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BIG DATA
 About the Author

Dr. Anil Maheshwari is a Professor of Management Informa-

tion Systems and Director of Center for Data Analytics at
Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, USA.

He received a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, and further received
his MBA degree from Indian Institute of Management (IIM)
Ahmedabad. He earned his PhD from Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio. He has been a Professor at the
University of Cincinnati, City University of New York, among
others. His research has been published in prestigious journals
and conferences. He teaches data analytics, big data, leadership, and marketing. He
has authored many books in data science and leadership. He has also worked in the
global IT industry for over 20 years, including leadership roles at IBM in Austin,
Texas. He has completed various leadership and marketing training programs at
IBM and also won several awards.

He is a practitioner of Transcendental Meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi techniques. He

blogs on IT and Enlightenment at anilmah.com, and is a popular speaker on those
topics. He is also a marathoner. He can be reached at [email protected].
 BIG DATA

Dr. Anil Maheshwari

Professor of Management Information Systems and
Director of Center for Data Analytics
Maharishi University of Management
Fairfield, Iowa, USA.

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Big Data
Copyright © 2017, by Dr. Anil Maheshwari
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 Dedicated to

My family of three lovely ladies

Wife Neerja, and daughters Ankita and Nupur
who taught me love, care and gentleness
 Preface

Big Data is a new, and inclusive, natural phenomenon, as big and messy as nature
itself. It requires a new kind of consciousness to fathom its scale and scope, and its
many opportunities and challenges. Understanding the essentials of Big Data requires
suspending many conventional expectations and assumptions about data ... such as
completeness, clarity, consistency, and conciseness. Fathoming and taming the multi-
layered Big Data is a dream that is slowly becoming a reality. It is a rapidly evolving
field that is growing exponentially in value and capabilities.

There are a growing number of books being written on Big Data. They fall mostly
in two categories. There are those that focus on business aspects, and discuss the
strategic internal shifts required for reaping the business benefits from the many
opportunities offered by Big Data. Then there are those that focus on particular
technology platforms, such as Hadoop or Spark. This book aims to bring together the
business context and the technologies in a seamless way.

Thanks to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi for creating a wonderful university whose

consciousness-based environment made writing this evolutionary book possible.
Thanks to many current and former students for contributing to this book. Dheer-
aj Pandey assisted with the Weblog analyzer application and its details. Suraj
Thapalia assisted with the Hadoop installation guide. Enkh Tseeleesuren helped
write the Spark tutorial. Thanks to my family for supporting me in this process.
My daughters Ankita and Nupur reviewed the book and made helpful comments. My
father Mr. R L Maheshwari and brother Dr. Sunil Maheshwari also read the book
and enthusiastically approved it. My colleague Dr. Edi Shivaji too reviewed the book.

May the Big Data Force be with you!

Dr. Anil Maheshwari

May 2017, Fairfield, IA
 Contents

Preface vii

1. Wholeness of Big Data 1

Introduction 1
1.1 Understanding Big Data 2
1.2 Capturing Big Data 4
1.2.1 Volume of Data 4
1.2.2 Velocity of Data 4
1.2.3 Variety of Data 5
1.2.4 Veracity of Data 5
1.3 Benefitting from Big Data 7
1.4 Management of Big Data 8
1.5 Organizing Big Data 9
1.6 Analyzing Big Data 10
1.7 Technology Challenges for Big Data 12
1.7.1 Storing Huge Volumes 12
1.7.2 Ingesting Streams at an Extremely Fast Pace 12
1.7.3 Handling a Variety of Forms and Functions of Data 13
1.7.4 Processing Data at Huge Speeds 13
1.8 Conclusion 14
1.9 Organization of the Rest of the Book 15
Review Questions 16
True/False Questions 16

SECTION 1

2. Big Data Sources and Applications 21

Introduction 21
2.1 Big Data Sources 23
x Contents

2.1.1 People-to-People Communications 23

2.1.2 People-to-Machine Communications 24
2.2 Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications 25
2.2.1 RFID Tags 26
2.2.2 Sensors 26
2.3 Big Data Applications 27
2.3.1 Monitoring and Tracking Applications 27
2.3.2 Analysis and Insight Applications 29
2.3.3 New Product Development 31
2.4 Conclusion 32
Review Questions 32
True/False Questions 32

3. Big Data Architecture 34

Introduction 34
3.1 Standard Big Data Architecture 35
3.2 Big Data Architecture Examples 37
3.2.1 IBM Watson 37
3.2.2 Netflix 38
3.2.3 eBay 38
3.2.4 VMWare 39
3.2.5 The Weather Company 40
3.2.6 TicketMaster 40
3.2.7 LinkedIn 42
3.2.8 Paypal 42
3.2.9 CERN 43
3.3 Conclusion 44
Review Questions 44
True/False Questions 44

SECTION 2

4. Distributed Computing Using Hadoop 47

Introduction 47
4.1 Hadoop Framework 48
4.2 HDFS Design Goals 48
4.3 Master-Slave Architecture 49
4.4 Block System 51
4.5 Ensuring Data Integrity 52
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 Contents xi

4.6 Installing HDFS 52

4.6.1 Reading and Writing Local Files into HDFS 53
4.6.2 Reading and Writing Data Streams into HDFS 53
4.7 Sequence Files 54
4.8 YARN 54
4.9 Conclusion 55
Review Questions 55
True/False Questions 56

5. Parallel Processing with Map Reduce 57

Introduction 57
5.1 MapReduce Overview 58
5.2 Sample MapReduce Application: Wordcount 61
5.3 MapReduce Programming 63
5.3.1 MapReduce Data Types and Formats 64
5.3.2 Writing MapReduce Programming 64
5.3.3 Testing MapReduce Programs 66
5.4 MapReduce Jobs Execution 66
5.4.1 How MapReduce Works 67
5.4.2 Managing Failures 68
5.4.3 Shuffle and Sort 68
5.4.4 Progress and Status Updates 69
5.5 Hadoop Streaming 69
5.6 Hive Language 70
5.6.1 HIVE Language Capabilities 70
5.7 Pig Language 72
5.7.1 PIG Language Capabilities 73
5.7.2 Pig Script Example 74
5.8 Conclusion 75
Review Questions 75
True/False Questions 75

6. NoSQL Databases 76
Introduction 76
6.1 RDBMS Vs NoSQL 77
6.2 Types of NoSQL Databases 78
6.3 Architecture of NoSQL 81
6.4 CAP Theorem 82
6.5 HBase 83
6.5.1 Architecture Overview 83
6.5.2 Reading and Writing Data 85
xii Contents

6.6 Cassandra 85
6.6.1 Architecture Overview 85
6.6.2 Protocols 86
6.6.3 Data Model 87
6.6.4 Cassandra Writes 88
6.6.5 Cassandra Reads 88
6.6.6 Replication 90
6.7 Conclusion 91
Review Questions 91
True/False Questions 91

7. Stream Processing with Spark 93

Introduction 93
7.1 Spark Architecture 94
7.1.1 Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDDs) 95
7.1.2 Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) 96
7.2 Spark Ecosystem 96
7.3 Spark for Big Data Processing 96
7.3.1 MLlib 96
7.3.2 Spark GraphX 97
7.3.3 SparkR 98
7.3.4 SparkSQL 98
7.3.5 Spark Streaming 99
7.4 Spark Applications 99
7.4.1 Spark vs Hadoop 99
7.5 Conclusion 101
Review Questions 101
True/False Questions 101

8. New Ingesting Data 102

Introduction 102
8.1 Messaging Systems 103
8.1.1 Point to Point Messaging System 103
8.1.2 Publish-Subscribe Messaging System 104
8.2 Data Ingest Systems 104
8.3 Apache Kafka 104
8.4 Use Cases 105
8.5 Kafka Architecture 106
8.5.1 Producers 107
8.5.2 Consumers 107
8.5.3 Broker 107
 Contents xiii

8.5.4 Topic 107

8.5.5 Summary of Key Attributes 108
8.5.6 Data Replication 109
8.5.7 Guarantees 109
8.5.8 Client Libraries 109
8.6 Apache ZooKeeper 110
8.6.1 Kafka Producer Example in Java 110
8.7 Conclusion 110
Review Questions 110
True/False Questions 111

9. Cloud Computing 112

Introduction 112
9.1 Cloud Computing Characteristics 114
9.1.1 In-house Storage 114
9.2 Cloud Storage 114
9.3 Cloud Computing: Evolution of Virtualized Architecture 116
9.4 Cloud Computing Myths 118
9.5 Cloud Computing: Getting Started 118
9.6 Conclusion 119
Review Questions 119
True/False Questions 120

SECTION 3

10. Web Log Analyzer Application Case Study 123

Introduction 123
10.1 Client-Server Architecture 123
10.2 Web Log Analyzer 124
10.2.1 Requirements 124
10.2.2 Solution Architecture 124
10.2.3 Benefits of Such Solution 125
10.3 Technology Stack 126
10.3.1 Apache Spark 126
10.3.2 Spark Deployment 126
10.3.3 Components of Spark 126
10.4 HDFS 127
10.5 MongoDB 127
10.6 Apache Flume 128
xiv Contents

10.7 Overall Application Logic 128

10.8 Technical Plan for the Application 128
10.9 Scala Spark Code for Log Analysis 129
10.10 Sample Log Data 130
10.10.1 Sample Input Data 130
10.11 Sample Output of Web Log Analysis 131
10.12 Conclusion and Findings 132
Review Questions 132
True/False Questions 132

11. Data Mining Primer 133

Introduction 133
11.1 Gathering and Selecting Data 134
11.2 Data Cleansing and Preparation 135
11.3 Outputs of Data Mining 135
11.4 Evaluating Data Mining Results 136
11.4.1 Predictive Accuracy = (Correct Predictions)/
Total Predictions 136
11.5 Data Mining Techniques 137
11.6 Mining Big Data 140
11.6.1 From Causation to Correlation 140
11.6.2 From Sampling to the Whole 140
11.6.3 From Dataset to Data Stream 140
11.7 Data Mining Best Practices 141
11.8 Conclusion 143
Review Questions 143
True/False Questions 143

12. Big Data Programming Primer 145

Introduction 145
12.1 Comparing Hive and Pig 145
12.2 Apache Hive 146
12.2.1 Architecture of Hive 147
12.2.2 Working of Hive 147
12.2.3 Hive Data Definition 149
12.2.4 Hive Partitioning 151
12.2.5 Hive Data Manipulation 152
12.2.6 Hive View and Indexes 156
12.3 Apache Pig 157
12.3.1 Running Pig 158
12.3.2 Pig Latin Data Model 159
 Contents xv

12.3.3 Pig Latin Operators 160

12.3.4 Pig Data Definition 161
12.3.5 Pig Diagnostic Operators 162
12.3.6 Pig Data Manipulation 162
12.3.7 Pig Built-in Functions 165
12.3.8 Pig User Defined Functions 168
12.3.9 Running Pig Scripts 168
12.4 Conclusion 169
Review Questions 169
True/False Questions 170

Appendix 1 Installing Hadoop Using Cloudera on Virtual Box 171

Appendix 2 Installing Hadoop on Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Elastic Compute Cluster (EC2) 197
Appendix 3 Spark Installation and Tutorial 222
Additional Resources 232

Index 233
 Chapter 1
Wholeness of Big Data

Learning Objectives
■ Understand Big Data and its powerful business benefits
■ Learn the differences between Big Data and Conventional Data
■ Learn the 4 Vs of Big Data – Volume, Velocity, Variety, and Veracity
■ Discover three types of business applications of Big Data
■ Learn valuable tips on how to manage Big Data
■ Conceptualize the Big Data ecosystem and appreciate its key components
■ Appreciate major technological challenges in managing Big Data
■ Relate to the key technology solutions for addressing those challenges

INTRODUCTION
Big Data is an all-inclusive term that refers to extremely large, very fast, highly diverse,
and complex data that cannot be managed with traditional data management tools.

Business Intelligence

Volume Veracity

Analytics
BIG
DATA

Variety
(from, function, Velocity
source)

FIGURE 1.1 Big data context

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Date: August 12, 2025

Background 1: Assessment criteria and rubrics

Learning Objective 1: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 6: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 2: Case studies and real-world applications
Practice Problem 10: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 17: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 18: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 19: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 3: Historical development and evolution
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 21: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 23: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 24: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Lesson 4: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 39: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Section 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 44: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 46: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 48: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 6: Research findings and conclusions
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 55: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 56: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 58: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 59: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 7: Literature review and discussion
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 63: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 65: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Topic 8: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Example 70: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 75: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 77: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 78: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 9: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 80: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 81: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 85: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 85: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 91: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 93: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 96: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Exercise 11: Learning outcomes and objectives
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 101: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 102: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 103: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 104: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 107: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 107: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 110: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 12: Current trends and future directions
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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