Finomial theorent 2 ab ae aah +P —P= (a+ b)(a-b) + (Lew ate ante? + (r — a(n + al? = (7 - a if x << 4 then (LexPate2x (Career + love)* = Carrier + 2 love Because carrier >>> love Division " in A 4 + ran)’ = x b+] xb nae] 4 ao ad py. 2/3 (24) _ 8 ictal c/d be 3/4 (33) 7 id + be bd tat i 2,5 2X6) + ANS) 16 4 Qt. The expression of gravitational potential Ba FZ OOOO) 4 energy is U =- 24 where, R is the radius of the planet and h is the height above the surface. Approximate the expression by using binomial expansion , aii oom Im Ratio and proportion problems. It states that for any four numbers a,b, c, and d. ifs Sol y= GMm_ ___GMmm R(t + WR) Ae bod Then, a+b c+d a-b c-d BMAP series ( Next term = Previous term + Conamon difference a,a+d,ar2d,a+3d,a+ 4d.Common difference d= n™ term=(n-1)™ term Ex: 2, S, 8,11, 14, 27, wm d=5-2 th term; n®* term; no. of a,=a+(n-2)d\ term CO armen diff. term term + For last term, an = ‘Sum of n term; (rine. of terms + 5,22 [2a+(n-ay a] n $ (2* term + n™ term) + 5,5 NOTE:- + n= no. of terms not last term + Sum of 2 n-natural numbers __ nine) S&S Lt 2+ Bt Attn + Sum of Squares of 1 n-natural nunnbers Pie ore Be ae te __ A (n+) (2ned) 7 @ + Sum of Cubes of 2% n-natural numbers = feed]? 2 Next term = Previous term x Common ratio @,ar,ar jar’ art Ex: 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 2/2, 1/4, so on © Common ratio; pe n® term (n-2)" term nt term; T= ar, ‘Sum of infinites terms; 4_, valid when v < 4. ar Q.2. Find the sum of given infinite series 5.5 ax? + bx +6 =0 ¢ are constant in which a can not be zero 4 ob VP tae 2a Sum of roots, x, + Ky = oa Products of roots, x, x= Q.3. Find roots of equation x2 - SK + 6 ©; find value of a, b & ¢ by comparing with ax2+bx+e=0 Sol.a=41,b=-S&e=6 Dat Physics=3 (Taking + sign) (Taking — sign) Q4. 12 —4x=0; then find roots of equation. Sol. (Kx - 4)=0 Os x= 4 convect QS. 2 - 4x +3 =O; then find roots. Sol. x -BK-x+3 X(K-3) 1 (x - 3)=0 (K-3)(K-1)=0 KEB, KEL log x on the base y ° log, x = log, x = 2.303 logsox Properties of Logarithms + log, (xy) = log, x + log, y + lag (4) = log x ~ log y 2 + log,x = 9 Tog + logxt* = + tog,x + log,x" = n logx + logya x log,b = 4 + log =0 + (09,2 = 030 Basic Maths + logzot = 0 + log,.3 = 048 = OS + logsin90°) = 0 logso5 + 109,20 = 2 + * & Nw is * Concept of Anti-log log X= By taking Anti-log (convert into concept of power) xed log > Concept of Power Base wahi rahega (Power <= Result interchange hoga) A quantity raultiplied by itself one or more times is indicated by an exponent. The exponent, shown as a superscript, denotes how many times the multiplication occurs, for example: KeKet KKK KR KE so on The concept of exponents with a few examples are shown in table: a Jaloly |e6 [e=36 |e =216 |e*=1296 | | + Multiplication with Fraction. 7749 |7 2345 {77 = 240% os=4-| 13312=—+-x12216 2 [8264 [9° = 512 |e*= 4096 Z 4 @=31 |q= 729 |4*= 6561 06=—| oasxie=- + x16=4 10 |10* 10° 108 aa uf miseee snOe Bene: ots o7sit6 = x16 = 42 Rule of Exponents oe =2 | ossas-4 cases + If Power of any non-zero number is zero 3 7 Se then result will be one. 4 ex: ¢ = 4. + Negative Property of exponent (x is non zero number) Product Property of Exponent ve yom Division Property 8 em 20° 2 Ce ym Bx: 1 = 308 x 107 Power of a Power: ony ee Ex: (107)® = 10° Ex: 107 + 10° = 100 + 1000 = 1100 Fractional exponent Ww? = 0)" + The powers of 10 from 10° to 108: 1P ad 1o*=10 10% =0.4 107 = 100 107 =0.01 10° = 1000 10° = 0.001 10* = 10,000 10* = 0.0001 10° = 100,000 10° = 0.00001 10° = 1,000,000 10° = 0.000001 S (8)*/=(2)/*=(2) 2/2 (52)"9=(25)"/5a2?=2 A square root represents a quantity that, when multiplied by itself, gives the oric number. It is indicated by the radical symbol 2 GD) or by an exponent of fe 2, | Square root Square root of Decimal oor = 014 loos = 0.2 oor = 03 o1e=04 o2s=05 o3e=06 ose =07 oe4=08 For example: aah * a N PhysicsThe cube root of a number x is a value a 2 ° 8 2 3 8 4 8 faves Tae that, whan onltipled by iself three times (raised to the power of three), gives the vabdwtcs Vata = 2 number x. Mathematically, if y is the cube peq=15 © | nea=25 root of x, then: 196 = 14 196 = 14 pas-15 | \aas=15 g 3 7 R y a # 5 psa =17 yeaa=27 Cube root of 8 ls24 = 18 524-28 Cube root |257 = 5 [sea = 24 eer = 2.4 of 27 Cube root | ea = 4 4 8 a of 64 Square Roots involving Even ex Cube root |» « sare Kens ine Er fase [Sprain | Simplified form «i225 j20* 10°? = 10° Cube root of -3 10°? = 10% s 15 «fio" = 224x20* || BB 34 a x |] oe] 8] {ls Sy ell & wi] |) Vt3 x fio =124x107 *Arc = RO; Algebraic function £0 xfso7 = 9207-05 C a e 5 is | involving Odd exponents aa ssin6/cosb/tand; Trigo. function Angle is dimensionless. 20° {10 x 10% = 3.16 x 107 For algebraic function, we always use 10> 10 x 10* 2 346% 10% Sil. unit radian but for trigonometric Function we may use radian or degree. ax10% |\30x10* - 54gx107 a 180° = 1 ras yox107 |feox10°* = 7.75% 10% « 180° z = 2° = ZS rad; or trad = 222° J0.000025 25x 10° = 5x 10 180 aa 1. @ i i(Anti-clock) rotation Clock wise) —ve rotation Q6. Total Angle x-rotation? Sol. - @ = (212) = 21” rad. ‘Trigonometric function: A right triangle has two perpendicular sides. The hypotenuse, which is opposite the right angle, is always the longest side. The three moved by object in and tangent—are defined based on the angles ina right triangle as follow: 3 & = é ‘Adjacent side = B + Sin 0 =F, Cos 0 = 8, Tan @ =F 2 4 2 + sind =, sec = <2, Tan = 2 Sind =Zsce 8 S08 = Toxo) TO = CoE H + From Pythagoras theoren main trigonometric functions—sine, cosine, pec Angle @ o | 30° | 45° | co | 90° | 120° | 135° | 150° | 180° Sin6 | 0 | % | Ye | % 2 | Xe * ° cosO | 2 | % | He | % ° yy | 2 | -% = Tan @ oO Ys 1 Ve Not ws 1 tas oO define (a) Trigonometric quadrant graph: +y axis Wt Quadrant | | Quadrant +sin 8 All reosec 8 =x axis +x axis (Quadrant | IV Quadrant +tan 6 +005 8 +cot 6 sec 6 =y axis + Sin (90 + 8) = cos 8 + sin (180 - 6) = sin @ + sin (90 — 8) = cos 8 + cos (180 ~ 6) = ~ cos 8 © + cos (90 ~ 6) = sin 8 + cos (90 + 8) + sin (-6) = - sin 8 + cos (-) = cos 6 =sin 6 + tan (-0) = - tan 6 Unique Relation + Sin?O+ Co? O= 1 1+cot*O= Cosec*O + Tan*O+ 4 = Sec? 8 Some Important Triangles 10 NX N 24 Physics3 sina7°= 2 Cos 37° 4, 5 in 530 = ook Sin 53° == Cos 53° = = 4 Cos (~60°) = 5—- => Sin (-30' se tan (-235°) =2 igonometric formulae in A cos B+ cos A sin B Sin A cos B - cos A sin B Cos A cos B - Sin A sin B Cos A cos B+ Sin A sin B tan A+ tan B ‘E -tan A tan B tan A - tan B Ts tan A tan B (@) A=B=0 Sin (A + B) = Sin 20 = 2sinO Cos 6 Cos (A + B) = Cos 24 "0s*8 - Sin*® (b) 2. Cos?0 = 4 + Cos (28). 2 Sin?@ = 1-Cos (26) If Angle is Small: Sin@=@ tanO~6 * tan (A - B) + cosO=4 Note: Sin (2°) = 2° (wrong) rerad. 1 Sin (2°) = 2 BLA = Se vad Cos (4°) = 4 rerad eO tan 3° = Sin Law Basic Maths a 6 ¢ sinA sinB sin Some trignometric function and their raaxinnunn & minimum value Y=3sin0 Youin = 3 Y = 4 sin (58) Youin = 4 Y= 3 sin 0 + 4 cos 0 Youn = 5 Y=3sinO+4sin0 Ves = —Z. Y=5-25in6 4 Qz. Force acting on object F =z pe Then find minimum magnitude of force. Sol. y = Asin® + Beos® Yiaae = + YA? + B* ‘ Fin = TS5In@ + C050 yaa, 4 4 Fuin “THEE * Tio A phasor is a rotating vector that represents a sinusoidal function in terms of its magnitude (amplitude) and phase angle. Phasors are typically represented in the complex plane with the real axis corresponding to the cosine component and the imaginary axis corresponding to the sine component. The phase difference Ad = 6, - 8, + Vector representation of trigonometric function @Cos ~30%5in (6 + 60°) or Cos (8 - 30°) 60° “Sin 8 sin (6) Let ~Cos 6 sin (8 + 1/3) I, sin (0 - 1/6) |, sin (6 + 1e/3) 15 1, cos (6 = x/6) 1, sin (6) cos (6 + n/6) sin (8 - 1/3) |, cos (8 + 1/5) 1, = sin (8 - 60°) q |, cos (8 - 30°) If x and y are variables, then the rate of change in y wart. x 9 = Slope of y-x graph. = Double dif? of y wart. x! . (a = The rate of change in [gare "e! = Slope of Slope = Change in slope wart. 'x! BIS Differentiation of some function dx + thy =x then Sh = ne dx + ify = Constant, a =0 cm + Flsins) = 008 x a + =. sin aloo") sin x © és Ztans) = see x + BM x) == cosee x cot x dx’ + A sean) = see x tan x dx’ a , + welco) = - cosec* x d da 1 + Fillo) =F (nw) == Peeper + Zlsinaoy] = 0 da + tea e Ln 2 + FI =O ( eis const) Rules (Addition Rule:- years, A, 4B dx dx ' dx Physics(i) Substraction Rule:— yea-g, 44.448 dx dx dx (iii) Multiplication Rule: ~ yeas, 4, AaB | BMA dd de (iv) Division Rule: a Qk RY =e, find finde yd dy dx dx’ dx “dK Sol: Outside Inside Rule Y= a(n) = is Function of z and 2 is a function of x differentiation ; 44 =f OF outer function \x é. cy a) Function |x (fue wart x keep inside as it is Qa. Find 4 for given function. @ yee (i) y= (+4? (ii) y=e* (iv) y= sin (42) @) y= Asin(wt — kx) (iv) Y= sin(4x) Costar) x 8x = BC +4? x 2x () Y= Asin (wt - kx) A = cos (wt ~ kx) x (-K) Basic Maths Q.40y = sin (3x); then find 44 Sol. 4 ‘0s (3x) ce) cos(3x) Q.24.1F radius of sphere is increasing 4/1. wi/s then find rate of change in volume wart. time when radius is 3a + For location of maxina/minima put 42- (Slope) = © and find value where x will be max™/min™, + For exact maxima and minima dont check double differentiation. Just put value of 'x' and find 'y! + Double differentiation check nahi karna Just ki value put kark 'y’ nikala jo "y! jayda wo maximum 'y! ko kam wo mainimmum 'y’ Maxima dy dy ae be Slope | Yrnax T ® | nin || ®slope > Area under the curve > Inverse of differentiation ft de= tee not valid for n= Integration of some function: + fewer de =fudise vate + feaere ee + futies tanec + fetter eoe 3 Graphical representation of sind & cos ge? CES) Applicable when power of x is one Integration of outer Sfe dag fienction keep inside asi i Coefficient of (x) x3 vi (2x+3) dx = SE at © i Ere eae 3 EPA Co-ordinate geometry and graph 4 Q (4) on P42) x Distance (PQ) between two points in x-y plane PQ= Vix, — «+ (4. - 4) Slope (1) of straight line YK m=tano = NOTE:~ + Slope of straight line remains same at all the point + IF 0°s 6 <40° then slope is positive + If 90% 6 < 480° then slope is negative + IF 8 = 40° then slope is infinite + IF B= 0° then slope is zero + IF straight line parallel to x-axis then slope zero PhysicsIgoe -c + IF two straight line perpendicular to each other then product of their slope is 1. Basic Maths K is value Jitna Jayda graph utna upar shift hoga. x ka pawer jitna jayda graph utna niche Jayga. + graph for PV = nRT P,+ KE = = graph b/w KE. and & for constant momentun. KE. Bie Jisko x- & y-axis pe plot krenge uska power dekhte hai. ERY Equation of Circle (K = Ko)" + (Y = Yo) = RP R is radius & centre is at (Xp. Yo) Ex sys 5" centreat (0,0) R=5 (x + 4)? + (y - 3)? = 49 centre at (-4, 3) R=7 ee. et pet tat tan gon wT, en gen ree, Slope always Slope always increasing decreasing For magnitude of slope > Now we are talking about value of slope, we will ignore ve & ~ve only consider magnitude. MR* > Locate where slope is zero + Starting me zero then increasing magnitute of slope. + Last me zero then decreasing magnitude of slope and becomes zero. ena Slope + Increasing Slope > Decreasing ‘magnitute of slope magnitute of slope 1 decreasing then 1° increasing then increasing decreasing 9 4 Slope + decreasing increasing Magnitute + decreasing increasing y y ie ee , Slope» decreasing increasing Magnitute -» increasing decreasing @ PhysicsEquilateral Triangle of side (a) h feo cl kbo"'y30° a/2 a/2 + Distance from base to centre a SF ley a a/2 a he 8 + Distance from centre to corner 2 4,2 23 6 2 a Area = 4 Distance from centre to corner Trapezoid Triangle EL EN ZN 2 + Are Fa+ bn + Area => ah + Circumference =2nr + Area = nab + Area = rer ube Cylinder . r t h 1 +a> + Avea=Ga* = + Area = 2rr* + 2rerh + Volume =a? + Volume = 17h Spher . Area = 4r? Volume = = rh Volume = * rer* flume = = -4 where, | =V 7 +h? Area = rr? + tert Square Rectangle [Average of a varying quantity I If y = F(t) then ‘ eSogdt Sf oydt B pee ee + Area =P + Area = BH lat tt, + Perimetre = 4 + Perimetre = 2(H+B) Basic Maths Y may be any physical quantity @git 4 + ify is varying linearly then Ypyg =a + IFxty= constant then xy will be maximum c for If sur of two number is constant then product of these two number will be maxiraum, only when both number are equal. + Length of Rod 20m is divided in the ratio 1:3: 5 then find length of each Part. 4x + 3x + 5K =20 9x = 20 20 x22 —s>~ x= 72 may = 72 m 5x = Oy 4 4 4 + Spring of lengh L and spring constant k divided into length ratio 3 : 2, then the ew spring constant of bigger part BK+2K=L kat wet x il, Ri axe 3k Kee Ke 2k 3 + If m identical liquid sphere of radius cobine to form single large sphere the find redius of bigger sphere Total volurne will be consant 2 3x An? ot ap? 3 3 on? = R® R= (Wee @ + If wire of Length L is Bended as shown find Radius R. =——,-- —_— re inath = a aren eaeee aa Se tae ath OBR se For whole cirele i (Gide engeh of squares p= are R= For circle of m number of loops [= n@rme) Bi rot? + Case 1: If % changes is less than 5% y = kx [K = constant] then |44 = n2*| ye If Momentum of object is increased by 3%. Find % change in kinetic energy. ake- © ate ». QE x 200%) = 2(4 x 2008) + = 2(3) percetage change in Kinetic Energy = 6% + Case 2: If % change is greater than 5% % change in x = “Sat x 200% If kinetic energy is increased by 300%, then percentage change in momentum will be Sol. 12) KE>t by 300% = |P =2m KE It Means KE. to |P KE. 400% ‘ KE gna = 4 (K-Ejnivad| « PhysicsIF kinetic energy is decreased by 19% then % change in Movnentum? Sol. iMar) KE > les by 14% ». Momentum KE is reduced to 81%| is reduced to eee (3 « 200%) 300 8 POWKE, °. Momentum is 2 Pablo reduced by 40% (or reduced to 90%) Linear mass density: + Mass per unit length A= de ome aan «m= Ad] a. oe Sealar Unit kg/m [F A= constant, mass = Wx (engi Q. 12 Find mass of rod if A = 3 kg/m and length 12m Ans. dm = AdL fan = fsb mass = 3(L)2* = 3(12-0) = 36 kg. Surface mass density or Areal mass density oo = Se unit kg/m? dA Q. 13 Find mass of a disc if.o = x kg/m°of Radius R = 2m. Ans. mass = 6 Area = 1 (rR)? = 1(2)*= 10 x4 40kg Areal mass density (s) + Mass per unit Area dM = odV Q. 14 A Disc of Radius R/2 cut from a disc of mass (M,R) as shown in Fig. then find mas of remaining portion. Areal mass density eR? Mass of removed part m* = o Area of removed ie MBM mass of remaining = M-"G-*—g Volume mass density (p) + Mass per unit volume Tp = constant, mass = 9 x volumed Q.45 A sphere of Radius R/2. is cut from a sphere of mass m and Radius R as shown in figure. Find mass of remaining part.Sol. Mass = Volume 4 [Re Volurne of removed part =$x(8) Same =w/8 Mass x volume < R™ Jitna volume remove hoga same propotion me mass removes hoga. ea aaa Remaining mass = m— = 2 Mass of removed part vi mre Gora ae & Pear araitt aug aroit ar Frax aroitt 2 ie) Pass