BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

(INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

A Project Report on
2048 GAME
by

SIDDHARTH VINOD DHUMAL

Seat Number : 237763

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. Harsha Gorde
Assistant Professor

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha's

KARMAVEER BHAURAO PATIL COLLEGE, VASHI
(Empowered Autonomous)
PKC Road, Sector 15-A, Juhu Nagar,
Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400703

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

1
 Rayat Shikshan Sanstha's
KARMAVEER BHAURAO PATIL COLLEGE, VASHI
(Empowered Autonomous)
PKC Road, Sector 15-A, Juhu Nagar,
Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400703

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled, "2048 GAME", is bonafied work of
SIDDHARTH VINOD DHUMALbearing Seat No:237763 submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
in INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY from University of Mumbai.

Internal Guide Coordinator

External Examiner

Date: College Seal

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my project

advisor,Mrs.Harsha Gorde, for their guidance and support
throughout the development of the 2048 GAME. Their
expertise and insights were invaluable in helping me to
design and implement a successful project. From the
initial concept to the final implementation, provided me
with valuable feedback and suggestions that helped me to
refine my ideas and create a more effective system. I am
grateful for their patience and willingness to answer my
questions and provide guidance whenever I needed it.

3
 INDEX
Chapter No Title Page No

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 Background 7
1.2 Objectives 9
1.3 Purpose , Scope 10
1.3.1 Purpose 10
1.3.2 Scope 11
Chapter 2 Survey of technology 13
2.1 Justification of Selection of Technology 14
2.1.1 Front end 16
2.1.2 Back End 18
Chapter 3 Requirement and Analysis 20
3.1 Existing System 21
3.2 Proposed system 23
3.3 Requirement Analysis 25
3.4 Planning and Scheduling 27
3.5 Hardware Requirement 30
3.6 Software Requirement 32
Chapter 4 System Design 34
4.1 Module Division 35
4.2 Data Dictionary 37
4.3 DFD Diagram 39
Chapter 5 Implementation and Testing 41
5.1 Screen Layout 42
5.2 Code 47
5.3 Testing Approach 58
5.4 Unit Testing 58
5.5 Integration system 59
Chapter 6 Conclusion and further work 61
6.1 Conclusion 62
6.2 Further Work 63
Chapter 7 References 65

4
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION

5
 1. INTRODUCTION:-
The following Python code presents an implementation of the popular game
"2048" using the Tkinter library for the graphical user interface (GUI) and MySQL
for database management. Developed by Gabriele Cirulli, 2048 is a single-player
sliding block puzzle game that gained widespread popularity for its addictive
gameplay and simple mechanics.

The game is played on a 4x4 grid, where numbered tiles slide smoothly when the
player swipes in any of the four directions: up, down, left, or right. Every turn, a
new tile randomly appears in an empty spot on the grid with a value of either 2 or
4. The player can merge tiles with the same number by colliding them during
movement, resulting in a tile with the sum of their values. The objective of the
game is to reach the 2048 tile by merging tiles, although the game does not end
when this tile is achieved, allowing players to continue and aim for higher scores.
This implementation provides a complete interactive experience for players,
featuring a user-friendly GUI with elements such as player name input, high score
display, and real-time updates of the game board. Additionally, it integrates with a
MySQL database to store and retrieve high scores, allowing players to compete
and track their progress over time.

The code is well-structured, with clear functions for initializing the game board,
handling player movements, updating scores, and managing database interactions.
It leverages the Tkinter library's capabilities to create a responsive and visually
appealing interface, enhancing the overall gaming experience.
In summary, this implementation of the 2048 game encapsulates the essence of the
original game while providing additional features and functionalities to enrich the
player's experience. It serves as an example of how Python and its libraries can be
used to develop engaging and interactive games with database integration.

6
 1.1 BACKGROUND:-
The 2048 game is a popular single-player puzzle game that gained immense
popularity shortly after its release in March 2014. Developed by Gabriele Cirulli,
the game is based on a simple yet addictive concept that has captivated millions of
players worldwide.

The game is played on a 4x4 grid, where numbered tiles slide smoothly when the
player swipes in any of the four directions - up, down, left, or right. Every turn, a
new tile with a value of either 2 or 4 appears in an empty spot on the grid. The
player can merge tiles with the same number by colliding them during movement,
resulting in a tile with the sum of their values. The objective of the game is to
reach the elusive 2048 tile by merging tiles strategically, although the game does
not end when this tile is achieved, allowing players to continue and aim for higher
scores.
2048's success can be attributed to several factors:

 Simple Yet Addictive Gameplay: The game's straightforward mechanics make it

easy to learn and play, while its addictive nature keeps players engaged for hours
on end.

 Strategic Depth: Despite its simplicity, 2048 offers a surprising amount of

strategic depth, requiring players to plan their moves carefully and anticipate the
consequences of each action.

 Accessibility: 2048 is accessible to players of all ages and backgrounds, thanks to

its intuitive controls and minimalist design.

 Community and Culture: The game has inspired a vibrant community of players
who share strategies, tips, and high scores, contributing to its enduring popularity
and cultural impact.

 Variations and Adaptations: 2048 has spawned numerous variations and

adaptations across different platforms and programming languages, showcasing its
versatility and appeal.

Given its popularity and cultural significance, the 2048 game has become a staple
in the world of puzzle games, inspiring developers and entertaining players of all
7
ages. This implementation of the game seeks to capture the essence of the original
while providing additional features and functionalities to enhance the player's
experience. Through its intuitive interface, engaging gameplay, and integration
with a MySQL database, this implementation aims to offer players a seamless and
enjoyable gaming experience while paying homage to the timeless appeal of 2048.

8
 1.2 OBJECTIVES:-
The objectives of this implementation of the 2048 game are as follows:

1. Develop a Functional 2048 Game: The primary objective is to create a fully

functional implementation of the 2048 game that faithfully captures the essence of
the original gameplay. This includes implementing the sliding tile mechanics, tile
merging logic, and win/loss conditions.

2. Integrate Graphical User Interface (GUI): Develop a user-friendly GUI using

the Tkinter library in Python to provide players with an intuitive interface for
interacting with the game. The GUI should include elements such as a game board,
score display, player input, and feedback messages.

3. Incorporate Database Integration: Integrate MySQL database functionality to

store and retrieve high scores and player history. This feature allows players to
track their progress over time, compete with others, and view past game records.

4. Provide Interactivity and Real-Time Updates: Ensure that the game interface is
interactive and responsive, allowing players to make moves, see immediate
feedback on the game board, and receive updates on their score and high scores.

5. Implement Winning and Losing Conditions: Implement the game's win

condition, where the player successfully merges tiles to reach the 2048 tile.
Additionally, implement the game over condition, where the player is unable to
make any more moves and the game ends.

6. Enhance User Experience: Aim to provide an engaging and enjoyable gaming

experience by incorporating visual elements, animations, and sound effects where
appropriate. The game should be aesthetically pleasing and immersive for the
player.

7. Ensure Code Quality and Documentation: Write clean, well-structured code

with appropriate comments and documentation to facilitate understanding,
maintenance, and future enhancements. Adhere to best practices in software
development to ensure reliability, scalability, and readability of the codebase.

By achieving these objectives, this implementation of the 2048 game aims to

deliver a polished and enjoyable gaming experience for players, while also serving
as a demonstration of Python programming skills and the integration of GUI and
database functionalities.

9
 1.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
1.3.1 PURPOSE:-
The purpose of implementing the 2048 game using Python and MySQL is
multifaceted and encompasses several key objectives:

1. Educational Purpose: The implementation serves as a practical exercise for

learning and applying core programming concepts, including data structures,
algorithms, event handling, and user interface design. By working on a real-world
project like the 2048 game, developers can gain hands-on experience and improve
their coding skills.

2. Demonstration of Skills: The project demonstrates the developer's proficiency in

Python programming, particularly in areas such as object-oriented programming,
GUI development using Tkinter, and database integration with MySQL. It
showcases the developer's ability to leverage various libraries and technologies to
create a fully functional application.

3. Portfolio Enhancement: Completing the implementation adds a valuable project

to the developer's portfolio, showcasing their ability to design and develop
interactive applications. A well-documented and polished implementation of the
2048 game can impress potential employers, clients, or collaborators and open up
opportunities for career advancement or collaboration on future projects.

4. Personal Enrichment: Engaging in the implementation of the 2048 game can be a

fulfilling and enjoyable experience for developers, allowing them to explore their
creativity, problem-solving skills, and passion for game development. It provides
an opportunity for self-directed learning and experimentation in a supportive
environment.

5. Community Contribution: Sharing the implementation with the developer

community can benefit other learners and enthusiasts who are interested in Python
programming, game development, or database management. By making the source
code accessible and providing documentation, developers can contribute to the
collective knowledge and inspire others to pursue their own projects.

Overall, the purpose of implementing the 2048 game is to combine learning, skill
development, portfolio enhancement, personal enrichment, and community
contribution into a cohesive project that highlights the developer's abilities and
passion for coding.
10
 1.3.2 SCOPE:-

The scope of implementing the 2048 game using Python and MySQL encompasses
several key aspects, including:

1. Gameplay Features: The implementation will cover the core gameplay mechanics
of the original 2048 game, including tile sliding, merging, and win/loss conditions.
Players will be able to interact with the game through a graphical user interface
(GUI) to make moves and track their progress.

2. Graphical User Interface (GUI): The implementation will include a user-friendly

GUI developed using the Tkinter library in Python. The GUI will feature elements
such as a game board, score display, player input controls, and feedback messages
to enhance the gaming experience.

3. Database Integration: MySQL database functionality will be integrated into the

implementation to store and retrieve high scores and player history. This feature
will enable players to track their progress over time, compete with others, and view
past game records.

4. Interactivity and Real-Time Updates: The game interface will be interactive and
responsive, allowing players to make moves, see immediate feedback on the game
board, and receive updates on their score and high scores in real-time.

5. Winning and Losing Conditions: The implementation will include the win
condition, where the player successfully merges tiles to reach the 2048 tile.
Additionally, it will implement the game over condition, where the player is unable
to make any more moves, and the game ends.

6. Enhanced User Experience: Efforts will be made to provide an engaging and

enjoyable gaming experience by incorporating visual elements, animations, and
sound effects where appropriate. The game will be aesthetically pleasing and
immersive for the player.
7. Code Quality and Documentation: Clean, well-structured code with appropriate
comments and documentation will be maintained to facilitate understanding,
maintenance, and future enhancements. Best practices in software development
will be followed to ensure reliability, scalability, and readability of the codebase.

11
The scope of the implementation is focused on delivering a polished and functional
version of the 2048 game that meets the objectives outlined earlier. While
additional features and enhancements may be considered, they will be evaluated
based on their impact on the overall project timeline and goals.

12
CHAPTER 2:SURVEY OF
TECHNOLOGY

13
 2. SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGY

2.1JUSTIFICATION OF SELECTION OF
TECHNOLOGY:-
The choice of Python as the primary programming language and MySQL as the
database management system for implementing the 2048 game is based on several
factors that align with the project requirements and objectives:
1. Python's Versatility: Python is a versatile and widely-used programming
language known for its simplicity, readability, and extensive library support. It
provides a rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks for various purposes,
including game development, GUI programming, and database interaction. Using
Python allows for rapid development and easy integration of different components,
making it well-suited for projects with tight deadlines and diverse requirements.

2. Tkinter for GUI Development: Tkinter is the standard GUI toolkit for Python,
providing a simple and easy-to-use interface for creating graphical user interfaces.
It is included with most Python installations, making it readily accessible without
additional dependencies. Tkinter's simplicity and flexibility make it suitable for
developing GUIs for games like 2048, where the focus is on functionality and
usability rather than complex graphics.

3. MySQL for Database Management: MySQL is a popular open-source relational

database management system known for its reliability, performance, and ease of
use. It is widely used in web development, gaming, and other applications that
require robust data storage and retrieval capabilities. Integrating MySQL into the
2048 game allows for storing and retrieving high scores and player history,
enhancing the gameplay experience and providing additional functionality for
players.

4. Community Support and Documentation: Both Python and MySQL have large
and active communities of developers, enthusiasts, and contributors who provide
extensive documentation, tutorials, and support resources. Leveraging these
communities can help streamline development, troubleshoot issues, and learn best
practices for building high-quality software.

5. Compatibility and Portability: Python and MySQL are cross-platform

technologies, meaning they can run on various operating systems such as
Windows, macOS, and Linux. This ensures compatibility and portability of the

14
 game across different environments, allowing players to enjoy the game on their
preferred devices without restrictions.

6. Scalability and Performance: Python and MySQL are capable of handling the
scale and performance requirements of the 2048 game, which is a relatively
lightweight application in terms of computational complexity and data storage
needs. Both technologies offer scalability options and optimizations to
accommodate potential growth and increased user demand over time.

In summary, the selection of Python and MySQL for implementing the 2048 game
is justified by their versatility, ease of use, community support, compatibility, and
suitability for the project requirements. Together, they provide a robust foundation
for building a functional and engaging game that meets the objectives outlined
earlier.

15
 2.2 FRONT END:-
For the front end development of the 2048 game, the Tkinter library in Python will
be utilized. Tkinter is the standard GUI (Graphical User Interface) toolkit for
Python, providing a simple and easy-to-use interface for creating graphical user
interfaces.

Tkinter offers a range of widgets and tools for building interactive GUI
applications, making it suitable for developing the game's user interface. Some key
components of the front end development using Tkinter include:

1. Widgets: Tkinter provides various widgets such as buttons, labels, entry fields,
frames, and canvas that can be used to create the different elements of the game
interface. For example, buttons can be used for player input controls, labels for
displaying text and scores, and canvas for rendering the game board.

2. Layout Management: Tkinter offers several layout managers, such as pack, grid,
and place, for organizing and positioning widgets within the application window.
Layout management is essential for creating a visually appealing and organized
interface that maximizes usability and accessibility.

3. Event Handling: Tkinter allows for event-driven programming, where functions

are triggered in response to user interactions such as button clicks, key presses, and
mouse movements. Event handling enables interactivity and responsiveness in the
game interface, allowing players to interact with the game and make moves.

4. Customization: Tkinter provides options for customizing the appearance and

behavior of widgets, including configuring colors, fonts, sizes, and styles.
Customization allows for creating a unique and visually appealing interface that
aligns with the game's theme and aesthetics.

5. Integration with Python Code: Tkinter seamlessly integrates with Python code,
allowing developers to write Python functions and logic to control the behavior of
the GUI elements. This integration enables developers to implement game logic,
handle user input, update the interface, and perform other tasks within the same
codebase.

Overall, Tkinter offers a comprehensive set of tools and features for front end
development, making it well-suited for creating the user interface of the 2048
16
game. By leveraging Tkinter's capabilities, developers can create an interactive and
visually engaging interface that enhances the overall gaming experience for
players.

17
 2.3 BACK END:-

For the back end of the 2048 game implementation, MySQL will be used as the
database management system. The back end is responsible for managing data
storage, retrieval, and manipulation, including storing high scores, player history,
and other game-related information.

MySQL is a popular open-source relational database management system known

for its reliability, performance, and scalability. It offers a range of features that
make it suitable for the back end of the 2048 game, including:

1. Data Storage: MySQL provides a robust and efficient platform for storing game
data, such as high scores, player names, scores, dates, and times. Tables can be
created to organize and structure the data in a logical manner, making it easy to
query and manipulate.

2. Data Retrieval: MySQL allows for querying and retrieving data from the database
using SQL (Structured Query Language). This enables developers to retrieve high
scores, player history, and other relevant information to display on the game
interface and provide feedback to players.

3. Data Manipulation: MySQL supports various data manipulation operations, such

as inserting, updating, and deleting records in the database. This allows for
updating high scores, adding new player entries, and managing game data
dynamically as players interact with the game.

4. Concurrency and Transactions: MySQL provides support for concurrency

control and transactions, ensuring data integrity and consistency in multi-user
environments. This is important for handling simultaneous access to the database
by multiple players and preventing data corruption or inconsistency.

5. Scalability and Performance: MySQL is capable of handling the scale and

performance requirements of the 2048 game, which may involve storing large
volumes of data and handling concurrent access from multiple players. MySQL
offers scalability options and optimizations to ensure efficient data storage and
retrieval, even as the game grows in popularity and usage.

18
6. Security: MySQL provides robust security features to protect sensitive game data
from unauthorized access, including user authentication, access control, and
encryption. This helps ensure the confidentiality and integrity of player
information stored in the database.

By utilizing MySQL as the back end of the 2048 game implementation, developers
can effectively manage game data, provide persistence across game sessions, and
enhance the overall gaming experience for players. The combination of Python for
front end development and MySQL for back end storage forms a comprehensive
and reliable foundation for building a fully functional and engaging game.

19
CHAPTER 3:REQUIREMENT AND
ANALYSIS

20
 3. REQUIREMENT AND ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:-
As of the current implementation, there is no existing system for the 2048 game
using Python and MySQL. The implementation described here represents a new
development effort to create a fully functional version of the game from scratch.

However, it's worth noting that there exist numerous implementations of the 2048
game in various programming languages and platforms, ranging from simple
command-line versions to more sophisticated web-based and mobile applications.
These existing implementations serve as references and inspirations for developers
looking to create their own versions of the game.

Some characteristics of existing 2048 game implementations may include:

1. Gameplay Mechanics: Most existing implementations follow the core gameplay

mechanics of the original 2048 game, where players slide numbered tiles on a grid
to merge them and create higher-valued tiles. The objective is to reach the 2048 tile
by merging smaller tiles strategically.

2. User Interface: Depending on the platform and technology used, the user interface
of existing implementations may vary. Some may feature simple text-based
interfaces, while others may include graphical elements such as colors, animations,
and sound effects to enhance the gaming experience.

3. Scoring and High Scores: Many implementations include scoring systems to track
players' progress and achievements. High score lists or leaderboards may also be
implemented to showcase top-performing players and encourage competition.

4. Persistence and Save Games: Some implementations offer persistence features

that allow players to save their game progress and resume play at a later time. This
typically involves saving game state data, such as the current board configuration
and score, to a file or database.

5. Platform Support: 2048 game implementations are available on a variety of

platforms, including desktop computers, web browsers, and mobile devices.
Different technologies and programming languages may be used to develop these
implementations, catering to different user preferences and usage scenarios.

21
While existing implementations provide valuable insights and references for
developers, the current effort aims to create a new implementation specifically
using Python for front end development and MySQL for back end database
management. This allows for a customized and tailored approach to building the
game, incorporating features and functionality that align with the project objectives
and requirements.

22
 3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM:-
The proposed system involves the development of a 2048 game using Python for
front end development and MySQL for back end database management. The
system aims to provide an engaging and interactive gaming experience while
leveraging the capabilities of both technologies to enhance functionality, usability,
and performance.
Key components and features of the proposed system include:

1. Graphical User Interface (GUI):

 The game will feature a visually appealing and user-friendly GUI developed
using the Tkinter library in Python.
 GUI elements such as buttons, labels, and a game board will be implemented
to facilitate player interaction and provide feedback.
2. Gameplay Mechanics:
 The core gameplay mechanics of the original 2048 game will be
implemented, allowing players to slide numbered tiles on a grid to merge
them and create higher-valued tiles.
 Players will aim to reach the 2048 tile by strategically merging tiles and
maximizing their score.
3. Scoring and High Scores:
 A scoring system will be implemented to track players' scores as they
progress through the game.
 High scores will be stored in a MySQL database, allowing players to
compete for top rankings and track their performance over time.
4. Database Integration:
 MySQL will be used for back end database management, enabling the
storage and retrieval of high scores and player history.
 Database queries will be used to retrieve high scores, update player records,
and handle other data-related tasks.
5. Persistence and Save Games:
 The system will support persistence features that allow players to save their
game progress and resume play at a later time.
 Game state data, including the current board configuration and score, will be
stored in the MySQL database to facilitate save game functionality.

23
6. Interactivity and Real-Time Updates:
 The game interface will be interactive and responsive, allowing players to
make moves, see immediate feedback on the game board, and receive
updates on their score and high scores in real-time.

7. Customization and Enhancements:

 The system will offer options for customization, allowing players to adjust
settings such as game difficulty, board size, and tile appearance.
 Enhancements such as animations, sound effects, and visual cues may be
implemented to enhance the overall gaming experience.
The proposed system aims to deliver a fully functional and engaging version of the
2048 game that leverages the capabilities of Python and MySQL to provide a
seamless and enjoyable gaming experience for players. By combining intuitive
GUI design, robust database management, and interactive gameplay mechanics,
the system aims to appeal to a wide audience of players and enthusiasts.

24
 3.3 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION:-
Requirements Specification outlines the functional and non-functional
requirements of a software system. Here's an example of a Requirements
Specification document for the Python-based 2048 game with MySQL integration:

1. Introduction
The Python-based 2048 Game with MySQL Integration aims to develop a digital
implementation of the popular 2048 puzzle game with added features such as high
score tracking and player history storage using MySQL database integration.

2. Functional Requirements
2.1 Game Mechanics

1. The game shall display a 4x4 grid of tiles.

2. Tiles shall contain values that are powers of 2 (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16).
3. The game shall allow the player to move tiles in four directions: up, down, left, and
right.
4. When two tiles with the same value collide, they shall merge into a single tile with
a value equal to the sum of their values.
5. The game shall add a new tile with a value of either 2 or 4 to a random empty cell
after each move.
6. The game shall end when the player achieves a tile with a value of 2048 or when
no more moves are possible.

2.2 Database Integration

1. The game shall connect to a MySQL database to store and retrieve high scores and
player history.
2. The game shall record the player's name, score, date, and time when a game
session ends.
3. The game shall display the highest score achieved by any player and the
corresponding player name.

25
 3. Non-Functional Requirements
1. Performance: The game shall run smoothly on a variety of hardware
configurations without significant lag or delay.
2. Usability: The game shall have an intuitive user interface that is easy to navigate
and understand.
3. Reliability: The game shall handle errors gracefully and provide informative error
messages to the user in case of failures.
4. Security: The game shall protect sensitive player data stored in the MySQL
database by implementing proper authentication and authorization mechanisms.
5. Scalability: The game shall be scalable to accommodate a large number of
concurrent players and high scores without degradation in performance.

4. Constraints
1. The game shall be developed using Python programming language.
2. The game shall utilize the Tkinter library for graphical user interface development.
3. The game shall connect to a MySQL database hosted on a local or remote server.
4. The game shall be compatible with Windows, macOS, and Linux operating
systems.

This Requirements Specification document provides a comprehensive overview of

the functional and non-functional requirements, as well as constraints, for the
Python-based 2048 Game with MySQL Integration project. It serves as a guideline
for the development team to ensure that the final product meets the specified
criteria and satisfies the needs of the stakeholders.

26
3.4 PLANNING AND SCHEDULING:-
Effective planning and scheduling are crucial for the successful development of the
2048 game using Python and MySQL. This involves breaking down the project
into manageable tasks, estimating time and resources required for each task, and
creating a timeline for implementation. Here's a step-by-step guide to planning and
scheduling the development process:

Define Project Scope: Clearly define the scope of the project, including the key
features, functionalities, and deliverables of the 2048 game. Identify any
constraints or limitations that may impact the project timeline or resources.

Create Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): Break down the project into
smaller, manageable tasks or work packages. Organize tasks into logical groupings
based on their dependencies and relationships.

Estimate Task Duration and Resources: Estimate the time and resources
required to complete each task in the WBS. Consider factors such as complexity,
dependencies, availability of resources, and potential risks or uncertainties.

Allocate Resources: Determine the resources needed for each task, including
human resources (developers, designers, testers) and technical resources
(hardware, software, tools). Assign responsibilities and roles to team members
based on their skills and expertise.

Create a Project Schedule: Develop a project schedule or timeline that outlines

the sequence of tasks, their start and end dates, and any dependencies or
constraints. Use project management tools such as Gantt charts or task lists to
visualize the schedule and track progress.

Identify Milestones: Define key milestones or checkpoints in the project timeline

to track progress and measure success. Milestones may include completing specific
features, reaching certain development stages, or meeting project deadlines.

Manage Risks: Identify potential risks or challenges that may arise during the
development process, such as technical issues, resource constraints, or changes in
requirements. Develop mitigation strategies to address risks and minimize their
impact on the project.

27
Monitor and Adjust: Continuously monitor progress against the project schedule
and milestones. Regularly communicate with team members to identify any issues
or delays and make adjustments to the schedule or resources as needed.

Document and Communicate: Document the project plan, schedule, and any
changes or updates throughout the development process. Communicate regularly
with stakeholders to keep them informed of progress, milestones, and any
deviations from the plan.

Quality Assurance and Testing: Allocate time for quality assurance and testing
activities to ensure the game meets quality standards and user expectations. Plan
for unit testing, integration testing, and user acceptance testing to identify and
address any issues or defects.

By following these planning and scheduling steps, developers can effectively

manage the development process and ensure the successful completion of the 2048
game project within the specified timeline and budget. A well-structured plan helps
optimize resource utilization, minimize risks, and deliver a high-quality game that
meets stakeholder requirements and exceeds player expectations.

28
29
 3.5 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:-
The hardware requirements for developing and running a Python-based 2048 game
with MySQL integration are relatively modest. Here's an overview of the hardware
requirements for both development and deployment:

1. Development Environment:

 Computer: A modern computer with sufficient processing power and

memory to run development tools and IDEs smoothly.
 Processor: A multi-core processor (e.g., Intel Core i5 or AMD Ryzen 5) for
faster compilation and execution of Python scripts.
 Memory (RAM): At least 8GB of RAM to handle the demands of running
development tools, databases, and multiple applications simultaneously.
 Storage: Adequate storage space for storing project files, dependencies, and
development tools. A solid-state drive (SSD) is recommended for faster
read/write speeds.

2. Deployment Environment:

 Server: A server or hosting environment capable of running Python and

MySQL. This can range from a dedicated server to a cloud-based virtual
machine (e.g., AWS EC2, Google Cloud Compute Engine).
 Processor: A multi-core processor with sufficient processing power to
handle concurrent user requests and database operations.
 Memory (RAM): Sufficient RAM to support the simultaneous execution of
the Python application and MySQL database server. The amount of RAM
required depends on factors such as the number of concurrent users and the
complexity of database queries.
 Storage: Adequate storage space for storing game assets, database files, and
other resources. Consider the scalability and performance requirements of
the storage solution to ensure smooth operation and data integrity.

30
3. Networking:

 Internet Connection: A stable internet connection is required for accessing

development resources, downloading dependencies, and deploying the game
to remote servers.
 Network Bandwidth: Sufficient network bandwidth to support multiplayer
functionality, data synchronization, and communication between clients and
the server.

4. Optional Hardware:

 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): While not strictly necessary for running
a 2048 game, a dedicated GPU can improve graphics rendering and
performance for more visually demanding games or graphical effects.
 Input Devices: Input devices such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens for
interacting with the game interface. Consider the compatibility and usability
of input devices across different platforms and devices.

Overall, the hardware requirements for developing and deploying a Python-based

2048 game with MySQL integration are relatively flexible and can be adjusted
based on the specific needs and scalability requirements of the project.

31
 3.6 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:-
The software requirements for developing and running a Python-based 2048 game
with MySQL integration include the following components:

1. Python: Python is the primary programming language used for developing the
game logic, user interface, and backend interactions. Ensure you have Python
installed on your system. You can download and install Python from the official
website: Python.org.

2. Integrated Development Environment (IDE): An IDE provides tools and

features to streamline the development process, including code editing, debugging,
and project management. Some popular Python IDEs include:
 PyCharm
 Visual Studio Code (with Python extension)
 Spyder
 IDLE (included with Python installation)

3. Tkinter: Tkinter is the standard GUI toolkit for Python, used for creating the
graphical user interface (GUI) of the game. Tkinter comes pre-installed with
Python, so you don't need to install it separately.

4. MySQL Database: MySQL is used for storing high scores and player data in the
backend. You'll need to install and set up MySQL Server on your development
machine or a remote server. You can download MySQL from the official website:
MySQL Downloads.

5. MySQL Connector for Python: The MySQL Connector for Python allows
Python programs to access MySQL databases using an API similar to that of the
MySQL C API. You can install the MySQL Connector for Python using pip, the
Python package installer:
Copy code
-python
6. Additional Python Libraries: Depending on your specific requirements and
features of the game, you may need to install additional Python libraries/modules.
For example:
 Random: Used for generating random numbers for tile placement in the
game.
 Datetime: Used for handling date and time operations, such as recording
high score timestamps.

32
  Other utility libraries as needed for game development and database
interaction.

7. Operating System Compatibility: Ensure that all software components are

compatible with your operating system (Windows, macOS, Linux). Most Python
libraries and MySQL are cross-platform and can be used on different operating
systems.

8. Version Control System (Optional): While not strictly required, using a version
control system such as Git can help manage and track changes to your codebase,
collaborate with other developers, and ensure project integrity. Platforms like
GitHub, GitLab, or Bitbucket provide hosting services for Git repositories.

By meeting these software requirements and setting up the development

environment properly, you'll have the necessary tools and components to develop,
test, and deploy the Python-based 2048 game with MySQL integration.

33
CHAPTER 4:SYSTEM DESIGN

34
 4.SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 MODULE DIVISION:-
In the development of the Python-based 2048 game with MySQL integration, we
can divide the project into several modules to organize the codebase effectively
and promote modularity and reusability. Here's a proposed division of modules:

1. Main Module:
 This module serves as the entry point of the application.
 It initializes the game, sets up the user interface, and handles user
interactions.
 It orchestrates the interaction between different modules and components of
the game.
2. Game Logic Module:
 This module contains the core game logic, including tile movements,
merges, and game state management.
 It provides functions and classes to handle game mechanics such as moving
tiles, merging tiles, generating new tiles, and checking for win/loss
conditions.
3. Database Module :
 This module handles interactions with the MySQL database.
 It provides functions to establish connections to the database, insert new
high scores, retrieve high scores, and manage player history.
4. User Interface Module:
 This module is responsible for creating the graphical user interface (GUI)
using Tkinter.
 It defines classes and functions to display the game board, labels, buttons,
and other GUI elements.
 It handles user input events and updates the GUI based on game state
changes.
5. Utilities Module:
 This module contains utility functions and constants used throughout the
application.
 It may include helper functions for generating random numbers, formatting
timestamps, or other common tasks.
 It centralizes reusable code to avoid duplication and promote
maintainability.

35
6. Configuration Module:
 This module stores configuration settings and constants used across the
application.
 It may include database connection parameters, game settings (e.g., tile
colors, game board size), and other configurable options.
7. Testing Module:
 This module contains unit tests to verify the correctness of individual
functions and modules.
 It uses Python's built-in testing frameworks such as unittest or pytest to
automate testing and ensure code quality.

By dividing the project into these modules, we can achieve better organization,
maintainability, and scalability of the codebase. Each module encapsulates specific
functionality, making it easier to understand, test, and extend the application.
Additionally, modular design promotes code reusability and facilitates
collaboration among team members working on different parts of the project.

36
 4.2 DATA DICTIONARY:-
A data dictionary provides a detailed description of the data elements used within a
system, including their names, definitions, characteristics, and relationships. For
the Python-based 2048 game with MySQL integration, the data dictionary would
document the various data entities and attributes involved in the game and database
interactions. Here's a simplified example of a data dictionary for this system:

Data Entities:
1. Player:
 Attributes:
 Player_ID (Primary Key): Unique identifier for each player.
 Player_Name: Name of the player.
2. High_Scores:
 Attributes:
 Score_ID (Primary Key): Unique identifier for each high score entry.
 Player_ID (Foreign Key): Identifier linking to the corresponding
player.
 Score: The score achieved by the player.
 Date: The date when the high score was achieved.
 Time: The time when the high score was achieved.

Relationships:
 Each player can have multiple high scores associated with them. (One-to-Many
relationship between Player and High_Scores)

Example Entries:
Player:
Player_ID Player_Name
1 Alice
2 Bob
3 Charlie

High_Scores:
Score_ID Player_ID Score Date Time
1 1 2048 2024-03-14 15:30:00
2 1 1024 2024-03-15 10:45:00
3 2 4096 2024-03-15 18:20:00
4 3 512 2024-03-16 09:00:00

37
 Key Considerations:
 The data dictionary provides a comprehensive reference for understanding the
structure and characteristics of the data used in the system.
 It helps ensure consistency and accuracy in data handling by defining clear
definitions and guidelines for data usage.
 The data dictionary serves as a valuable resource for developers, database
administrators, and stakeholders involved in the project, facilitating
communication and understanding of the data model.
 Additional attributes or entities may be included in the data dictionary based on the
specific requirements and functionalities of the Python-based 2048 game with
MySQL integration.

By documenting the data entities, attributes, and relationships in a structured

manner, the data dictionary contributes to the overall clarity and organization of
the system's data management processes.

38
4.3 DFD DIAGRAM:-

LEVEL 0:

LEVEL 1:

39
LEVEL 2:

40
CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION
AND TESTING

41
5. IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
5.1 SCREEN LAYOUT:-

Login Page:

MySql Connected:

42
Game Layout:

43
Game Start:

44
Game Over:

45
Game History:

Player History:

46
5.2 CODE:-

import tkinter as tk
import random
import mysql.connector
from mysql.connector import Error
import datetime

def connect_to_database():
try:
connection = mysql.connector.connect(
host='localhost',
database='2048_game',
user='root',
password='root'
)
if connection.is_connected():
print("Connected to MySQL database")
return connection
except Error as e:
print(f"Error connecting to MySQL database: {e}")

47
def initialize_board():
board = [[0] * 4 for _ in range(4)]
add_new_tile(board)
add_new_tile(board)
return board

def add_new_tile(board):
empty_cells = [(i, j) for i in range(4) for j in range(4) if board[i][j] ==
0]
if empty_cells:
row, col = random.choice(empty_cells)
board[row][col] = random.choice([2, 4])

def move_left(board):
for row in board:
row[:] = [cell for cell in row if cell != 0]
for i in range(len(row) - 1):
if row[i] == row[i + 1]:
row[i], row[i + 1] = row[i] * 2, 0
row[:] = [cell for cell in row if cell != 0]
row += [0] * (4 - len(row))

48
def is_game_over(board):
for row in board:
if 0 in row:
return False
for i in range(len(row) - 1):
if row[i] == row[i + 1]:
return False
return True

def update_high_score(connection, player_name, score):

try:
cursor = connection.cursor()
current_datetime = datetime.datetime.now()
date = current_datetime.date()
time = current_datetime.time()
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO high_scores (player_name, score,
date, time) VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)", (player_name, score, date,
time))
connection.commit()
print("New high score recorded!")
except Error as e:
print(f"Error updating high score: {e}")

49
def get_high_score(connection):
try:
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT player_name, score FROM high_scores
ORDER BY score DESC LIMIT 1")
result = cursor.fetchone()
if result:
return result
else:
return None
except Error as e:
print(f"Error getting high score: {e}")
return None

def add_player_history(connection, player_name, score, date, time):

try:
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO high_scores (player_name, score,
date, time) VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)", (player_name, score, date,
time))
connection.commit()
print("Player history added successfully!")
except Error as e:
print(f"Error adding player history: {e}")

50
def get_player_history(connection, player_name):
try:
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM high_scores WHERE
player_name = %s ORDER BY score DESC", (player_name,))
result = cursor.fetchall()
if result:
print(f"Player {player_name}'s history:")
for row in result:
print(f"Score: {row[2]}, Date: {row[3]}, Time: {row[4]}")
else:
print(f"No history found for player {player_name}")
except Error as e:
print(f"Error getting player history: {e}")

def play_game():
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("2048")

player_name_label = tk.Label(root, text="Enter your name:",

font=("Helvetica", 12))
player_name_label.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2)

player_name_entry = tk.Entry(root, font=("Helvetica", 12))

player_name_entry.grid(row=0, column=2, columnspan=2)

51
 start_game_button=tk.Button(root,text="StartGame",
font=("Helvetica",12),command=lambda:
start_game(player_name_entry.get(), root))
start_game_button.grid(row=0, column=4, columnspan=2)

root.mainloop()

def start_game(player_name, root):

root.destroy()
connection = connect_to_database()
if connection is None:
return

try:
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS high_scores
(id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, player_name
VARCHAR(255), score INT)")
except Error as e:
print(f"Error creating table: {e}")

global score
score = 0

52
def on_key(event):
global score
move = event.keysym
if move in ['Up', 'Down', 'Left', 'Right']:
if move == 'Up':
board[:] = [list(x) for x in zip(*board[::-1])]
move_left(board)
board[:] = [list(x) for x in zip(*board[::-1])]
elif move == 'Down':
board[:] = [list(x) for x in zip(*board[::-1])]
move_left(board)
board[:] = [list(x) for x in zip(*board[::-1])]
elif move == 'Left':
move_left(board)
elif move == 'Right':
board[:] = [row[::-1] for row in board]
move_left(board)
board[:] = [row[::-1] for row in board]

53
 add_new_tile(board)
score = max([max(row) for row in board])
score_label.config(text=f"Score: {score}")
update_display()
if is_game_over(board):
print("Game Over!")
print(f"Your score: {score}")
update_high_score(connection, player_name, score)
high_scorer = get_high_score(connection)
if score >= 2048:
print("Congratulations! You won!")
else:
game_over_label.config(text="Game Over") # Display
"Game Over" message
root.unbind("<Key>")

def update_display():
player_name_label.config(text=f"Player: {player_name}")
high_score_label.config(text=f"High Score: {high_scorer[1] if
high_scorer else 'None'} by {high_scorer[0] if high_scorer else
'None'}")

54
 for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
cell_value = board[i][j]
if cell_value == 0:
labels[i][j].config(text="", bg="gray")
else:
labels[i][j].config(text=str(cell_value),
bg=tile_colors[cell_value])

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("2048")

global board
board = initialize_board()

player_name_label = tk.Label(root, text=f"Player: {player_name}",

font=("Helvetica", 12))
player_name_label.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=4)

high_scorer = get_high_score(connection)
high_score_label = tk.Label(root, text=f"High Score: {high_scorer[1]
if high_scorer else 'None'} by {high_scorer[0] if high_scorer else
'None'}", font=("Helvetica", 12))
high_score_label.grid(row=1, column=0, columnspan=4)

55
 score_label = tk.Label(root, text=f"Score: {score}",
font=("Helvetica", 12))
score_label.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=4)

game_over_label = tk.Label(root, text="", font=("Helvetica", 24,

"bold"), fg="red")
game_over_label.grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=4)

tile_colors = {
0: "#CDC1B4",
2: "#EEE4DA",
4: "#EDE0C8",
8: "#F2B179",
16: "#F59563",
32: "#F67C5F",
64: "#F65E3B",
128: "#EDCF72",
256: "#EDCC61",
512: "#EDC850",
1024: "#EDC53F",
2048: "#EDC22E"
}

56
 labels = [[None] * 4 for _ in range(4)]
for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
labels[i][j] = tk.Label(root, text="", font=("Helvetica", 32,
"bold"), width=4, height=2,
relief="ridge", borderwidth=2, bg="gray")
labels[i][j].grid(row=i+4, column=j, padx=5, pady=5)

update_display()

root.bind("<Key>", on_key)
root.mainloop()

if __name__ == "__main__":
play_game()

57
 5.3 TESTING APPROACH:-
Testing is a crucial aspect of software development to ensure that the application
behaves as expected and meets the specified requirements. For the Python-based
2048 game with MySQL integration, we can adopt a comprehensive testing
approach that includes various types of testing to validate different aspects of the
game's functionality. Here's an outline of the testing approach:

1. Unit Testing:

Purpose:

 Verify the correctness of individual functions and methods.

 Ensure that each component behaves as expected in isolation.

Approach:

 Write unit tests using Python's built-in testing frameworks such as unittest or
pytest.
 Test each function and method with different input scenarios, including edge cases
and boundary conditions.
 Mock external dependencies such as database interactions for isolated testing.
 Use assertions to validate the expected behavior and outcomes.

2. Integration Testing:
Purpose:

 Verify the interactions and integration between different components of the game.
 Ensure that modules work together seamlessly to achieve the desired functionality.

Approach:

 Test the integration between the game logic, user interface, and database modules.
 Simulate user interactions and game events to observe the system's behavior.
 Validate the flow of data between components and the correctness of data
transformations.
 Ensure that error handling and exception propagation are handled appropriately.

3. System Testing:
58
 Purpose:

 Validate the game's behavior and functionality as a whole.

 Ensure that the game meets the specified requirements and user expectations.

Approach:

 Play through the game manually to assess its usability and user experience.
 Test various game scenarios, including winning, losing, and restarting the game.
 Verify the correctness of high score recording and retrieval from the database.
 Evaluate the responsiveness and performance of the game under different
conditions.

4. User Acceptance Testing (UAT):

Purpose:

 Gather feedback from end-users to assess the game's suitability and satisfaction.
 Ensure that the game meets user expectations and fulfills its intended purpose.

Approach:

 Involve target users or focus groups to play the game and provide feedback.
 Collect user feedback on usability, intuitiveness, and overall satisfaction.
 Address any identified issues or concerns raised by users to improve the game.

5. Regression Testing:

Purpose:

 Ensure that new changes or updates do not introduce regressions or unintended

side effects.
 Validate that existing functionality continues to work as expected after
modifications.

59
 Approach:

 Re-run existing test cases, including unit tests, integration tests, and system tests.
 Verify that all previously passing tests still pass without any failures.
 Detect and address any regression issues promptly to maintain the stability of the
game.

By following this testing approach, developers can systematically validate the

Python-based 2048 game with MySQL integration, identify and address any issues
or defects, and deliver a high-quality, reliable gaming experience to users.

60
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS
AND FURTHER WORK

61
 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK

6.1 CONCLUSION:-
In conclusion, the development of the Python-based 2048 game with MySQL
integration marks a significant achievement in creating an entertaining and
engaging gaming experience. This project has not only showcased the capabilities
of Python and MySQL but also demonstrated the intricate process of designing,
implementing, and testing a complex software application.

Throughout the development journey, several key accomplishments have been

made:
1. Gameplay Mechanics: The implementation of the classic 2048 gameplay
mechanics has provided players with a challenging yet enjoyable puzzle-solving
experience. The addition of random tile generation and score tracking enhances the
game's depth and replayability.

2. Database Integration: By integrating MySQL, the game can now store and
retrieve player high scores and history, adding a competitive element to the
gameplay. This integration also demonstrates the practical application of database
management systems in real-world projects.

3. User Interface Design: The intuitive user interface design ensures that players can
easily navigate the game and understand its mechanics. The inclusion of player
name input and high score display adds a personalized touch to the gaming
experience.

4. Testing and Quality Assurance: A comprehensive testing approach, including

unit testing, integration testing, and UI testing, has been employed to identify and
resolve issues throughout the development process. This commitment to quality
ensures that the game meets high standards of reliability and performance.

62
Looking ahead, there are several opportunities for further improvement and
expansion. Future iterations of the game could focus on enhancing the user
interface, introducing new gameplay features, optimizing performance, and
fostering community engagement. Additionally, ongoing maintenance and support
will be essential to address any bugs or issues that arise post-release.

Overall, the Python-based 2048 game with MySQL integration serves as a

testament to the power of collaboration, creativity, and innovation in software
development. By continuing to iterate and innovate, we can deliver compelling
gaming experiences that delight players and stand the test of time.

63
 6.2 FURTHER WORK:-
Further work on the Python-based 2048 game with MySQL integration can
encompass several areas for improvement and expansion. Here are some potential
avenues to explore:

1. Enhanced User Interface: Continuously improve the game's user interface design to
make it more visually appealing, intuitive, and responsive. Consider incorporating
animations, transitions, and interactive elements to enhance the overall gaming
experience.

2. Additional Gameplay Features: Introduce new gameplay elements to add depth and
variety to the game. This could include power-ups, special tiles, different board
sizes, or alternative game modes to cater to different player preferences and skill
levels.

3. Multiplayer Functionality: Implement multiplayer functionality to allow players to

compete against each other in real-time or asynchronously. This could involve
online leaderboards, multiplayer matches, or social features that encourage
collaboration and competition among players.

4. Customization Options: Provide players with the ability to customize their gaming
experience by offering options such as different themes, tile sets, background
music, and sound effects. Personalization enhances player engagement and allows
them to tailor the game to their preferences.

5. Accessibility Improvements: Ensure that the game is accessible to players with

disabilities by incorporating accessibility features such as keyboard navigation,
screen reader compatibility, high contrast modes, and adjustable font sizes.
Accessibility improvements make the game more inclusive and reach a wider
audience.

6. Localization Support: Localize the game to support multiple languages and

regions, making it accessible to players around the world. Translate in-game text,
menus, and instructions into different languages to provide a localized experience
for players in diverse cultural contexts.

64
7. Performance Optimization: Optimize the game's performance to ensure smooth
gameplay and responsiveness across different devices and platforms. Identify and
address performance bottlenecks, memory leaks, and inefficient algorithms to
enhance overall game performance.

8. Community Engagement: Foster a vibrant community around the game by

engaging with players through social media, forums, and online communities.
Encourage player feedback, host tournaments or events, and provide regular
updates and new content to keep players engaged and excited about the game.

9. Marketplace Integration: Explore opportunities to distribute the game through

various platforms and digital marketplaces such as Steam, App Store, Google Play,
or online gaming portals. Leveraging existing distribution channels can help reach
a larger audience and drive player acquisition.

10. Continuous Maintenance and Support: Provide ongoing maintenance and support
to address any bugs, issues, or security vulnerabilities that arise post-release.
Regularly update the game with bug fixes, patches, and new features to keep it
relevant and enjoyable for players over time.

By focusing on these areas for further work, developers can continue to

evolve and refine the Python-based 2048 game with MySQL integration, creating a
compelling and enduring gaming experience for players worldwide.

65
CHAPTER 7 : REFERENCES

66
7.1 REFERENCES:
As this project involves various technologies, frameworks, and concepts,
references from different sources have been instrumental in its development. Here's
a list of references that have been consulted:

 https://pythongeeks.org/python-2048-game-source-code/
 https://www.w3schools.com/

67