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An Archaeology of Structural Violence

Cultural Heritage Studies

university Press of florida

Florida A&M University, Tallahassee
Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton
Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers
Florida International University, Miami
Florida State University, Tallahassee
New College of Florida, Sarasota
University of Central Florida, Orlando
University of Florida, Gainesville
University of North Florida, Jacksonville
University of South Florida, Tampa
University of West Florida, Pensacola
An Archaeology of
Structural Violence
Life in a Twentieth-Century Coal Town

Michael P. Roller
Foreword by Paul A. Shackel

University Press of Florida

Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton
Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota
Copyright 2018 by Michael P. Roller
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

This book may be available in an electronic edition.

23 22 21 20 19 18 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Roller, Michael P., author. | Shackel, Paul A., author of foreword.
Title: An archaeology of structural violence : life in a twentieth-century
coal town / Michael P. Roller ; foreword by Paul A. Shackel.
Other titles: Cultural heritage studies.
Description: Gainesville : University Press of Florida, 2018. | Series:
Cultural heritage studies | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018014115 | ISBN 9780813056081 (cloth : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Coal miners—Violence against—Pennsylvania. | Anthracite
coal industry—Pennsylvania. | Industrial archaeology—Pennsylvania.
Classification: LCC HD8039.M615 R65 2018 | DDC 303.608862233509748—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov_2018014115

The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University
System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University,
Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University,
New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University
of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida.

University Press of Florida

15 Northwest 15th Street
Gainesville, FL 32611-2079
http://upress.ufl.edu
Dedicated to my parents, Peter and Akiko, whose amazing lives
as immigrants and thoughtfulness as individuals have inspired
my interests throughout
 contents

List of Illustrations ix
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xv

Introduction 1
1. An Archaeology of the Twentieth Century in the Anthracite Coal
Region of Northeast Pennsylvania 7
2. History of the Anthracite Region, 1830 to 1897 31
3. The Memory of Violence: The Lattimer Massacre of 1897 51
4. Migration, Part 1: The Social and Material Landscape of the
Company Town 77
5. The Archaeology of Machinic Mass Consumerism and the
Logistics of the Factory Floor in Everyday Life 105
6. Migration, Part 2: Emancipation and Catastrophe 136
7. The Destructive Character: Renewal and Memory 163
8. Conclusion 189

Notes 207
References 209
Index 231
 illustrations

Map 1.1. The location of Hazleton and Lattimer 12

Map 4.1. Map from 1873 Beers Atlas with detail 82
Map 4.2. Company map from the 1920s 83
Map 4.3. Detail of 1885 map 88
Map 4.4. Detail from a company map dating to the second decade
of the twentieth century 89

Figure 1.1. Company double houses along Main Street in Lattimer

today 16
Figure 3.1. Bullets recovered from the site of the Lattimer
Massacre 72
Figure 3.2. Map showing bullets identified in the survey of the
Lattimer Massacre 73
Figure 3.3. Page from the New York Evening Journal 75
Figure 4.1. Architectural features 95
Figure 4.2. Structure floor plans 97
Figure 4.3. Remnants of the 1885 brick foundation and stone
wall 98
Figure 5.1. Program from a flag-raising exercise held in Lattimer
107
Figure 5.2. Dr. West’s Toothpaste cap and ad; Ben-Gay analgesic
balm tube cap and ad 127
Figure 5.3. Artifacts representing new decorative technologies 128
Figure 6.1. Development of access roads to Pardeesville 146
Figure 6.2. A letter from the Community of Pardeesville Water
Association 149
x · Illustrations

Figure 6.3. Procession of St. Nazarius 159

Figure 7.1. Real estate map of Church Street 166
Figure 7.2. Plans of the domiciles around Church Street 167
Figure 7.3. Graphic depiction of family movement 169
Figure 7.4. Image posted in the Hazleton Standard Speaker 171

Table 2.1. Immigrants to the anthracite region 44

 foreword
The Rise and Decay of Northern Appalachia

Michael Roller’s An Archaeology of StructuralViolence: Life in a Twentieth-

Century Coal Town is a thought-provoking study that combines archae-
ology, historical research, and ethnography, and uses contemporary
Marxist philosophy to develop a context to tell the story about work,
labor, consumerism, and deindustrialization in northern Appalachia.
While much has been written about central and southern Appalachia,
focusing on the hardships of life and the social and political tensions
that exist, many scholars have forgotten the northern reaches of this
region and the long-term struggle of labor to co-exist with the exploi-
tive nature of capitalism. Difficult histories are often missing from the
national public memory; however, an archaeological investigation is an
effective tool that can illuminate the tensions and conflicts that led to
the destruction of an urban core in this Rust Belt region.
Roller’s work is a unique archaeological response to the problems
of dark or difficult heritage which charts the materiality of trauma and
memory in the region. His study provides an overview of the legacy
of the coal barons—the exploitation of workers and families and the
degradation of the environment. In many ways, this difficult history
has scarred the landscape and people, and today the region is facing
many of the hardships that their ancestors faced several generations
ago, such as poverty, underemployment, and general health and well-
being deprivations. The dark and difficult history continues to plague
the community and will continue to plague the region until people
challenge the exploitive and destructive nature of capitalism.
xii · Foreword

Roller’s work initially focuses on the little-known Lattimer Massa-

cre, which occurred in 1897 in the anthracite region of northeastern
Pennsylvania. Mine workers, mostly foreign born and unnaturalized,
went on strike for better wages and better living conditions. According
to Department of Labor statistics, the late–nineteenth century anthra-
cite industry had one of the highest mortality rates. In fact, the Penn-
sylvania anthracite region led the world’s coal mining regions in fatal
accidents per 1,000 employees. Roller’s archaeological survey of the
massacre site and historical research of the event brings to light this
relatively unknown conflict in American labor history. While a com-
memorative stone known as the “Rock of Remembrance” marks the
general location of the massacre, the event is unusually absent from
many historical texts on labor history, and it is also absent from the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s school curriculum. However, Roller
uses the event as a touchstone to explore the rise and decline of the
anthracite coal industry and the development and eventual decline of
the many coal communities in the region, tracing the impact of dein-
dustrialization well into the twenty-first century.
Historical archaeologists have, for a long time, been grappling with
various ways to comprehend and interpret the everyday material culture
found at twentieth-century domestic sites. Roller advances the theme
of violence into the mid- to late twentieth century and shows how softer
forms of power and violence are held by capital and state over work-
ers, citizens, and consumers. New definitions related to redevelopment,
mass consumerism, governmentality, and biopolitics all play a role in
this new form of power. Northern Appalachia continues to search for
ways to revitalize infrastructure and community. Unions have lost clout
and low paying wages now dominate the region’s economy. New forms
of racism have developed, dividing the local population.
Working with twentieth-century archaeological assemblages, Roll-
er’s study will become a key text for understanding the uses and mean-
ing of modern material culture. The choice of theorists Roller uses to
help explain these data is rather novel to the discipline. For instance,
while propaganda experiments helped to develop a patriotic follow-
ing during World War I, capitalists led by social scientists like Edward
Bernays (nephew to Freud), successfully envisioned how new forms of
propaganda could influence consumerism. Roller explains that busi-
nessman Edward Filene proposed in 1929 that mass production “holds
 Foreword · xiii

possibilities of accomplishing for mankind all of the good that theo-

retical reformers or irrational radicals hope to secure by revolutionary
means” (Filene 1929: 9, quoted in Ewen 1976: 87).
An Archaeology of Structural Violence: Life in a Twentieth-Century Coal
Town provides an important framework for thinking about twentieth-
century sites archaeology, focusing on issues like modernity, com-
modities, and labor under the broader context of capitalism and the
mechanisms that make capitalism work so effectively. His tracing of the
materiality of trauma in the region provides an avenue for understand-
ing the region’s difficult heritage and unraveling the roots of contem-
porary inequities. Roller’s work has broader application when exam-
ining the destructive powers of capitalism. He shows how capitalism
can easily abandon a community (or a region), leaving it underfunded
and struggling to survive. Workers and communities feel abandoned
as they endure injustices, and work toward justice through protest and
resistance. It is a scenario that continues to be played out in the United
States today.
Paul A. Shackel
Series Editor
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