) Prepared slides 3
4. Laboratory Record 4

Total 25

Paper 3
Cell Biology and Genetics (Theory)

Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours

Unit-1: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Ultrastructure and function of plasma

membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes,
centrioles and lysosomes. Cytoskeleton: Introduction to microtubules and
microfilaments.

Unit-2: Nuclear envelope and nucleolus. Chromatin: Chemical composition and

organization of Euchromatin and heterochromatin; Chromosome:
Morphology, primary constriction, secondary constriction, and satellite bodies;
Classificaton on the basis of position of centromere; Polytene and lampbrush
chromosomes.

Unit -3: Cell cycle: Phases and regulation; Mitosis, meiosis, synaptonemal complex.
Cancer: Characteristics of cancer cells, classification according to tissue types;
Common carcinogens. Immunity: innate and acquired; Active and passive
immunity; cells and organs of immune system.

Unit-4: Mendel’s experiments and principles of inheritance; Concept of genotype,

phenotype, dominance, recessiveness, co-dominance and incomplete
dominance; Back cross and Test cross. Chromosomal theory of inheritance;
Multiple alleles (ABO blood groups in man); Gene interactions:
Complementary, supplementary, inhibitory and duplicate types; Pleiotropic
genes and lethal genes (Tay Sachs disease and sickle cell anemia).

Unit - 5: Linkage and crossing over. Sex determination: Chromosomal and genic
balance theories, environmental factors. Chromosomal aberrations: Structural
(deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation) and numerical (euploidy
and aneuploidy).

Suggested Readings:

1. Albert, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J. D. (2007).
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th Edition. Garland Publishing, London.
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2. Bruce, A., Dennis, B., Karen, H., Alexander, J., Julian, L., Martin, R., Keith, R. and
Peter W. (2009). Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition. Garland Publishing, London.
3. De Robertis, E. D. P. and De Robertis, L. M. F. (1987). Cell and Molecular Biology,
8th Edition. Lea and Febiger International Edition.
4. Gardener, E. J., Simmons, M. J. and Snustad, D. P. (2005). Principles of Genetics, 8th
Edition. John Wiley and Sons.
5. Hardin, J., Bertoni, G. P. and Kleinsmith, L. J. (2012). Becker's World of the Cell. 8th
Edition. Pearson, Benjamin Cummings.
6. Karp, G. (2010). Cell Biology, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7. Klug, Cummings, Spencer and Palladino (2012). Concepts of Genetics, 10th Edition.
Benjamin Cummings.
8. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H., Amon, A.
and Scott. M. P. ( 2012). Molecular Cell Biology, 7th Edition. W.H. Freeman.
9. Pierce, B. (2012.). Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 4th Edition. W.H. Freeman.
10. Strickberger, M. W. (2006). Genetics, 3rd Edition. Macmillan Publishing Company.

Paper 4 (Practical)
Cell Biology and Genetics
Marks: 25
Time: 4 Hours

1. Study of cell organelles from slides/models/charts.

2. Preparation and study of different stages of mitosis in onion root tip.
3. Preparation (demonstration only) and study of different stages of meiosis from
grasshopper testis using permanent slides.
4. Study of chromosome types from slides/photographs.
5. Preparation and study of polytene chromosomes from Chironomus larva.
6. Study of phenotypic variations in a natural population (at least 3 characters).
7. Determination and study of multiple alleles (ABO blood groups) and Rh factor.

Distribution of Marks

1. Cell Biology 7
2. Genetics 7
3. Spotting 3
4. Viva Voce 5
5. Laboratory Record 3
Total 25
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Paper 5
Animal Physiology, Endocrinology and Biochemistry (Theory)
Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours
Unit-1: Physiology of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids;
Vitamins: Types, sources and their significance. Respiration: Breathing and
gaseous exchange in vertebrate lung. Composition and functions of blood;
Types of heart in vertebrates; Structure of mammalian heart.
Unit-2: Structure of mammalian kidney and nephron; Physiology of urine formation.
Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle; Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction.
Ultrastructure of neuron; Nerve impulse conduction and synaptic transmission;
Reflex action.
Unit-3: Structure and functions of major endocrine glands: Hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, testis and ovary. Introduction to
neuroendocrine system in insects.
Unit-4: Classification and significance of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Amino
acids: Essential and non-essential. Glycolysis and TCA cycle; β-Oxidation of
fatty acids.
Unit-5: Enzymes: Properties, classification and nomenclature; Active site and
mechanism of enzyme action; Factors affecting enzyme activity; Co-factors
and co-enzymes. Nucleic acids: Nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides;
Double helical structure of DNA and structure of RNA.

Suggested Readings:

1. Berg, J., Tymoczko, J., and Stryer, L. (2012). Biochemistry, 7th Edition, W. H. Freeman.
2. Campbell, M. K. and Farrell, S. O. (2010). Introduction to Biochemistry. Cengage
Learning India.
3. Hadley, M. E. & Levine (2007). Endocrinology, 6th Edition. Pearson, Benjamin
Cummings.
4. Hall, J. E., (2011). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition (Indian
print). Saunders, Elsevier Inc.
5. Hill, R. W., Wyse, G. A. and Anderson, M. (2012). Animal Physiology, 3rd Edition,
Sinauer Associates Inc.
6. Melmed, S., Polonsky, K. S., Larsen, P. R., and Kronenberg, H. M., (2011). William’s
Textbook of Endocrinology, 12th Edition. Saunders.
7. Murray, R. K. et al., (2011). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 29th Edition. McGraw
Hill, Lange Publication.
8. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. (2012). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 6th Edition, W.
H. Freeman.
9. Norman, A. W. and Litwack, G. (1997). Hormones, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, Elsevier
Inc.
10. Norris, D. O. (2007). Vertebrate endocrinology. 6th Edition. Academic Press, Elsevier Inc.
11. Prosser, C. L. (1991). Comparative Animal Physiology. W. B. Saunders & Company.
12. Randall, D. and Burggren, W. (2001). Eckert Animal Physiology, 5th Edition. W.H.
Freeman.
13. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (2002). Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment.
Cambridge University Press.
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14. Sherwood, L., Klandorf, H., and Yanchey, P. (2010). Textbook of Animal Physiology.
Cengage Learning.

Paper 6 (Practical)
Animal Physiology, Endocrinology and Biochemistry
Marks: 25
Time: 4 Hours

1. Preparation of haemin crystals from human blood.

2. Determination of clotting time of human blood.
3. Oxygen consumption in fish with reference to body weight.
4. Study of histology of endocrine glands from permanent slides (pituitary, thyroid,
thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testis and ovary).
5. Detection of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (at least 3 tests each).
6. Estimation of ascorbic acid by titration method.

Distribution of Marks

1. Physiology 7
2. Biochemistry 7
3. Spotting 3
4. Viva Voce 5
5. Laboratory Record 3
Total 25

Paper 7
Developmental Biology, Ecology and Economic Zoology (Theory)

Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours

Unit-1: Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis; Fertilization; Partheno-

genesis. Types of eggs; Cleavage and types of cleavage; Process of
blastulation, fate map and Gastrulation in frog up to the formation of three
germinal layers; Metamorphosis in insects and frog.

Unit- 2: Ecology: Concepts, subdivisions, scope and importance; Levels of

organization in the biosphere. Structure of ecosystem - Ecological factors
(biotic and abiotic); Trophic structure: Food chains, food webs and energy
flow; Trophic relationships – ecological pyramids. Productivity.

Unit 3: Ecological niche. Population: Growth and regulation. Concepts of biotic

community. Inter and intraspecific interactions. Resources (renewable and
non-renewable) and their management. Environmental pollution (air, water
and soil).

Unit 4: Pisciculture: Culturable fish species of India; Culture and management of fish
with reference to composite fish culture; Induced breeding.
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Sericulture: Different species of silk moth; Life history of Bombyx mori and
methods of culture; Product of sericulture and its economic importance.

Unit 5: Apiculture: Species of honey bees; Life history and social organization;
Methods of bee keeping, economic importance.
Integrated pest management (physical, chemical, hormonal and biological).

Suggested Readings:

1. Ayyar, T. V. R. (1984). Handbook of Economic Entomology. International Books and

Periodical Supply Service.
2. Balinsky, B. I. (1981). An Introduction to Embryology, 5th Edition. Saunders College
Publishing, Holt-Saunders.
3. Beeby, A. and Brennan, M. A. (2008), First Ecology - Ecological Principles and
Environmental Issues, 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press, India.
4. Cain, M. L., Bowman, W. D. and Hacker, S. D. (2011). Ecology, 2nd Edition. Sinauer
Associates, Inc. Publishers.
5. Carlson, B. M. (2006). Foundations of Embryology. McGraw Hill Education (India)
Ltd.
6. Gilbert, S. F. (2010). Developmental Biology, 9th Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Publishers
7. Gupta,S. K. and Gupta, P. C. (2003). General and applied Ichthyology (Fish &
Fisheries). S. Chand & Co.
8. Kalthoff, K. (2000). Analysis of Biological Development, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill
Professional.
9. Kendeigh, F. C. (1984). Ecology with Special Reference to Animal and Man.Prentice
Hall Inc.
10. Kormondy, E. J. (1996). Concepts of Ecolog, 4th Edition. Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd.
11. Little, V. A. (1972). General and Applied Entomology, 3rd Edition. Oxford and I.
B. H. Publishing Co.
12. Odum, E. P. & Barrett, G. W. (2006). Fundamentals of Ecology. 5th Edition. Cengage
Learning India.
13. Odum, E. P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd Edition. W. B. Saunders Company.
14. Ricklefs, R. E. (2010). Economy of Nature, 6th Edition. W.H.Freeman.
15. Sharma, P. D. (1990). Ecology and Environment, 7th Edition. Rastogi Publications.
16. Shukla, G. S. and Upadhyay (2003). Economic Zoology, 4th Edition. Rastogi
Publications.
17. Stiling, P. D. (2012). Ecology Companion Site: Global Insights and Investigations.
McGraw Hill Education.
18. Wolpert, L. and Tickle, C. (2011). Principles of Development, 4th Edition. Oxford
University Press.
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Paper 8 (Practical)
Developmental Biology, Ecology and Economic Zoology

Marks: 25
Time: 4 Hours
1. Study of the types of eggs in vertebrates.
2. Study of larval forms (crustacean, molluscan and echinoderm) from permanent slides.
3. Study of the stages of development of frog from permanent slides in whole
mount/sections (cleavage, blastula and gastrula).
4. Preparation of permanent slides of non-chordate larval forms (Mysis, Nauplius, mosquito
larva).
5. Study of metamorphosis in Amphibia (using Charts/Models).
6. Estimation of dissolved oxygen in water samples.
7. Estimation of carbon dioxide in water samples.
8. Estimation of total alkalinity in water samples.
9. Qualitative study of plankton from fresh water samples.
10. Study of the life cycle of silk moth.
11. Study of different castes of honey bee.
12. Identification of Indian major carps and common exotic carps.

Distribution of Marks

1. Developmental Biology 6
2. Ecology 6
3. Spotting (slides/charts/models) 5
4. Viva Voce 5
5. Laboratory Record 3
Total 25

Paper 9
Functional Anatomy, Zoogeography and Adaptations (Theory)

Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours

Unit - 1: Protozoa: Locomotion and nutrition.

Porifera: Canal and skeletal systems.
Cnidaria: Polymorphism in Siphonophora; Corals and coral reefs.
Morphological and physiological adaptations of parasitic helminthes.
Annelida: Excretory system.
Unit - 2: Onychophora: General organization and affinities.
Arthropoda: Types of mouth parts and feeding in insects; Vision in insects.
Mollusca: Torsion and detortion in Gastropoda.
Echinodermata: Comparative study of water vascular system.

Unit - 3: Hemichordata: Affinities of Balanoglossus

Protochordata: Affinities of Amphioxus.
Retrogressive metamorphosis in Ascidia.
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Agnatha: Comparative study of Petromyzon and Myxine.

Pisces: Scales and fins in fishes; Accessory respiratory organs; Migration of
fishes.
Dipnoi: General characters and affinities.

Unit - 4: Amphibia: Parental care.

Reptilia: Poisonous and nonpoisonous snakes; Poison apparatus and
mechanism of biting.
Aves: Flight adaptations and migration in birds.
Mammalia: Affinities of Monotremata and Marsupialia; Dentition in
mammals. Comparative anatomy of kidney in vertebrates.

Unit - 5: Zoogeography: Concepts and Zoogeographic realms. Patterns and regulation

of behaviour: genetic and hormonal; Colouration and mimicry.
Adaptations in vertebrates: Aquatic, desert, arboreal, cursorial and deep sea
adaptations.

Suggested Readings:

1. Agarwal, V. K. (2010). Animal Behaviour (Ethology). S. Chand & Co.

2. Brusca, R. C. and Brusca, G. J. (2003). Invertebrates, 2nd Edition. Sinauer Associates,
Inc. Publishers.
3. Hall, B.K. and Hallgrimsson, B. (2008). Strickberger’s Evolution, 4th Edition. Jones
and Bartlett Inc.
4. Jordan, E. L. and Verma, P. S. (1992). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand Company Ltd.
5. Jordan, E. L. and Verma, P. S. (1993). Chordate Zoology. S. Chand & Co.
6. Kardong, K. V. ( 2006). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, McGraw Hill Education
(India) Ltd.
7. Kotpal, R. L. (2012). Modern Textbook of Zoology: Invertebrates. R. K. Rastogi
Publications,
8. Kotpal, R. L. (2012). Modern Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. R. K. Rastogi
Publications,
9. Lull, R. S. (1984). Organic Evolution. Seema Publication, New Delhi.
10. Manning, A. and Dawkins, M S. (2012). An Introduction to Animal Behaviour, 6th
Edition. Cambridge University Press.
11. Pough, F. H., Janis, C. M. and Heiser, J. B. (2012). Vertebrate Life, 9th Edition,
Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
12. Ruppert, E, E., Fox, R. S. and Barnes, R. D. (2006). Invertebrate Zoology: A
Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th Edition. Cengage Learning India.
13. Sinha, A. K., Adhikari, S. and Ganguly, B. B. (2010). Biology of Animals, Vols. I &
II. New Central Book Agency. Kolkata.
14. Sinha, A. K., Adhikari, S. and Ganguly, B.B. (2010). Fundamentals of Biology. New
Central Book Agency. Kolkata.
15. Young, J. Z. (2004). Life of Vertebrates, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press.
 11

Paper 10 (Practical)
Functional Anatomy, Zoogeography and Adaptations

Marks: 25
Time: 4 Hours
A. Dissections:
1. Nervous system in prawn/earthworm.
2. Accessory respiratory organs in teleost fish.
3. Digestive system in albino rat/ albino mouse/chicken.
3. Reproductive system in albino rat/ albino mouse/chicken.
B. Mounting (Permanent):
1. Cyclops.
2. Setae of earthworm.
3. Spicules of sponge.
4. Scales (cycloid, ctenoid and placoid) of fishes.
5. Feathers of birds (filoplumes, down feathers, barbs and barbules).
C. Study of Permanent Slides and Specimens:
1. Histology: T/S of stomach, intestine, liver, kidney, spleen and gonads of
fish/Aves/mammals.
2. Permanent slides of representatives from Protozoa to Echinodermata (sections and
whole mounts).
3. Adaptive modifications of beak and feet in birds using charts and models.

Distribution of Marks:
1. Dissection 7
2. Mounting 4
3. Spotting 6
4. Viva Voce 5
5. Laboratory Record 3

Total 25

Paper 11
Cell and Molecular Biology, and Genetics (Theory)

Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours

Unit-1: Genome organization in virus, bacteria and eukaryotes. Central dogma of

molecular biology; DNA replication in prokaryotes; Transcription and
translation in prokaryotes; Genetic code. Regulation of gene expression in
prokaryotes: lac operon.
Unit -2: Fine Structure of gene: Cistron, recon and muton; Split genes and overlapping
genes; Transposons. Gene mutation: Types and mutagenic agents; DNA
 12

damage and repair. Detection of mutation in Drosophila (Muller’s ClB

method).
Unit-3: Extra-nuclear inheritance: Kappa particles in Paramaecium. Sex-linked
inheritance in Drosophila (eye color) and man (colour blindness); Dosage
compensation and Lyon’s hypothesis. Non-disjunction of sex chromosomes in
Drosophila; Human karyotype; Sex determination in man; Genetic disorders
in man – Down’s, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes, Phenylketonuria,
Hemophilia.
Unit-4: Humoral and cell mediated immunity; Characteristics of antigens; Antibodies:
Structure, classes and functions; Antigen-antibody interaction; Major histo-
compatibility complex; Introduction to cytokines.
Unit-5: Principles and applications of biological techniques: Light and electron
microscopy; Centrifugation; Chromatography (paper, gel filtration and ion-
exchange).

Suggested Readings:
1. Albert, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J. D. (2007). Molecular
Biology of the Cell, 5th Edition. Garland Publishing, London.
2. Brown, T. A. (2006). Genomes 3. Garland Science.
3. Cooper, G. M. and Hausman, R. E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 5th Edition.
Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers.
4. Delves, P. J., Martin, S. J., Burton, D. R. and Roitt, I. M. ( 2011). Roitt's Essential
Immunology, 12th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
5. Gardener, E. J., Simmons, M. J. and Snustad, D. P. (2005). Principles of Genetics, 8th
Edition. John Wiley and Sons.
6. Hardin, J., Bertoni, G. P. and Kleinsmith, L. J. (2012). Becker's World of the Cell, 8th
Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
7. Karp, G. (2010). Cell Biology, 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
8. Khan, F. H. (2010). Immunology. Pearson Education India.
9. Klug, W. S., Cummings, M. R., Spencer, C. A. and Palladino, M. A. (2012). Concepts of
Genetics, 10th Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
10. Krebs, J., Goldstein, E. and Kilpatrick, S. (2011). Lewin’s Genes X. Jones & Bartlett
Learning.
11. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H., Amon, A. and
Scott, M P. (2012). Molecular Cell Biology, 7th Edition. W.H. Freeman.
12. Owen, J., Punt, J. and Stranford, S. (2012). Kuby Immunology, 7th Edition. W. H.
Freeman & Company.
13. Pathak, S. and Palan, U. (2012). Immunology, 11th Edition. Science Publishers.
14. Pierce, B. (2012). Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 4th Edition. W.H. Freeman
15. Strickberger, M. W. (2006). Genetics, 3rd Edition. Macmillan Publishing Company.
16. Watson, J. D., Baker, T. A., Bell, S. P., Gann, A., Levine, M. and Losick, R. (2008).
Molecular Biology of the Gene, 6th Edition. Pearson, Benjamin Cummings.
17. Wilkins, K. and Walker, J (2012). Practical Biochemistry: Principles and Techniques.
Cambridge University Press.
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Paper 12 (Practical)
Cell and Molecular Biology, and Genetics

Marks: 25
Time: 4 hours
1. Separation and identification of amino acids by paper chromatography.
2. Demonstration of antigen-antibody interaction in vitro: Single radial immuno-diffusion in
agarose gel.
3. Study of nucleic acids from models/charts.
4. Calorimetric estimation of DNA and RNA.
5. Preparation and identification of meiotic stages from grasshopper testis.
6. Karyotyping of normal human chromosomal complement from supplied photographic
plates.
7. Karyotyping of chromosomal complement of Down’s/Turner’s/Klinefelter’s syndrome
from supplied photographic plates.
8. Demonstration of electrophoretic separation of DNA/protein.

Distribution of Marks

1. Cell biology & Genetics 7

2. Molecular Biology 6
3. Spotting 4
4. Viva Voce 5
5. Laboratory Record 3
Total 25

Paper 13
Biochemistry, Animal Physiology and Endocrinology (Theory)
Marks- 75
Time – 3 Hours

Unit-1: Chemical foundations of physiology: Concept of normal, molar, and molal

solutions; Acids, bases, pH and buffers; Diffusion and osmotic pressure.
Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis-Menten equation and its relation to enzyme
activity; Significance of Km and Vmax; Enzyme inhibition (reversible and
irreversible).

Unit -2: Carbohydrates: Linear and ring forms of monosaccharides (Pentose and
Hexose); Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen and hyaluronic acid);
Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Electron transport system and oxidative
phosphorylation. Amino acids, peptides and proteins: levels of organization,
Transamination, deamination and urea cycle.

Unit -3: Structure and functions of haemoglobin; Blood coagulation: Coagulation

factors and mechanism. Cardiac cycle. Blood pressure and its regulation.
 14

Mechanism of gaseous exchange through gills and lungs. Osmoregulation in

fish.

Unit-4: Neurosecretory cells; Types of neurohormones; Endocrine and paracrine

hormones; Placental hormones; Hormones of gastrointestinal tract;
Pheromones. Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. Mechanism of hormone
action: Peptide/protein and steroid hormones.

Unit -5: Reproductive cycles (estrous and menstrual) in mammals; Hormonal

regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans; In vitro fertilization
and embryo transfer technology; Pregnancy hormones; Lactation;
Contraceptive methods for males and females.

Suggested Readings

1. Berg, J., Tymoczko, J. and Stryer, L. (2012). Biochemistry, 7th Edition, W. H. Freeman.
2. Campbell, M. K. and Farrell, S. O. (2010). Introduction to Biochemistry. Cengage
Learning India.
3. Chaudhury, S. K. (1996). Practice of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Textbook. B. I.
Churchill Livingston Pvt. Ltd, India.
4. Hadley, M. E. and Levine, M. (2007). Endocrinology, 6th Edition. Pearson, Benjamin
Cummings.
5. Hafez, E. S. E. and Evans, T. N. (1973). Human Reproduction: Contraception and
Conception. Harper and Row, New York.
6. Hall, J. E. (2011). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.
Saunders, Elsevier Inc. (Indian print).
7. Hill, R. W., Wyse, G. A. and Anderson, M. (2012). Animal Physiology, 3rd Edition,
Sinauer Associates Inc.
8. Hoar, W S. (1983). General and Comparative Physiology. Prentice Hall of India. Pvt. Ltd.
9. Knobil, E. and Neill, J. D. (2006). The Physiology of Reproduction, Vol. 2. Elsevier
Publication.
10. Kronenberg, H. M., Larsen, P. R., Melmed, S. and Polonsky, K. S. (2012). William’s
Textbook of Endocrinology. Saunders, Elsevier Inc.
11. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. (2012). 6th Edition.
W.H. Freeman.
12. Murray, R. K., Bender, D., Botham, K. M., Kenelly, P. J., Rodwell, V. and Weil, P. A.
(2012). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 29th Edition. McGraw Hill, Lange publication.
13. Norman, A. W. and Litwack, G. (1997). Hormones, 2nd Edition. Academic Press, Elsevier
Inc.
14. Norris, D. (2007). Vertebrate Endocrinology, 6th Edition. Academic Press, Elsevier Inc.
15. Prosser, C. L. (1991). Comparative Animal Physiology. W. B. Saunders & Company.
16. Randall, D. and Burggren, W. (2001). Eckert Animal Physiology, 5th Edition. W.H.
Freeman.
17. Sherwood, L., Klandorf, H. and Yancey, P. (2010). Textbook of Animal Physiology.
Cengage Learning India.
 15

Paper 14 (Practical)
Biochemistry, Animal Physiology and Endocrinology

Marks: 25
Time: 4 Hours

1. WBC count in human blood.

2. RBC count in human blood.
3. Estimation of glucose by colorimetric method.
4. Estimation of protein by colorimetric (Lowry’s/Biuret) method.
5. Estimation of hemoglobin in human blood.
6. Study of human salivary amylase activity in relation to temperature.
7. Dissection and display of pituitary and gonads in a teleost.
8. Dissection and display of endocrine glands in albino mouse/rat.
9. Microtomy: Preparation of histological slides of vertebrate tissues - liver, kidney, gonads,
intestine and adrenal (minimum four slides of different tissues).

Distribution of Marks

1. Biochemistry and Physiology 6

2. Endocrinology 6
3. Microtomy 5
4. Viva Voce 5
5. Laboratory Record 3
Total 25

Paper 15
Developmental Biology, Environmental Biology and Biotechnology (Theory)
Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours

Unit-1: Patterns of cleavage; Morphogenetic movements (epiboly, invagination,

ingression, involution and delamination); Embryonic induction and concept of
Organizer; Gastrulation in chick up to formation of three germinal layers.
Unit 2: Foetal membranes and types of placenta in mammals; Organogenesis of the
vertebrate eye; Regeneration in invertebrates and vertebrates; Teratogenesis
and developmental birth defects. Concepts of Ageing.
Unit – 3: Salient features of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Liebig’s law of limiting
factors and Shelford’s law of tolerance. Biogeochemical cycles: carbon,
phosphorus and nitrogen cycles. Ecological succession. Major Biomes.
Unit – 4: Environmental concerns: Radioactive pollution; Biological indicators;
Biomagnification; Anthropogenic activity and environment: Ozone depletion;
Green house effect and global warming; Acid rains.
 16

Wild life conservation: In situ (sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere

reserves) and ex situ (botanical and zoological gardens, Germplasm Bank).
Unit - 5 Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering
Introduction to genetic engineering; Restriction enzymes. Cloning vectors:
Plasmid, cosmid, λ phage, shuttle vectors; Expression vectors. Introduction in
to host cells: Transformation, transduction; Particle gun. Southern blotting;
PCR; DNA Fingerprinting; Genomic library and cDNA library; Application of
recombinant DNA technology. Ethical issues and Biosafety regulations.

Suggested Readings:

1. Balinsky, B.I. (1981). An introduction to Embryology, 7th Edition. Cengage Learning

India.
2. Beeby, A. and Brennan, M. A. (2008). First Ecology - Ecological Principles and
Environmental Issues, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, India.
3. Brown, T. A. (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction. Wiley-
Blackwell.
4. Cain, M. L., Bowman, W. D. and Hacker, S. D. (2011). Ecology, 2nd Edition. Sinauer
Associates, Inc. Publishers
5. Carlson, B. M. (2006). Foundations of Embryology. McGraw Hill Education (India)
Ltd.
6. Gilbert, S. F. (2010). Developmental Biology, 9th Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Publishers.
7. Kalthoff, K. (2000). Analysis of Biological Development, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill
Professional.
8. Kendeigh, F C. (1984). Ecology with Special Reference to Animal and Man. Prentice
Hall Inc.
9. Odum, E. P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd Edition. W. B. Saunders Company.
10. Odum, E. P. and Barrett, G. W. (2006). Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th Edition,
Cengage Learning India.
11. Primrose, S. B. and Twyman, R. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and
Genomics, 7th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
12. Ratledge, C. (2006). Basic Biotechnology. John Wiley and Sons.
13. Ricklefs, R. E. (2010). Economy of Nature, 6th Edition. W.H.Freeman.
14. Sharma, P. D. (1990). Ecology and Environment, 7th Edition. Rastogi Publications.
15. Shyam, D. and Rosencranz, A. (2001). Environmental Law and Policy in India.
Oxford University Press.
16. Stiling, P. D . (2012). Ecology Companion Site: Global Insights and Investigations.
McGraw Hill Education.
17. Thieman, W. J. and Palladino, M.A. (2008). Introduction to Biotechnology, 2nd
edition. Cengage Learning India.
18. Wolpert, L. and Tickle, C. (2011). Principles of Development, 4th Edition, Oxford
University Press.
 17

Paper 16 (Practical)
Developmental Biology, Environmental Biology and Biotechnology
Marks: 25
Time: 4 Hours

1. Permanent preparation of whole mount of chick embryo.

2. Study of regeneration in Hydra/Planaria.
3. Study of whole mount /sections of different developmental stages of chick embryo from
permanent slides.
4. Community analysis.
5. Qualitative analysis of aquatic communities from different water bodies.
6. Estimation of total hardness of water samples.
7. Quantitative estimation of Plankton.
8. Analysis of community similarities and species diversity indices.
9. Field trip and submission of Field Report.

Distribution of Marks
1. Developmental Biology 5
2. Environmental Biology 5
3. Spotting 4
4. Viva Voce 5
5. Laboratory Record 3
6. Field Report 3
Total 25