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Study on effect of weed management practices on weed dynamics and

productivity of kharif maize

Article · January 2021

DOI: 10.22271/tpi.2021.v10.i1i.5604

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 The Pharma Innovation Journal 2021; 10(1): 662-665

ISSN (E): 2277- 7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.03 Study on effect of weed management practices on weed
TPI 2021; 10(1): 662-665
© 2021 TPI dynamics and productivity of kharif maize
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 25-11-2020
Accepted: 27-12-2020 Y Lavanya, K Srinivasan, CR Chinnamuthu, P Murali Arthanari,
Y Lavanya S Shanmugasundaram and CN Chandrasekhar
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of
Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2021.v10.i1i.5604
Tamil Nadu, India

K Srinivasan Abstract
Professor, Department of Field trials were conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore,
Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, during two consecutive kharif (rainy) seasons of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was
Tamil Nadu, India laid in a randomized block design different weed control methods viz., pre emergence (PE) atrazine at 0.5
kg a.i. ha-1 fb hand weeding (HW) at 20 DAS, PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb power weeder (PW) at 20
CR Chinnamuthu DAS, PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 (Tank mix), PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i.
Professor and Head, Department ha-1 + pendimethalin at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 fb HW at 20 DAS, early post emergence (EPOE) topramezone at
of Agronomy, TNAU, 25.2 g a.i. ha-1, PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1, EPOE tembotrione
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India at 122 g a.i. ha-1, PE atrazine 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE tembotrione 122 g a.i. ha-1, hand weeding twice at
20 and 40 DAS and control (weedy check) with 3 replications for each treatment. The results revealed
P Murali Arthanari that the experimental field was infested with all categories of weeds including grasses, broad-leaved
Associate professor, Department
weeds and sedges. Among them the most predominant weeds were Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium
of Agronomy, TNAU,
aegyptium, Echinochloa colona, Amaranthus viridis, Digera arvensis and Trianthema portulacastrum.
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Among the chemical weed control methods PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone at 25.2 g
S Shanmugasundaram a.i. ha-1 and PE atrazine 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE tembotrione 122 g a.i. ha-1 recorded significantly lower
Professor, Department of weed density as well as weed dry weight of BLW, grasses, sedges and total weed at 90 DAS during 2018
SS&AC, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil and 2019, respectively. As a consequence of effective weed control, the above treatments recorded
Nadu, India significantly higher weed control efficiency (WCE) and lower weed index (WI) during 2018 and 2019, at
90 DAS. These treatments were statistically comparable with hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS.
CN Chandrasekhar Uncontrolled weed growth in control (weedy check) recorded higher weed density and weed dry matter
Professor, Department of Crop in maize crop during both the years of experimentation.
Physiology, TNAU, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu, India Keywords: Pre emergence herbicide, early post emergence herbicide, weeds control efficiency and weed
index

Introduction
Maize is the third largest cereal crop after rice and wheat with regard to area and production in
India. There are numerous reasons for lower production of maize in our country. Among them,
weed infestation in maize is the key detrimental factor causing huge grain yield loss, because
of slow initial crop growth and wide row spacing along with frequent rains during rainy
season. Crop yield loss was recorded up to 90% depending upon weed flora and density when
weed species reaches above the critical population thresholds [1, 2]. Now-a-days, the scarcity of
labour is increasing in agriculture. Management of weeds especially during critical stages in
cropped field has become a real challenge to the farmers.
Herbicides are used to control weed growth and harvest 150% grain yield than the weedy
check in maize. Few herbicides viz., atrazine, pendimethalin, 2, 4-D and oxyfluorfen are
widely used for weed control in maize crop. Among herbicides, farmers are applying mostly
atrazine at 1 kg ha-1 in maize, because of application flexibility (both pre and post emergence
herbicide), lower cost, broad spectrum nature and compatibility with various herbicide
mixtures [3]. However, the repeated application of same herbicide causes shift in weed flora
and development of resistance in weeds. Globally, 45 weed species across many maize
growing regions have exhibited resistance against photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor herbicides,
viz., atrazine [4]. This necessitates, having herbicides with alternative modes of action
Corresponding Author: herbicides in maize to reduce the risk of evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds.
Y Lavanya
Topramezone and tembotrione are HPPD (p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) enzyme
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of
Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore,
inhibitors which control major annual dicot weeds with lesser impact against monocot weed [5].
Tamil Nadu, India
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It also acts as alternative to control weeds which developed weight, weed samples were dried at 70oC till a constant
resistance to triazine. These enzyme inhibitor herbicides are weight was obtained. Prior to statistical analysis weed data
being preferred by corn growers due to their broad spectrum were subjected to square root transformation
weed control, better crop tolerance and compatibility of √X + 0.5 to normalize their distribution. All the data
herbicide mixture (tank mix). It provides early post obtained in the study were statistically analysed using F-test
emergence weed control. PS II and HPPD enzyme inhibitor and CD values at P=0.05 were used to determine the
also effectively control glyphosate resistance weeds [6].
significance of difference between treatments[8]. Based on
Furthermore, the usage of herbicides having independent
mode of action either in tank-mix combination or rotation, total weed dry weight, weed control efficiency (WCE) was
drastically delays the emergence of new flush of weeds [7]. computed by using the formulae [9]. Weed index (WI) was
Mostly farmers adopt manual weeding only after sufficient computed by using the formulae [10]. All the indices are
weed growth. It is essential to remove the early flush of weeds expressed in percentage.
at right time. For this, the pre-emergence herbicides can be
WDMc − WDMt
used thereby the maize fields will be weed free in the first 30- Weed control efficiency = × 100
35 days of crop growth. But farmers are unable to apply pre- WDMc
emergence herbicides at time of sowing, since they give
priority on completion of sowing. Moreover, there is acute Where
shortage of labour even for sowing operation. Hence, there is WDMc = Weed dry weight (g m-2) in control plot
need to use early post emergence herbicides, which can be WDMt = Weed dry weight (g m-2) in treated plot
conveniently applied after 15 to 20 days of sowing when the
sowing is over. Hence, a field trial was conducted to evaluate X−Y
weed index = × 100
different weed management practices (Integrated weed X
management) in maize under assured rainfall conditions.
Where
Material and Methods X = Yield from minimum weed competition plot
Field trials were carried out during two consecutive kharif Y = Yield from the treatment plot
(rainy) season of 2018 and 2019 at Agricultural College and
Research Institute, Coimbatore, TNAU, Tamilnadu, India. Results and Discussion
The soil was sandy clay loam having pH (8.4, 8.2) and Weed flora
organic carbon content (0.34%, 0.38%) during 2018 and In experimental field, major weed species associated with
2019, respectively. Ten weed control treatments (Table 1) maize crop were Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. Boerhavia
evaluated were: T1-PE (pre emergence) atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. diffusa L. Corchorus olitorius L. Digera arvensis Fross K.
ha-1 fb hand weeding (HW) at 20 DAS, T2-PE atrazine at 0.5 Euphorbia hirta L. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Phyllanthus
kg a.i. ha-1 fb power weeder (PW) at 20 DAS, T3-PE atrazine nirurui L. Trianthema portulacastrum L. Sida acuta Burm. F.
at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 (Tank mix), among broad leaved weed (BLW); Cynodon dactylon (L.)
-1
T4-PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha + pendimethalin at 1 kg a.i. Pers., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Dinebra
-1
ha (Tank mix) fb HW at 20 DAS, T5-EPOE (Early post retroflexa (Vahl.) Panzer., Echinochloa colona (L.) Link.
-1
emergence) topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha , T6-PE atrazine at among grasses and Cyperus rotundus L. in sedges.
-1 -1
0.5 kg a.i. ha fb EPOE topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha , T7-
EPOE tembotrione at 122 g a.i. ha-1 and T8-PE atrazine at 0.5 Weed density and weed dry weight
kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPoE tembotrione at 122 g a.i. ha-1 and T9- All the weed management practices significantly affected the
control, T10-hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS. All the density and dry weight of BLW, grasses, sedges and total
herbicides were applied as pre emergence (PE) and early post weeds when compared to control during both the years of
study (Table 1 and 2). Sedges were recorded only in second
emergence (EPOE) using knapsack sprayer having flat fan
-1 year (2019). Among the weed management practices, hand
nozzles delivering 500 litres of water ha . weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS reduced the density and dry
Each treatment was replicated thrice and tested in randomized weight of BLW (12.66 No. m-2, 18.02 g m-2 and 14.33 No. m-
block design. Maize hybrid ‘COH (M) 6’ was sown during 2
, 18.26 g m-2), grasses (9.66 No. m-2,10.51 g m-2 and 9.33 No.
second and first week of July during 2018 and 2019, m-2, 10.98 g m-2) sedges (0.33 No. m-2, 0.42 g m-2) and total
respectively having 60 cm row to row spacing and 25 cm weed (22.32 No. m-2 and 28.53 g m-2; 23.99 No. m-2 and 29.66
plant to plant spacing. Immediately after sowing of the seeds, g m-2) to a greater extend at 90 DAS during both the years of
a light irrigation was given to the crop for uniform 2018 and 2019 which was statistically at par with PE atrazine
germination and next day herbicide was sprayed as per the at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 and
treatment. Gap filling and thinning were done at 10-12 DAS PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE tembotrione at 122 g
to maintain uniform plant stand. Fertilizer (250:75:75 kg N a.i. ha-1. The pre emergence application of atrazine at 0.5 kg
-1
P2O5 K2O ha ) and irrigation were applied and cultivation a.i. ha-1 found to controlled BLW effectively upto 20- 25 days
practices were followed according to recommended package and had little effect on grasses after its application. Late
of practice for maize. Phosphorus and potash were applied at emerging weeds were effectively controlled by early post-
sowing time. Nitrogen was applied in three splits, at sowing, emergence application of topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 and
knee high and tasselling stage. The crop was manually tembotrione 122 g a.i. ha-1. Among the three categories of
harvested in the third week and second week of October weeds, BLW was dominant and early post-emergence
during 2018 and 2019, respectively and threshing was done application of topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 was found
using maize thresher. effective in control of BLW. Hence PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i.
-2 -2 ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 treatment
Data on weed density (No. m ) and dry weight (g m ) at 90
recorded significantly lower density of weeds and weed dry
DAS (at harvest) were recorded randomly at four spots in weight [11]. While, the lower weed density and dry weight of
each treatment plot using a quadrat of 0.5 m x 0.5 m. For dry
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The Pharma Innovation Journal http://www.thepharmajournal.com

weeds were observed in hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone at 25.2 g a.i.
DAS due to season long weed removal and the highest was ha-1 and PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE tembotrione at
recorded in control (weedy check) due to uncontrolled weed 122 g a.i. ha-1 treatments during both years of investigation.
growth.
Weed index
Weed control efficiency Weed index is directly proportional to crop yield loss. Weed
The crop yield is directly proportional to weed control index (Table 3) was significantly higher in control treatment
efficiency. The weed control efficiency (Table 3) at 90 DAS (47.61% and 49.58% in 2018 and 2019, respectively) which
was higher in hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS, PE caused greater yield loss due to uncontrolled weed growth [13].
atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. Among the chemical weed control treatments, it was
ha-1 and PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE tembotrione at significantly higher in PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 +
122 g a.i. ha-1 during both the years of study, PE atrazine at pendimethalin at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 (Tank mix) (23.76% and
0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 and PE 24.90% in 2018 and 2019 respectively). Lower weed index
atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE tembotrione at 122 g a.i. was recorded in PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE
ha-1 were the best treatments among the herbicides treatments topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 (2.10% and 1.72% in 2018 and
in terms of higher WCE[12]. Other treatments were also found 2019, respectively) which was statistically comparable with
to control weed growth but it was lesser compared to PE hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS.

Table 1: Effect of weed management practices on density of weeds (No. m-2) in maize at 90 DAS during kharif 2018 and 2019
2018 2019
Treatments
BLW Grasses Total BLW Grasses Sedges Total
4.22 4.10 5.84 4.71 4.10 1.22 6.28
T1: PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb HW at 20 DAS
(17.33) (16.33) (33.66) (21.66) (16.33) (1.00) (38.99)
5.11 5.21 7.27 5.58 5.76 1.47 8.09
T2: PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb power weeder at 20 DAS
(25.66) (26.66) (52.32) (30.66) (32.66) (1.66) (64.98)
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin 30% EC at 1 kg 6.04 5.70 8.28 5.76 6.28 1.58 8.61
T3:
a.i. ha-1 (Tank mix) (36.00) (32.00) (68.00) (32.66) (39.00) (2.00) (73.66)
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin 30% EC at 1 kg 4.26 4.02 5.82 4.74 3.94 1.22 6.20
T4:
a.i. ha-1 (Tank mix) fb HW at 20 DAS (17.66) (15.66) (33.32) (22.00) (15.00) (1.00) (38.00)
4.30 4.14 5.93 4.81 4.22 1.35 6.47
T5: EPOE topramezone 336 g/l SC at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS
(18.00) (16.66) (34.66) (22.66) (17.33) (1.33) (41.32)
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone 336 g/l SC 3.72 3.29 4.92 3.89 3.44 0.91 5.18
T6:
at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS (13.33) (10.33) (23.66) (14.66) (11.33) (0.33) (26.32)
4.38 4.22 6.04 4.85 4.26 1.35 6.52
T7: EPOE tembotrione 420 SC at 122 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS
(18.66) (17.33) (35.99) (23.00) (17.66) (1.33) (41.99)
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE tembotrione 420 SC at 3.76 3.39 5.02 4.02 3.49 1.08 5.34
T8:
122 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS (13.66) (11.00) (24.66) (15.66) (11.66) (0.66) (27.98)
3.63 3.19 4.78 3.85 3.14 0.91 4.95
T9: Hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS
(12.66) (9.66) (22.32) (14.33) (9.33) (0.33) (23.99)
8.39 5.93 10.25 7.84 6.34 1.68 10.17
T10: Control
(70.00) (34.66) (104.66) (61.00) (39.66) (2.33) (102.99)
SEd 0.07 0.15 0.12 0.07 0.17 0.06 0.16
CD (P=0.05) 0.19 0.34 0.32 0.19 0.37 0.17 0.43
Figure in parenthesis are original values, which were transformed √X + 0.5 and statistically analysed.

Table 2: Effect of weed management practices on weed dry weight (g m-2) in maize at 90 DAS during kharif 2018 and 2019
2018 2019
Treatments
BLW Grasses Total BLW Grasses Sedges Total
5.01 4.35 6.60 5.38 4.42 1.57 7.07
T1: PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb HW at 20 DAS
(24.65) (18.46) (43.11) (28.47) (19.01) (1.95) (49.43)
6.13 5.50 8.20 6.34 6.29 1.84 9.06
T2: PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb power weeder at 20 DAS
(37.06) (29.74) (66.80) (39.67) (39.04) (2.87) (81.58)
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin 30% EC at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 7.25 5.52 9.09 6.56 6.85 1.91 9.62
T3:
(Tank mix) (52.12) (30.01) (82.13) (42.50) (46.47) (3.16) (92.13)
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin 30% EC at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 5.03 4.22 6.53 5.34 4.25 1.62 6.94
T4:
(Tank mix) fb HW at 20 DAS (24.79) (17.32) (42.11) (28.01) (17.56) (2.13) (47.7)
5.17 4.40 6.75 5.45 4.59 1.72 7.26
T5: EPOE topramezone 336 g/l SC at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS
(26.18) (18.85) (45.03) (29.25) (20.54) (2.45) (52.24)
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone 336 g/l SC at 25.2 g 4.46 3.45 5.60 4.42 3.64 1.23 5.77
T6:
a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS (19.43) (11.38) (30.81) (19.02) (12.75) (1.01) (32.78)
5.24 4.41 6.81 5.51 4.64 1.73 7.35
T7: EPOE tembotrione 420 SC at 122 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS
(27.00) (18.91) (45.91) (29.91) (21.06) (2.50) (53.47)
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE tembotrione 420 SC at 122 g a.i. 4.53 3.56 5.72 4.52 3.68 1.33 5.89
T8:
ha-1 at 20 DAS (20.00) (12.17) (32.17) (19.95) (13.01) (1.26) (34.22)
4.30 3.32 5.39 4.33 3.39 0.96 5.49
T9: Hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS
(18.02) (10.51) (28.53) (18.26) (10.98) (0.42) (29.66)
10.15 6.48 12.02 9.48 6.93 2.00 11.87
T10: Control
(102.54) (41.54) (144.08) (89.34) (47.53) (3.52) (140.39)
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SEd 0.14 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.16

CD (P=0.05) 0.32 0.28 0.37 0.25 0.39 0.21 0.42
Figure in parenthesis are original values, which were transformed √X + 0.5 and statistically analysed.

Table 3: Effect of weed management practices on weed control efficiency (%) at 90 DAS and weed index (%) in maize during kharif 2018 and
2019
Weed control efficiency Weed index
Treatments
2018 2019 2018 2019
T1: PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb HW at 20 DAS 70.08 64.79 9.28 7.42
T2: PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb power weeder at 20 DAS 53.64 41.89 20.31 21.96
T3: PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin 30% EC at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 (Tank mix) 43.00 34.38 23.76 24.90
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin 30% EC at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 (Tank mix) fb
T4: 70.77 66.02 7.59 6.71
HW at 20 DAS
T5: EPOE topramezone 336 g/l SC at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS 68.75 62.79 13.51 10.93
PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE topramezone 336 g/l SC at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 at 20
T6: 78.62 76.65 2.10 1.72
DAS
T7: EPOE tembotrione 420 SC at 122 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS 68.14 61.91 14.47 11.15
T8: PE atrazine 50% WP at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPOE tembotrione 420 SC at 122 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAS 77.67 75.63 3.69 2.93
T9: Hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS 80.20 78.87 0.00 0.00
T10: Control 0 0 47.61 49.58
Data not statistically analysed.

Conclusion 2003;43:371-382.
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