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IFIP AICT 543
Ulrike Schultze
Margunn Aanestad
Magnus Mähring
Carsten Østerlund
Kai Riemer (Eds.)
123
IFIP Advances in Information
and Communication Technology 543
Editor-in-Chief
Editorial Board
TC 1 – Foundations of Computer Science
Jacques Sakarovitch, Télécom ParisTech, France
TC 2 – Software: Theory and Practice
Michael Goedicke, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
TC 3 – Education
Arthur Tatnall, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
TC 5 – Information Technology Applications
Erich J. Neuhold, University of Vienna, Austria
TC 6 – Communication Systems
Aiko Pras, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
TC 7 – System Modeling and Optimization
Fredi Tröltzsch, TU Berlin, Germany
TC 8 – Information Systems
Jan Pries-Heje, Roskilde University, Denmark
TC 9 – ICT and Society
David Kreps, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
TC 10 – Computer Systems Technology
Ricardo Reis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
TC 11 – Security and Privacy Protection in Information Processing Systems
Steven Furnell, Plymouth University, UK
TC 12 – Artificial Intelligence
Ulrich Furbach, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
TC 13 – Human-Computer Interaction
Marco Winckler, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
TC 14 – Entertainment Computing
Matthias Rauterberg, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
IFIP – The International Federation for Information Processing
IFIP was founded in 1960 under the auspices of UNESCO, following the first World
Computer Congress held in Paris the previous year. A federation for societies working
in information processing, IFIP’s aim is two-fold: to support information processing in
the countries of its members and to encourage technology transfer to developing na-
tions. As its mission statement clearly states:
IFIP is the global non-profit federation of societies of ICT professionals that aims
at achieving a worldwide professional and socially responsible development and
application of information and communication technologies.
123
Editors
Ulrike Schultze Carsten Østerlund
Southern Methodist University Syracuse University
Dallas, TX, USA Syracuse, NY, USA
Margunn Aanestad Kai Riemer
University of Oslo The University of Sydney Business School
Oslo, Norway Darlington, NSW, Australia
Magnus Mähring
Stockholm School of Economics
Stockholm, Sweden
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
The papers in this volume constitute the proceedings of a working conference orga-
nized by the IFIP Working Group 8.2, whose brief is “The Interaction of Information
Systems and the Organization.” The conference, entitled “Living with Monsters?
Social Implications of Algorithmic Phenomena, Hybrid Agency and the Performativity
of Technology,” was held in San Francisco during December 11–12, 2018. An
important inspiration for the theme of the conference was the highly successful 2016
Dublin working conference organized by Working Group 8.2; we would like to see the
current conference as at least partly a continuation and extension of themes and ideas
put forward in Dublin.
The call for papers resulted in a total of 49 submissions. Of these, 11 full papers,
four panel papers, and 16 interactive papers were selected for presentation at the
working conference. The submissions were selected through a blind review process
involving at least two reviewers and the editors. Authors of submissions that were
selected for the next round were requested to revise their contributions in accordance
with the reviewers’ and the editors’ recommendations. The revised submissions were
then reviewed for publication in this volume.
An introductory paper serves as an introduction to the volume, and two short papers,
by Lucy Suchman and Paul N. Edwards, reflect the contents of the two keynote
addresses given at the conference. Lucy Suchman deals with our ambivalent rela-
tionship with technological power and control, concretely in relation to the increasing
automation of military systems. Suchman reminds us that we are not absolved from
responsibility because the technological systems are beyond our control, and she
emphasizes the challenge posed to us by the monster imaginary. Paul N. Edwards takes
on algorithms and develops four principles that capture core aspects of their nature; the
principle of radical complexity, the principle of opacity, the principle of radical oth-
erness, and finally the difficult-to-name principle of infrastructuration or of Borgian
assimilation.
In addition to the keynotes and paper presentation sessions, we organized interactive
poster presentations and two panels. The first panel, called “Monstrous Materialities,”
brought together papers that investigate various aspects of the surprising and some-
times unintended effects of our actions and interactions with technologies. A second
panel was given the title “Studying ‘Sociomateriality’: An Exploration of Constructs in
the Making.” The panel was chaired by Wanda Orlikowski and focused on how we
work with materiality in our research studies. Going beyond debates about the best
approach to examining “sociomateriality,” the panelists (Dubrava Cecez-Kecmanovic,
Eric Monteiro, and Susan Scott) offered a constructive exploration of the specific ideas
and practices that guide their research studies, sharing the value they obtain from
working this way.
During the work in preparing the conference, one of the submitting authors,
Natalie Hardwicke of the University of Sydney, tragically and prematurely passed away.
VI Preface
As a tribute to her, and a memento of a promising academic career cut short, we have
decided to include her short paper as the final chapter in this volume.
We would like to express our thanks to all the contributors to this volume, as well as
the panelists and presenters at the conference. We would also like to express our
gratitude for the excellent work of all the members of the Program Committee, as well
as additional reviewers, during the review process. Further, we are grateful for the
support of the Cox School of Business at Southern Methodist University, the Stock-
holm School of Economics, the University of Sydney Business School, the iSchool at
Syracuse University, and the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo.
Last but not least, we are most grateful for the professional and efficient support of
Erika Siebert-Cole, Niranjan Bhaskaran and their colleagues at Springer in producing
these proceedings.
Program Chairs
Ulrike Schultze Southern Methodist University, USA
Margunn Aanestad Oslo University, Norway
Magnus Mähring Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden
Carsten Østerlund Syracuse University, USA
Kai Riemer Sydney University, Australia
Program Committee
J. P. Allen University of San Francisco, USA
Luis Araujo University of Manchester, UK
Michel Avital Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Diane Bailey University of Texas at Austin, USA
Michael Barrett University of Cambridge, UK
Beth Bechky New York University, USA
Nick Berente University of Notre Dame, USA
Magnus Bergquist Halmstad University, Sweden
Mads Bødker Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Sebastian Boell University of Sydney, Australia
Dubravka University of New South Wales, Australia
Cecez-Kecmanovic
Melissa Cefkin Nissan Research Center, USA
Panos Constantinides University of Warwick, UK
Alessia Contu University of Massachusetts, USA
Kevin Crowston Syracuse University, USA
Bill Doolin Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Paul Dourish University of California Irvine, USA
Hamid Ekbia Indiana University, USA
Amany Elbanna Royal Holloway, University of London, UK
Ingrid Erickson Syracuse University, USA
Anne-Laure Fayard New York University, USA
Miria Grisot University of Oslo, Norway
Ella Hafermalz Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dirk Hovorka University of Sydney, Australia
Lotta Hultin Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden
Lucas Introna Lancaster University, UK
Tina Blegind Jensen Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Matthew Jones University of Cambridge, UK
Jannis Kallinikos London School of Economics and Political Science,
UK
VIII Organization
Conference Sponsors
Frankenstein’s Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lucy Suchman
1 Introduction
These proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.2 reflects the response of the research community
to the theme selected for the 2018 working conference: “Living with Monsters? Social
Implications of Algorithmic Phenomena, Hybrid Agency and the Performativity of
Technology”. The IFIP WG 8.2 community has played an important role in the
Information Systems’ (IS) field, by promoting methodological diversity and engage-
ment with organizational and social theory. Historically, it has acted as a focus for IS
researchers who share these interests, always sustaining a lively and reflexive debate
around methodological questions. In recent years, this community has developed an
interest in processual, performative and relational aspects of inquiries into agency and
materiality. This working conference builds on these methodological and theoretical
focal points.
As the evolving digital worlds generate both hope and fears, we wanted to mobilize
the research community to reflect on the implications of digital technologies. Early in
our field’s history Norbert Wiener emphasized the ambivalence of automation’s
potential and urged us to consider the possible social consequences of technological
development [1]. In a year where the CEO of one of the world’s largest tech giants had
to testify to both the US Congress and the EU Parliament1, the social implications of
digital technologies is a pertinent topic for a working conference in the IFIP 8.2 WG
community.
The monster metaphor allows reframing and questioning both of our object of
research and of ourselves [2]. It brings attention to the ambivalence of technology as
our creation. Algorithms, using big data, do not only identify suspicious credit card
1
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/live/2018/apr/11/mark-zuckerberg-testimony-live-updates-
house-congress-cambridge-analytica, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/technology/mark-
zuckerberg-testimony.html, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-44210800.
transactions and predict the spread of epidemics, but they also raise concerns about
mass surveillance and perpetuated biases. Social media platforms allow us to stay
connected with family and friends, but they also commoditize relationships and pro-
duce new forms of sociality. Platform architectures are immensely flexible for con-
necting supply and demand, but they are also at risk of monopolization and may
become the basis for totalitarian societal structures.
We have realized that digital technologies are not mere strategic assets, supporting
tools, or representational technologies; instead, they are profoundly performative [3].
They serve as critical infrastructures and are deeply implicated in our daily lives. The
complexity and opacity of today’s interconnected digital assemblages reduce anyone’s
ability to fathom, let alone control them. For instance, stock market flash crashes,
induced by algorithmic trading, are highly visible examples of the limits of oversight
and control.
Cautionary tales of technology have often employed monster notions, such as the
sorcerer’s apprentice, the juggernaut, and the Frankenstein figure [4]. The complex
hybrid assemblages that have become so crucial for our everyday lives, are our own
creations but not under anyone’s apparent control. In fact, we might even be controlled
by them [5]. Consequently, we ask: “Are we living with monsters?”
The monster, emphasizing the unintended consequences of technologies, can also
encourage a reflection on what it is we do when we contribute to the creation of
technologies, and what our roles and duties are as researchers. The monster figure has
stimulated such moral reflection ever since Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley’s paradigmatic
novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus was published 200 years ago in 1818.
The novel has often been read as a critique of modern science’s hubris and lack of
moral restraint in the pursuit of knowledge, especially when linked to creating artificial
life or tinkering with natural, biological life.
A slightly different reading is presented by Winner [4] and Latour [6], who point to
the lack (or delayed onset) of the realization that a moral obligation accompanies the
pursuit of knowledge and technological creation. “Dr. Frankenstein’s crime was not
that he invented a creature through some combination of hubris and high technology,
but rather that he abandoned the creature to itself” ([6] [italics in original]). If our
involvement should be followed by a moral obligation, we need to ask what this
entails. What does it mean to take care of the monsters in our midst?
The monster disturbs us. A central thrust in the literature on monsters in the
humanities is geared to explore the revelatory potential of the monster figure. Attending
to monsters is a way of reading a culture’s fears, desires, anxieties and fantasies as
expressed in the monsters it engenders [7]. The monster is a mixed, and incongruous
entity that generates questions about boundaries between the social and the material:
Where are the borders of the human society? Does the monster have a place among us?
This ontological liminality can be exploited as an analytic resource: the monsters
reveal that which is “othered” and expelled, perhaps that which we neither want to take
responsibility for nor to take care of. How do we think about being deeply implicated in
the ongoing (re)creation of digital societies? Many of us use social media while crit-
icizing their privacy-invading tendencies; many enjoy the gig economy for its low-cost
services while disliking its destabilization of workers’ rights; and many perpetuate the
quantification of academic life while criticizing it. Do we as researchers inadvertently
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