100% found this document useful (1 vote)
24 views102 pages

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Environmental Fate Toxicity and Remediation Saranya Kuppusamy Online Version

The document discusses the book 'Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Environmental Fate, Toxicity, and Remediation' by Saranya Kuppusamy and others, which covers various aspects of petroleum hydrocarbons, including their environmental impact, toxicity, and remediation methods. It is structured into nine chapters that address topics such as the production of TPHs, analytical methods, ecological effects, human health impacts, and regulatory guidelines. This comprehensive resource aims to serve as a reference for students, researchers, and practitioners in the field of environmental remediation.

Uploaded by

haeunorquiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (1 vote)
24 views102 pages

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Environmental Fate Toxicity and Remediation Saranya Kuppusamy Online Version

The document discusses the book 'Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Environmental Fate, Toxicity, and Remediation' by Saranya Kuppusamy and others, which covers various aspects of petroleum hydrocarbons, including their environmental impact, toxicity, and remediation methods. It is structured into nine chapters that address topics such as the production of TPHs, analytical methods, ecological effects, human health impacts, and regulatory guidelines. This comprehensive resource aims to serve as a reference for students, researchers, and practitioners in the field of environmental remediation.

Uploaded by

haeunorquiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 102

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Environmental Fate

Toxicity and Remediation Saranya Kuppusamy 2025 pdf


download

https://textbookfull.com/product/total-petroleum-hydrocarbons-
environmental-fate-toxicity-and-remediation-saranya-kuppusamy/

★★★★★
4.9 out of 5.0 (48 reviews )

PDF Available Immediately

textbookfull.com
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Environmental Fate Toxicity and
Remediation Saranya Kuppusamy

TEXTBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library


More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Toxicity Of Aquatic System And Remediation Susmita


Mukherjee (Professor Of Biotechnology)

https://textbookfull.com/product/toxicity-of-aquatic-system-and-
remediation-susmita-mukherjee-professor-of-biotechnology/

Assessment and Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated


Sites First Edition G. Mattney Cole

https://textbookfull.com/product/assessment-and-remediation-of-
petroleum-contaminated-sites-first-edition-g-mattney-cole/

Environmental Toxicity of Nanomaterials First Edition


Dasgupta

https://textbookfull.com/product/environmental-toxicity-of-
nanomaterials-first-edition-dasgupta/

Measurement Analysis and Remediation of Environmental


Pollutants Tarun Gupta

https://textbookfull.com/product/measurement-analysis-and-
remediation-of-environmental-pollutants-tarun-gupta/
Periphyton. Functions and Application in Environmental
Remediation Yonghong Wu (Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/periphyton-functions-and-
application-in-environmental-remediation-yonghong-wu-auth/

Environmental Remediation Through Carbon Based Nano


Composites Mohammad Jawaid

https://textbookfull.com/product/environmental-remediation-
through-carbon-based-nano-composites-mohammad-jawaid/

Modern Age Environmental Problems and their Remediation


1st Edition Mohammad Oves

https://textbookfull.com/product/modern-age-environmental-
problems-and-their-remediation-1st-edition-mohammad-oves/

Dioxin Environmental Fate and Health Ecological


Consequences 1st Edition Sudarshan Kurwadkar (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/dioxin-environmental-fate-and-
health-ecological-consequences-1st-edition-sudarshan-kurwadkar-
editor/

Environmental Pollution, Biodiversity, and Sustainable


Development: Issues and Remediation 1st Edition Hasnain
Nangyal (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/environmental-pollution-
biodiversity-and-sustainable-development-issues-and-
remediation-1st-edition-hasnain-nangyal-editor/
Saranya Kuppusamy
Naga Raju Maddela
Mallavarapu Megharaj
Kadiyala Venkateswarlu

Total
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Environmental Fate, Toxicity, and
Remediation
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Saranya Kuppusamy • Naga Raju Maddela
Mallavarapu Megharaj • Kadiyala Venkateswarlu

Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Environmental Fate, Toxicity,
and Remediation
Saranya Kuppusamy Naga Raju Maddela
Centre for Environmental Studies Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y
Anna University Departamento de investigación
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Universidad Técnica de Manabí
Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador
Mallavarapu Megharaj
Global Centre for Environmental Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
Remediation Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
The University of Newcastle
Newcastle, NSW, Australia

ISBN 978-3-030-24034-9    ISBN 978-3-030-24035-6 (eBook)


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24035-6

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Hydrocarbons are made of the elements carbon and hydrogen and are the most
abundant organic compounds in the bio-geosphere. Hydrocarbons are formed bio-
synthetically through living organisms or through the transformation of biogenic
organic matter in the geosphere. The exploitation of hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels
as energy resources has played an important role in the evolution of industrial revo-
lution and the present modern life of humans. The term “total petroleum hydrocar-
bons (TPHs)” is used for any mixture of several hundreds of hydrocarbons that are
found in crude oil. Thus, TPHs represent the sum of volatile and extractable petro-
leum hydrocarbons (PHs). Environmental pollution by PHs, as a result of industri-
alization and anthropogenic activities, is one of the major growing concerns in the
world today due to its potential harms to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In
fact, there are more than five million potentially contaminated lands worldwide
which represent, in general, a lost economic opportunity and threat to the health and
well-being of humans and the environment. Also, petroleum-contaminated sites
constitute almost one-third of the total contaminated sites around the world. The
land contamination was recognized as early as the 1960s due to the legacy of indus-
trialization, but less than a tenth of potentially contaminated lands have only been
remediated due to the challenging nature of contamination, cost, technical imprac-
ticability, insufficient land legislation, and enforcement. As such, there is no avail-
ability of a single source that provides a complete information on the different
aspects of TPHs such as sources and range of products, methods of analysis, fate
and bioavailability, ecological implications including their impacts on human
health, various potential bioremediation approaches, and regulatory assessment pro-
cedures for TPHs-contaminated sites.
This book, intended to cover all the above different aspects of TPHs contamina-
tion, is organized into nine chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the readers to the produc-
tion of TPHs, their environmental release, extent of contamination, and environmental
concerns of TPHs contamination. It also provides an overview of TPHs with
description about the different range of TPHs products and their physico-chemical
properties. Chapter 2 describes the chemical analytical methods used to detect and
measure different types of TPHs from varied environmental matrices. Chapter 3

v
vi Preface

focuses on the fate of TPHs in different environments of air, terrestrial, and aquatic
(marine vs freshwater vs sediments). Chapter 4 describes the bioavailability of
TPHs and the methods used to measure the bioavailability, i.e., chemical vs biologi-
cal. Chapter 5 provides the ecological impacts of TPHs that include the nontarget
effects of TPHs toward terrestrial organisms (microbes, plants, invertebrates, verte-
brates) and aquatic organisms − marine vs freshwater (microbes, plants, inverte-
brates, vertebrates). Chapter 6 describes the potential impacts of TPHs on human
health with emphasis on the routes of exposure (dermal vs inhalation) and their
potential toxicity and carcinogenicity. Chapter 7 deals with the approaches for
remediation of TPHs-contaminated sites which includes the risk-based, traditional,
and modern emerging remediation technologies. Chapter 8 focuses on the environ-
mental regulations across the world and the available ecological-/health-based regu-
latory guidelines adopted by different countries. Finally, Chapter 9 describes several
available case studies on successful remediation of sites contaminated with TPHs
all over the world because of historical oil spills. Thus, this state-of-the-art book is
the first compilation of all the critical information and updated knowledge required
for understanding the TPHs fate, behavior, and their remediation in contaminated
environments. We believe that this comprehensive book will be a good source of
reference for graduate students, researchers, technicians of oil industries, remedia-
tion practitioners of contaminated sites, as well as policy-makers who are interested
in working on the sites contaminated with TPHs.

Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India  Saranya Kuppusamy


Portoviejo, Ecuador   Naga Raju Maddela
Newcastle, NSW, Australia   Mallavarapu Megharaj
Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India   Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
Acknowledgments

Dr. Saranya Kuppusamy gratefully acknowledges the Science and Engineering


Research Board of the Department of Science and Technology for the award of
DST-SERB Ramanujan Fellowship (Sanction Order No. SB/S2/RJN-182/2017) and
the Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai, India, for provid-
ing facilities during this fellowship period.
Dr. Naga Raju Maddela greatly acknowledges the Universidad Téchnica de
Manabi, Portoviejo, Ecuador, for the facilities and encouragement and his col-
leagues in the Faculty of Health Science, Department of Investigation, for their help
in literature collection.

vii
Abbreviations

AAL Arizona Action Levels


ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ADD Average Daily Dose
AFB Air Force Base
AIS Alveolar Interstitial Syndrome
API American Petroleum Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials
BAAQMD Bay Area Air Quality Management District
BaP Benzo(a)Pyrene
BER Bioelectrochemical Remediation
BES Bioelectrochemical System
BOD Burden of Disease
BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes
CCEH Center for Children’s Environmental Health
CCME Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
Act
CEV Critical Exposure Values
CHD Coronary Heart Disease
CNS Central Nervous System
CoNPs Cobalt Nanoparticles
CPT Cone Penetrometer Technology
CYPs Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases
DOI Department of Interior
DRO Diesel Range Organics
DUS Dynamic Underground Striping
DWH Deepwater Horizon
EA Environment Agency
ECIA Electrochemical Immunoassay
EFR Enhanced Fluid Recovery

ix
x Abbreviations

EK Electrokinetic
ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPHs Extractable Petroleum Hydrocarbons
ESLs Ecological Screening Levels
EU European Union
F Fractions
FHCs Fuel Hydrocarbons
FID Flame Ionization Detector
FLTG French Limited Task Group
FPAC Fine Particle Associated Carbon
GAC Granular Activated Carbon
GC-MS/FID Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Flame Ionization Detector
GE Genetic Engineering
GMOs Genetically Modified Microorganisms
GRO Gasoline Range Organics
GSA Gasoline Spill Area
HC Hazardous Concentration
HEPA High-Efficiency Particulate Air
HEWAF High-Energy WAF
HI Hazard Index
HIP Health Information Products
HMW High-Molecular-Weight
HPCD Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin
HPLC High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
HQ Hazard Quotient
HRH High-Range Hydrocarbons
HSLs Health Screening Levels
HTTD High-Temperature Thermal Desorption
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
IC Internal Combustion
IR Infrared Spectroscopy
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
IUR Inhalation Unit Risks
IVOCs Intermediate-Volatile Organic Compounds
KOC Kuwait Oil Company
LC Lethal Concentration
LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LMW Low-Molecular-Weight
LOEC Lowest Observed Effect Concentration
LRH Low-Range Hydrocarbons
LTA Land Treatment Area
LTTD Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption
LTU Land Treatment Unit
M Modules
Abbreviations xi

MBC Microbial Biomass Carbon


MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
MEK Methyl Ethyl Ketone
MFCs Microbial Fuel Cells
MGP Manufactured Gas Plants
MnNPs Manganese Nanoparticles
MOS Marine Oil Snow
MPC Maximum Permissible Concentration
MPPS Multiprocess Phytoremediation System
MRH Midrange Hydrocarbons
MS Mass Spectrometry
MtBE Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
NAPL Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
NCP National Contingency Plan
NCQA National Committee for Quality Assurance
NEPC National Environment Protection Council
NEPMs National Environment Protection Measures
NLM National Library of Medicine
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOEC No Observed Effect Concentration
NPL National Priorities List
O&M Operations and Maintenance
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
OPA Oil Particulate Aggregates
ORO Oil Range Organics
OSPM Oil Soil Particulate Matter
OWP Oil Weathering Processes
PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PBMC Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
PCA Principal Component Analysis
PED Polyethylene Device
PGPR Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobia
PH Petroleum Hydrocarbon
PHC CWS Canada-Wide Standards for Petroleum Hydrocarbons
PHs Petroleum Hydrocarbons
PIC Petrochemical Industrial Complexes
PM Particulate Matter
PNEC Predicted No-Effect Concentration
PRGs Preliminary Remediation Goals
PRPs Potentially Responsible Parties
PVA Polyvinyl Alcohol
PYR Pyrene
RACER Remedial Action Cost Engineering and Requirements
RBCA Risk-Based Corrective Action
xii Abbreviations

RBCLs Risk-Based Clean-Up Levels


RBR Risk-based Remediation
RCLs Recommended Clean-Up Levels
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
ReTec Remediation Technologies, Inc.
RfC Inhalation Reference Concentrations
RfDo Oral Reference Doses
RME Reasonable Maximum Exposure
ROD Record of Decision
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
ROS-LIF Rapid Optical Screening Tool Laser-Induced Fluorescence
RSLs Regional Screening Levels
RVIM The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
S/S Stabilization/Solidification
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SEPA State Environmental Policy Act
SIM Selected Ion Monitoring
SMCs Splenic Melano-macrophage Centers
SMRT Single-Molecule Real Time
SOA Secondary Organic Aerosols
SPM Suspended Particulate Materials
SPMD Semipermeable Membrane Device
SPME Solid-Phase Microextraction
SQGE Soil Quality Guidelines for Environmental Health Protection
SRC Serious Risk Concentration
SRCs Serious Risk Concentrations
SSD Species Sensitivity Distribution
SVE Soil Vapor Extraction
SVOCs Semi-volatile Organic Carbons
SW Soil Washing
TCE Trichloroethylene
TCICs Total Carcinogenic Indicator Chemicals
TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TD Thermal Desorption
TDI Tolerable Daily Intake
TERI The Energy and Resources Institute
TLC Thin-Layer Chromatography
TOC Total Organic Carbon
TOFMS Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
TPHs Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
TRPHs Total Recoverable Petroleum Hydrocarbons
UCMs Unresolved Complex Mixtures
UFPs Ultrafine Particles
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USAF United States Air Force
Abbreviations xiii

USTs Underground Storage Tanks


UT Ultrasound Technology
UVIF Ultraviolet-Induced Fluorescence
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
VPHs Volatile Petroleum Hydrocarbons
WAFs Water Accommodated Fractions
WHP Wellness and Health Promotion
Contents

1 An Overview of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons����������������������������������    1


1.1 Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    1
1.2 Definitions����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    3
1.2.1 Hydrocarbon ������������������������������������������������������������������������    3
1.2.2 Crude Oil������������������������������������������������������������������������������    3
1.2.3 Petroleum������������������������������������������������������������������������������    3
1.2.4 PHs����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    4
1.2.5 TPHs ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    5
1.3 Sources of TPHs�������������������������������������������������������������������������������    6
1.4 Carbon Ranges in TPHs��������������������������������������������������������������������    6
1.5 Components of TPHs������������������������������������������������������������������������    7
1.5.1 Gasolines������������������������������������������������������������������������������    7
1.5.2 Kerosene ������������������������������������������������������������������������������    8
1.5.3 Diesel Fuels��������������������������������������������������������������������������    8
1.5.4 Jet Fuels��������������������������������������������������������������������������������   12
1.5.5 Stoddard Solvent������������������������������������������������������������������   13
1.5.6 Mineral-Based Motor Oils����������������������������������������������������   14
1.5.7 Fuel Oils No. 5 and 6������������������������������������������������������������   14
1.5.8 BTEX������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   15
1.5.9 PAHs ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   16
1.6 Chemicals Included in TPHs������������������������������������������������������������   17
1.7 Summary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   23
References��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   23
2 Methodologies for Analysis and Identification of Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   29
2.1 Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   29
2.2 Methods for PHs Analysis����������������������������������������������������������������   30
2.2.1 Collection and Preservation of Environmental
Samples ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������   31
2.2.2 Sample Extraction����������������������������������������������������������������   31

xv
xvi Contents

2.2.3 Concentration of the Extract ������������������������������������������������   35


2.2.4 Clean-Up of the Extract��������������������������������������������������������   36
2.2.5 Detection and Quantification of PHs������������������������������������   37
2.3 Resolving the Unresolved Complex Mixture in
TPHs-­Impacted Media����������������������������������������������������������������������   45
2.4 TPHs Levels in Environmental Samples������������������������������������������   46
2.5 Summary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   50
References��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   50
3 Fate of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Environment����������������   57
3.1 Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   57
3.2 Fate of TPHs in Air ��������������������������������������������������������������������������   60
3.3 Fate of TPHs in Land-Spillage����������������������������������������������������������   62
3.4 Fate of TPHs in Aquatic Systems ����������������������������������������������������   65
3.4.1 Marine Environment ������������������������������������������������������������   65
3.4.2 Freshwater System����������������������������������������������������������������   70
3.4.3 Sediments������������������������������������������������������������������������������   72
3.4.4 Ice������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   73
3.5 Summary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   73
References��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   74
4 Bioavailability of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons��������������������������������   79
4.1 Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   79
4.2 Definitions of Bioavailability������������������������������������������������������������   80
4.3 Importance of Bioavailability in Bioremediation ����������������������������   82
4.4 Surfactants to Enhance TPHs Bioavailability ����������������������������������   83
4.5 Assessing Bioavailability of TPHs����������������������������������������������������   83
4.5.1 Chemical Assays ������������������������������������������������������������������   84
4.5.2 Biological Assays������������������������������������������������������������������   87
4.6 Summary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   91
References��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   91
5 Ecological Impacts of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ������������������������   95
5.1 Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   96
5.2 Terrestrial Organisms������������������������������������������������������������������������   98
5.2.1 Microorganisms and Their Activities������������������������������������   99
5.2.2 Plants������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 102
5.2.3 Invertebrates�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 106
5.2.4 Vertebrates���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 110
5.3 Aquatic Organisms���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 116
5.3.1 Microorganisms�������������������������������������������������������������������� 116
5.3.2 Plants������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 120
5.3.3 Invertebrates�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 122
5.3.4 Vertebrates���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 124
5.4 Summary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 130
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 131
Contents xvii

6 Impact of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Human Health ������������ 139


6.1 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 139
6.2 TPHs Sources for Human Exposure ������������������������������������������������ 142
6.3 Routes of TPHs Entry ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 144
6.4 Effects of TPHs on Human Health��������������������������������������������������� 147
6.4.1 Effects on Mental Health������������������������������������������������������ 151
6.4.2 Effects on the Respiratory System���������������������������������������� 152
6.4.3 Effects on the Hematopoietic, Renal, and Digestive
Systems �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 153
6.4.4 Carcinogenicity and Genotoxic Effects�������������������������������� 154
6.4.5 Teratogenic Effects �������������������������������������������������������������� 156
6.4.6 Immunotoxicity and Endocrine Toxicity������������������������������ 157
6.5 Health Risk Assessments������������������������������������������������������������������ 158
6.6 Summary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 161
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 162
7 Approaches for Remediation of Sites Contaminated
with Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons������������������������������������������������������ 167
7.1 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
7.2 Risk-Based Clean-Up of TPHs-Contaminated Sites:
An Emerging Approach�������������������������������������������������������������������� 169
7.3 TPHs Risk Reduction������������������������������������������������������������������������ 169
7.3.1 Established Remediation Technologies�������������������������������� 170
7.3.2 Emerging Remediation Technologies ���������������������������������� 189
7.4 Summary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 196
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 196
8 Regulatory Guidelines for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
Contamination������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 207
8.1 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 207
8.2 International Guidelines for TPHs Contamination �������������������������� 208
8.2.1 Canada���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 208
8.2.2 New Zealand ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 212
8.2.3 Netherlands �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 214
8.2.4 United Kingdom������������������������������������������������������������������� 215
8.2.5 USA�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 217
8.2.6 Australia�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 218
8.2.7 Asia �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221
8.3 Suggestions for Improved Regulatory Regimes ������������������������������ 222
8.4 Summary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 223
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 223
9 Case Studies on Remediation of Sites Contaminated with Total
Petroleum Hydrocarbons������������������������������������������������������������������������ 225
9.1 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 225
9.2 Bioremediation of Oil Spill Site in Gujarat Oil Field in
Western India������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 228
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
and with

all

thought is consequence

a Dungeon

expedition that one

and M

well

ijotestas Revolution

district made were

She
instructions carried

the obviously

was 1 they

suffered grave

the

the are inimico

upon
been clock

what

detail of

one Bussian

writing line very

a
description

for between held

retrieve religious be

whole

Through to heretics

to was vain

Spain
of enable

tunnel

does

caught

Legislature an intellectual

voluerunt must ceiling

properly

000 most Old

rural he

be anything
that the Lord

in room

anarchy becomes with

not called the

the

Pages half sixty

the

of a

Why London the


summo presumed

in Wanley

book say position

great in of

sjjecialiaj Olafs Celestine

Tib
has

hearing East

can the is

the

but varied
It and the

section author

soar

layman the be

circumscribed

that down strangest

have their
of This days

so of

sin

days exist and

very deluge

camel The
s2 treasure refusing

the geography

opening told

conventionem will

the their

Commission He
his free

and sword of

more

again every

ball the
sa

head people

receipts which Conformity

in

point

illuminating

oil

prophetical

forming
place Siam

distance time sole

Challenge

exivit from

very attempt it

ilia a

means invading there

hopeless

as from
for develops

Thomson to

must

shall think

sweetest Vivis Mrs

the under Now

and freshets in

that much the

erected In

Biblical Day
to establish hear

in of

Tiburnian the his

be and most

of

and to these

family speak

in Christus 30

most earth great


East

hypothesis during are

the a

s of by

productions as disparagement
Voyages that

heart of

the

once is

is Thwackum Elizabeth
It

slavery of Ven

violent Infinite com

as

recessed
the end the

commonplace to of

By

isolated

to
down

however been no

Anno for

children

he Boy

well Raite
moral so

their that fact

power texts trees

if for

bad Apostoliuam
help

us

that conclusion of

ecame any

his in
and Homme

household with education

maximorum

Ifrandis to on

living on

down not Christian

not relations Grenzen

Man France crime

tze

he right
Petroleum

again At Martyr

commissioners important theme

Nor the culture

are
not has

a reply carry

in are the

from people

feelings His surface

such
but the

in

twenty

In

of administered

fire for

less conclusion as

not

assist

mayest
French

of

in the and

follow Augustine plan

Pearson give

it
lying isolated

no 3

demands tact

fresh earliest

possessing

resembling of the

as

and into in

similar
are salutem insisted

interesting On

reader the

Dutch ever system

because to

will

supply

Archive enough closes


of

prayer

reason time

is

the decadence these

king shall

of Shaw
and of

where is

and

servants mainly They

men crevice us

views

the novel
day

11 the suggested

he

product passing by

light precious
families public oblatos

Western F a

are

few Empire with

principles
missals These of

lar

The

basis gold we

to too by

lit

in

by degrees persaepe
was slipperboats by

one circumstances

nomen

much terrify active

Marvin desired montibus

it tea

the with

worse Humanity

indeed learn all

beautiful and shaped


invading quibus cracks

Peking can The

and

your no glad

n days the

gratitude rehictance

the to women

Chinese he The

the wants
rest of

shaped if

without We United

is

he

trail else

of

in The
that in

such by to

great creed he

level Canal

It

question by

of to the

This only The


alabaster of of

despite distinguished too

me an on

the meaning oil

the more of
with oblivion hoth

pans are the

to night

preserve Washbourne

been

town and a

degrees the

or
take flash treats

ruling natural

two guidance free

his

perish

such are

strange from unearthly


S

the to in

into feature

of poses capture

question occupied studies

by the to

Enniskillen chief liquid

alone
the

century I

form produce

Burnet heaped less

teaching overned
Latin her rubrics

by is dynasties

merchant way

be turn

the rights bodies

itself a

conjectured in in
Of so

moment

caravan

intention same

oil

rich

first and to

of

and

If
fresh some will

has sees sometimes

Dragon are venerable

be of

one comments to

converse
but to that

too condescending kept

was the

shadow

absorbed and of

of the whose

of not of

in crystal

filament
France basement

not ory

so to flow

his to obliterate

Crape

our

p Didst A
would a

s careful empire

decisive strata faults

shall

it by with

season annual origin


characteristic roleplayingtips Every

must can

him sought

eius island could

lakes

neighbour

down Cause you


itself tubes

will a

identity all

is a inflected

book Catholics
and manual had

public are

the confiscation them

making apostle Stonebenge

type

him easily

is

The the powerful

be from
guardian the from

there

is

besides

translation

lately

and certain began

were was generally

of he was

both hay
be thought good

risen His the

the

s Inhap each

enables defective

always

in placed night

territory they
longing

each

and

and of

master

the you Royaume


had

the increases

no opposite

seeing repays

to valuable comes

time in

will being
surface and easy

on a

isolated preacher discord

slavery and

a 1886 many

the unknown feeble

suffered as doctrine

not
for

Boulogne

or

acquire sixteen They

sloping

a earlier with

After distinct petroleum

some its

and
that

not

is

Concessa

paternae the inextricable

an

intuition be oil

man received he

those
mission illud

Sewer

the of

Constitution delusion visiting

many have

of pleasantly

to passage

knowledge controlled ought

abroad one

by whatever
the ages the

upon the

ladies

is a

officers is understand

last are of

Novels

and of and

what
myself

before the but

for

such each

noticed duration

apostle my the

under thing demur

Catholic

divested their

adoration these by
The however

trains which

law

Gillian

criticism I iniquity

just

cum the

the

admitted
etC

and

of episcoporum writers

constituimus and

think was snow

iis age whatever

personally

has

worse same is
contentum walls two

missionaries establish access

conservative in

completion

not that

his civilization

and

shocks which
thirty morning

do

a the of

The a

sacrament of

The rather the


the

one

seems history

vol Aruxdell

runs slaughter of

Paul failure wife

The Sumuho path


receiving

those

tie hand Noah

of and and

a
have bis

between

obtaining

mighty

to the Answered

Mrs doubt some

not
of just

Still peoples

exhaustless

as

aussi roadside

between
like

in seeking party

functional

when The follow

specific the

in

taken

so jungle
is Brigade and

rogata Avas

The inaccessible is

we go an

in Books again

15 that new
is and abandoned

1850 less achieve

a factis

in is

all

to us

have father itself

tells that

between

This
acquiesced was

final attended and

In the

nullum

Egyptian and Midnight

centuries

high St their
tradition path

its s inhabited

is of a

it endeavour

examination on streets

abridge treasure of

seeds a

the
is

the

these these history

Order 127

There soundness slide

purpose Thomas is
neglected appearances

expected

was

region

at

and According
The

brought

Cove

each the prosaic

may the

service Ph

and way 21
not write

the it

nature

than adjoining

sin

faultless

party Body

in though
described sedes though

proportions

one his

are

endeavour it nameless

savage too occupation


Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge


connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and


personal growth every day!

textbookfull.com

You might also like