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Human Rights and Healthcare 1st Edition Elizabeth
Wicks Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Elizabeth Wicks
ISBN(s): 9781847313713, 184731371X
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.39 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
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HUMAN RIGHTS AND HEALTHCARE

Human Rights and Healthcare looks at medical law from a human rights
perspective. Almost all issues traditionally taught under a ‘medical law’ label have
significant human rights issues inherent within them. This book is unique in
bringing those human rights implications to the fore. The rights at issue include
established fundamental rights such as the right to life, the right to respect for a
private life, and the right to physical integrity, as well as more controversial
‘rights’ such as a ‘right to reproduce’ and a ‘right to die’. The human rights
perspective of this book enables new light to be cast upon familiar medico-legal
cases and issues. As such the book provides a genuine merging of human rights
law and medical law and will be of value to all students and academics studying
medical law, as well as to those interested in the broader issues raised by the
growing human rights culture within the UK and worldwide.

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Human Rights and Healthcare

Elizabeth Wicks

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Published in North America (US and Canada) by

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Fax: +1 503 280 8832
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Website: www.isbs.com

© Elizabeth Wicks 2007

Elizabeth Wicks has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988, to be identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of
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appropriate reprographic rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction which
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data Available

ISBN-13: 978-1-84113-580-9

Typeset by Columns Ltd, Reading

Printed and bound in Great Britain by
TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to my colleague in the School of Law, Dr Stephen Smith, who read

and commented upon Chapters 11 and 12. Chapter 8 is partly based upon my
talk at the University of Birmingham’s Institute of Medical Law Inaugural
Conference in September 2005 and I am grateful to the delegates at that
conference for constructive feedback. I should also acknowledge the contribution
to this book made by the students on the Law and Medicine module over a
number of years who have been enthusiastic and engaged with the topics
discussed in this book and have thereby helped me to develop my understanding
and evaluation of many issues. As always, I am grateful to my Mum and Dad for
continued support and encouragement and to my partner Frank for tolerating
many long discussions about medical law and human rights and for the valuable
advice he invariably provides.
Medical law is a notoriously fast moving subject but I have sought to state the
law as of January 2007.

Liz Wicks
Birmingham, March 2007

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Contents

Table of Cases ......................................................................................................... xi

Table of Legislation .............................................................................................. xvii
1 Introduction: Human Rights in Healthcare 1
I. Sources of Human Rights Law ................................................................ 4
(a) International Human Rights Treaties .............................................. 4
(b) The British Constitution and Common Law Rights ...................... 7
(c) The Human Rights Act 1998............................................................ 9
II. The Human Rights Relevant to Medical Law....................................... 12
(a) Privacy-related Rights ..................................................................... 12
(b) The Right to Life ............................................................................. 13
(c) The Right to Dignity....................................................................... 14
(d) Reproductive Autonomy................................................................. 15
Recommended Further Reading..................................................................... 15

2 A Right to Treatment? The Allocation of Resources in the National

Health Service 17
I. Rights, Health and Resources ................................................................ 17
(a) Rights to Healthcare........................................................................ 17
(b) The Ministerial Duty to Promote a Comprehensive and Free
Health Service.................................................................................. 20
(c) Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation ............................................ 23
II. The General Rule: No Right to Treatment............................................ 27
III. Procedural Aspects of a Right to Treatment......................................... 29
(a) The Equality Principle .................................................................... 29
(b) Procedural Propriety....................................................................... 30
IV. A Right to Basic Life-Sustaining Treatment? ........................................ 33
V. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 36
Recommended Further Reading..................................................................... 36

3 Ensuring Quality Healthcare: An Issue of Rights or Duties? 37

I. The Doctor-Patient Relationship........................................................... 37
II. The Legal Requirements of Negligence................................................. 39
(a) Establishing a Duty of Care............................................................ 39
(b) Proving that the Doctor has Breached his Duty of Care ............. 41
(c) The Final Hurdle: Did the Breach Cause the Harm? ................... 47
(d) Negligence: Conclusion .................................................................. 53
III. Non-fault Compensation: Escaping the Blame Culture ...................... 53
IV. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 56
Recommended further reading ...................................................................... 57

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viii Contents

4 Autonomy and Consent to Medical Treatment 59

I. Autonomy, Consent and Choices .......................................................... 59
(a) Autonomy: The Ethical Principle................................................... 59
(b) Autonomy: The Legal Principle ..................................................... 61
II. The Nature of Consent........................................................................... 65
(a) To what can we consent? ................................................................ 65
(b) How do we consent? ....................................................................... 68
III. Competent Consent................................................................................ 72
(a) Assessing Capacity........................................................................... 72
(b) The Capacity Test in Practice ......................................................... 75
IV. Informed Consent .................................................................................. 79
(a) The Meaning of Informed Consent............................................... 79
(b) The Legal Consequences of a Failure to Inform of Risks ............ 80
(c) The Doctor’s Standard of Care ...................................................... 82
(d) Causation of Harm ......................................................................... 87
V. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 89
Recommended Further Reading..................................................................... 90
5 Treating Incompetent Patients: Beneficence, Welfare and Rights 91
I. The Principle of Beneficence and
Conflicting Rights................................................................................... 91
II. The Best Interests Test............................................................................ 94
(a) Medical Best Interests ..................................................................... 94
(b) Broader Social Interests .................................................................. 98
(c) The Interests of Others ................................................................. 100
(d) Best Interests on a Statutory Footing .......................................... 104
III. Who Decides?........................................................................................ 106
(a) Decision-making under the MCA ............................................... 106
(b) Conflict Between Parents and Doctors........................................ 108
(c) Conflicts between Mature Minors and Parents or Doctors ....... 111
IV. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 116
Recommended Further Reading................................................................... 117
6 Medical Confidentiality And The Right To Privacy 119
I. Rights to Privacy and Confidentiality in the Medical Context ......... 119
(a) The Concept of a Right to Privacy .............................................. 119
(b) The Protection of Privacy in English Law................................... 121
(c) Confidentiality and Privacy in the Medical Context .................. 124
II. Exceptions to the Duty of Confidentiality: Balancing Privacy
Against Other Public Interests ............................................................. 126
(a) Disclosure with Consent............................................................... 126
(b) Public Safety .................................................................................. 128
(c) Freedom of the Press .................................................................... 130
(d) Parental Responsibility.................................................................. 131
(e) Anonymised Data for Research and Other Purposes ................. 134
III. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 136
Recommended Further Reading................................................................... 137

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Contents ix

7 Property Rights in the Body 139

I. The Theory of Self-Ownership and the
Role of Rights........................................................................................ 139
II. Property Rights in Human Material taken from Living Persons ...... 143
III. Property Rights and Dead Bodies ....................................................... 147
(a) The No Property Rule and Its Exceptions................................... 147
(b) Organ Retention Scandals ............................................................ 150
(c) The Human Tissue Act 2004 ........................................................ 154
(d) Shortage of Organs for Transplant .............................................. 155
IV. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 157
Recommended further reading .................................................................... 157

8 Medically Assisted Conception and a Right to Reproduce? 159

I. The Origins of a Right to Reproduce.................................................. 160
II. Access to Treatment: A Right to Reproduce
in Practice? ............................................................................................ 164
(a) Conflicting Interests I: Welfare of the Child ............................... 165
(b) Conflicting Interests II: Consent of Gamete Donors ................. 167
(c) Conflicting Interests III: Parties to a Surrogacy Arrangement .. 170
(d) Conflicting Interests IV: Interests of Society............................... 173
III. Assigning Parentage: Giving Legal Recognition to the Right to
Reproduce? ............................................................................................ 173
(a) Identifying the Mother ................................................................. 174
(b) Identifying the Father ................................................................... 175
IV. A Right to Reproduce a Healthy Child? Selection of Embryos......... 177
V. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 178
Recommended Further Reading................................................................... 179

9 Termination of Pregnancy: A Conflict of Rights 181

I. The Fetus ............................................................................................... 181
(a) A Right to Life for the Fetus? ....................................................... 181
(b) The Ethical Background to the Right to Life Debate ................. 184
(c) The Fetus in English Law ............................................................. 187
II. The Mother ........................................................................................... 190
(a) A Right to Choose for the Mother? ............................................. 190
(b) The Mother’s Rights in English Law............................................ 192
III. The Father ............................................................................................. 197
IV. The Medical Professionals.................................................................... 199
V. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 201
Recommended Further Reading................................................................... 202

10 Pregnancy and Freedom of Choice 203

I. Refusal of Medical Treatment During Pregnancy .............................. 203
(a) Freedom of Choice and the Pregnant Woman ........................... 203
(b) Competency during Pregnancy.................................................... 208
II. Preventing Pre-natal Harm .................................................................. 212
(a) Harming the Fetus ........................................................................ 212
(b) Harming the Future Child............................................................ 214

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x Contents

III. Wrongful Conception and Birth: Financial Recompense for an

Unwanted Pregnancy? .......................................................................... 218
(a) The Nature of Wrongful Conception and Wrongful Birth
Claims ............................................................................................ 219
(b) Is a Child Always a Blessing? Reasons for Denying
Compensation for an Unwanted Pregnancy ............................... 220
(c) The Post-McFarlane Fudge........................................................... 223
IV. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 224
Recommended Further Reading................................................................... 225

11 The Right to Life at the End of Life 227

I. The Right to Life in Context................................................................ 227
(a) The Right to Life in Article 2 ECHR ........................................... 227
(b) The Boundaries of the Right to Life: Defining Death................ 229
(c) The Sanctity of Human Life......................................................... 231
II. The Bland Principles ............................................................................ 233
(a) Was Bland still alive? ..................................................................... 234
(b) Bland’s Best Interests..................................................................... 235
(c) Is Artificial Feeding a Form of Medical Treatment? ................... 238
(d) Is Withdrawing Treatment an Act or an Omission (and does it
matter)? .......................................................................................... 239
(e) Conclusion: The Bland Principles................................................ 242
III. The Bland Principles in Practice.......................................................... 242
(a) The Beginning of a Slippery Slope?............................................. 242
(b) Duty to Provide ANH to Competent Patients ............................ 244
(c) The Bland Principles in a Human Rights Age ............................ 245
IV. Equal Rights to Life: The Conjoined Twins Case............................... 248
V. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 251
Recommended Further Reading:.................................................................. 251
12 The Law and Ethics of Assisted Dying: Is There a Right to Die? 253
I. The Criminal Law Prohibition on Assisted Dying ............................. 253
II. Life and Death: A Right to Die as a Corollary of a Right to Life? .... 259
III. A Right to Die with Dignity? ............................................................... 261
IV. Autonomy, Private Life and Death ...................................................... 264
(a) The Right to Respect for Private Decisions about Dying .......... 264
(b) Proportionate State Interference: Protecting the Rights of
the Vulnerable................................................................................ 265
V. Discrimination of the Disabled: Suicide versus Assisted Suicide...... 271
VI. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 272
Recommended Further Reading................................................................... 274

Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 275

Index .................................................................................................................... 283

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Table of Cases

Re A (1992) 3 Med LR 303 ................................................................................................ 230

Re A (children) (conjoined twins: surgical separation) [2000] 4
All ER 961 ............................ 9, 26, 108, 109, 110, 139, 197, 232, 248, 249, 250, 251
Re A (Medical treatment: Male Sterilisation) (2000) 53 BMLR 66 ............................ 98, 99
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] 2 AC 221................................. 11
AB v Leeds Teaching Hospital [2005] QB 506 ................................................. 150, 151, 152
A-G v Able [1984] QB 795................................................................................................. 257
A-G v Guardian Newspapers [1990] 1 AC 109 ................................................................ 122
A-G’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 ................................................................ 66
A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All ER 936; [1996] 2 All ER 10 ............ 187, 200
Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821 (HL); [1993]
AC 789 (HL) ... 14, 35, 43, 64, 66, 207, 227, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239,
240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 254, 255
Re AK (medical treatment: consent) [2001] 1 FLR 129 ............................................ 69, 107
Ashworth Hospital Authority v Mirror Group Newspapers [2001] 1 WLR 515 ........... 126
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corpn (1948) 1 KB 223......... 27
Re B (a minor) [1990] 3 All ER 927 ........................................................................... 97, 103
Re B (a minor) (wardship: sterilisation) [1987] 2 All ER 206 ........................................ 161
Re B (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [2002] 2 All ER 449....... 13, 76, 77, 78, 90, 207
B v Croydon Health Authority (1994) 22 BMLR 13.......................................................... 67
Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1969] 1 QB 428;
[1968] 1 All ER 1068 ......................................................................................... 40, 47
Barr v Matthews (1999) 52 BMLR 217............................................................................. 201
Blyth v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 4 Med LR 151 (CA) ........................... 85, 86
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2
All ER 118 .................................... 41, 42, 43, 44, 83, 84, 85, 86, 96, 98, 99, 100, 238
Bolitho v City & Hackney Health Authority [1998] AC 232 (HL)..... 43, 44, 45, 48, 53, 85
Burton v Islington Health Authority [1993] QB 204....................................................... 214
Re C (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) (No 2) [1989] 2 All ER 791 ................ 132
Re C (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1994] 1 All ER 819; [1994]
1 WLR 290 ................................................................... 13, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 90, 209
C v S [1987] 1 All ER 1230 ................................................................................................ 198
Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers [2004] 2 All ER 995.... 13, 125, 130, 131, 135, 136
Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605................................................................................. 222
Chatterton v Gerson [1981] QB 432............................................................................. 80, 81
Chester v Afshar [2005] 1 AC 134; [2004] 4 All ER 587 (HL)..... 38, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,
53, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90
Coco v A N Clark [1969] RPC 41 ..................................................................................... 122
Re D (1997) 38 BMLR 1 .................................................................................................... 243
Re D (a minor) [1976] 1 All ER 326......................................................................... 160, 161
D (a minor) v Berkshire County Council [1987] AC 317....................................... 166, 216
Defreitas v O’Brien [1993] 4 Med LR 281.................................................................... 43, 44
Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority [1996] 4 All ER 474.................................. 148
Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2001] QB 967 .................................................................... 9, 122, 123

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xii Table of Cases

Re E (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1993] 1 FLR 1097 ............... 114, 115, 117
Edward Wong Finance v Johnson Stokes [1984] 1 AC 296............................................... 44
Emeh v Kensington & Chelsea & Westminster Area Health Authority [1984] 3 All ER
1044 ................................................................................................................ 219, 221
Evans v Amicus Healthcare [2004] 3 All ER 1025 (CA).......................... 144, 167, 168, 198
Re F (in utero) [1988] 2 All ER 193.......................................................................... 213, 214
Re F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation) [1990] 2 AC 1 (HL) ...... 43, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 208
Freeman v Home Office (No 2) [1984] QB 524 ................................................................ 71
Frenchay Healthcare NHS Trust v S [1994] 2 All ER 403 ....................................... 242, 243
Re G [1995] 3 Med LR 80.................................................................................................. 243
Re G (adult incompetent: withdrawal of treatment) (2001) 65 BMLR 6 ...................... 243
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 (HL); [1985]
3 All ER 402 ................................... 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 131, 132, 133, 134
Gold v Haringey Health Authority [1987] 2 All ER 888; [1988] QB 481 (CA)....... 85, 221
Gregg v Scott [2005] 2 AC 176 (HL) ............................................................................ 51, 52
Re H (adult: incompetence) (1997) 38 BMLR 11............................................................ 243
Hashmi case see R (on the application of Quintavalle) v Human Fertilisation and
Embryology Authority
Hills v Potter [1983] 3 All ER 716....................................................................................... 80
Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority [1987] AC 750....................................... 51
Re J (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1990] 3 All ER
930 (CA)............................................................................................. 97, 98, 235, 236
Jackson v Attorney-General [2005] 3 WLR 733................................................................... 8
Janaway v Salford Area Health Authority [1988] 3 All ER 1079 (HL) ........................... 201
Kaye v Robertson [1991] FSR 62....................................................................................... 122
Kent v Griffiths, Roberts and London Ambulance Service [2000] 2 All ER 474............. 40
Re L (medical treatment: Gillick competency) [1998] 2 FLR 810...................... 78, 79, 115
Leeds Teaching Hospital v A [2003] EWCA 259 .............................................................. 175
McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [1999] 3 WLR 1301; [2000] 2 AC 59 (HL)... 219, 221,
222, 223, 224
Marriott v West Midlands Health Authority [1999] Lloyd’s Rep Med 23 ................. 45, 53
Maynard v West Midlands Regional Health Authority [1985] 1 All ER 635 (HL).......... 42
Re MB (adult: medical treatment) (1997) 38 BMLR 175; [1997] 8 Med LR 217 (CA). 74,
75, 207, 210, 211
Mendoza v Ghaidan [2004] 2 AC 557 ................................................................................ 11
NHS Trust A v M [2001]; NHS Trust B v H [2001] 1 All ER 801; [2001]
2 WLR 942 ............................................................................... 92, 245, 246, 247, 248
Parkinson v St James & Seacroft University Hospital NHS Trust (CA) [2001] 3 All ER
97 ............................................................................................................................ 223
Paton v British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees [1979] 1 QB 276................. 187, 199
Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust (1998) 48 BMLR 118 (CA) ........ 85, 86, 87
Pierson v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1998] AC 539 ............................ 8
Re R (a child) [2003] 2 All ER 131 (CA).......................................................................... 175
Re R (a minor) [1991] 4 All ER 177 ................................................. 112, 113, 114, 116, 132
Re R (parental responsibility: IVF baby) [2003] 2 All ER 131........................................ 174
R v Adams ........................................................................................................................... 255
R v Bourne [1939] 1 KB 687 ....................................................................................... 18, 193
R v Brown [1994] 1 AC 212................................................................................................. 66
R v Cambridge District Health Authority ex p B [1995] 25 BMLR 5; [1995] 2 All ER 129
(CA).................................................................................................................. 28, 164
R v Cox (1992) 12 BMLR 38 ............................................................................................. 254
R v Department of Health ex p Source Informatics Ltd [2000] 1 All ER 786 ....... 134, 135

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Table of Cases xiii

R v Ethical Committee of St Mary’s Hospital (Manchester) ex p H [1988] 1 FLR 512. 30,

165
R v Herbert (1961) 25 JCL 163 ......................................................................................... 144
R v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority ex p Blood [1997] 2 All ER 687. 169
R v Kelly [1998] 3 All ER 741 (CA) .................................................................................. 149
R v Lord Chancellor ex p Witham [1998] QB 575............................................................... 8
R v Mental Health Tribunal ex p H [2002] QB 1............................................................... 11
R v North and East Devon Health Authority ex p Couglan [2000] 3 All ER 850 ........... 21
R v North West Lancashire Health Authority ex p A [1999] Lloyd’s Rep Med 399; [2000]
1 WLR 977 ................................................................................................. 30, 31, 164
R v Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust ex p Glass [1999] 2 FLR 905 .............................. 108
R v Rothery (1976) 63 Cr App R 231 ............................................................................... 144
R v Secretary of State for Health, West Midlands Regional Health Authority and
Birmingham Area Health Authority ex p Hincks [1980] 1 BMLR 93 (CA) . 21, 27
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p Simms [2000] 2 AC 115 .............. 8
R v Secretary of State for Social Services ex p Walker [1987] 3 BMLR 32 (CA) ...... 27, 28,
164
R v Sheffield Health Authority ex p Seale (1994) 25 BMLR 1 ........................................ 164
R v Smith [1973] 1 WLR 1510 .......................................................................................... 199
R v Welsh [1974] RTR 478................................................................................................. 144
R v Woollin [1998] 4 All ER 103 ....................................................................................... 256
R (on the application of Burke) v General Medical Council [2005] QB 424; (2005) 3
WLR 1132 (CA)................................................................... 33, 34, 35, 244, 245, 262
R (on the application of Jepson) v Chief Constable of West Mercia (1 December 2003,
unreported) ............................................................................................................ 196
R (on the application of Pretty) v Director of Public Prosecutions [2002] 1 All ER 1
(HL).......................................................................... 14, 259, 264, 269, 270, 271, 272
R (on the application of Quintavalle) v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
(Hashmi case) [2005] 2 All ER 555...................................................................... 177
R (on the application of Smeaton) v Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 FLR 146 . 188
R (Axon) v Secretary of State for Health [2006] QB 539................................ 132, 133, 134
R (Watts) v Bedford Primary Care Trust 14 (2004) 77 BMLR 26 .................................... 19
Rand v East Dorset Health Authority (2000) 56 BMLR 39............................................. 223
Rees v Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS Trust [2002] 2 All ER 177 (CA); [2003] 4 All
ER 987 (HL)........................................................................................................... 224
Riverside Mental Health Trust v Fox [1994] 1 FLR 614 .................................................. 208
Rochdale Healthcare NHS Trust v C [1997] 1 FCR 274 ................................. 208, 209, 210
Rogers v Swindon NHS Primary Care Trust [2006] 1 WLR 2649.................................... 32
Royal College of Nursing of the UK v Department of Health [1981] 1 All ER 545 ..... 199
Re S (a minor) (medical treatment) [1994] 2 FLR 1065................................................. 115
Re S (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 671 ..................... 206, 208, 211
Re S (Adult Patient: Sterilisation) [2000] 3 WLR 1288 (CA).................................... 99, 100
St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust v S; R v Collins ex S [1998] 3 All ER 673; [1998] 3
WLR 936 .......................................................................... 65, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211
Sidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors 94 [1985] AC 871; [1985] 1 All ER 643
(CA)............................................................................................ 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86
Smith v Barking, Havering and Brentwood Health Authority [1994] 5 Med LR 285..... 87
Spycatcher case see A-G v Guardian Newspapers
Re T (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1997] 1 All ER 906 (CA) .. 102, 103, 104,
251
Re T (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4All ER 649... 13, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 107,109, 115, 117, 203, 204, 206, 209

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xiv Table of Cases

Tameside & Glossop Acute Services Trust v CH (1996) 31 BMLR 93; [1996] 1 FLR
762 .................................................................................................................... 67, 208
Thake v Maurice [1986] QB 644 ....................................................................................... 221
Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] 4 All ER 156.................................................. 8
Udale v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1983] 2 All ER 522........................................... 220
Venables v News Group Newspapers [2001] 1 All ER 908...................................... 122, 123
Venables and Thomson v News Group Newspapers [2001] 2 WLR 1038 ......................... 9
Re W (a minor) (medical treatment: court’s jurisdiction) [1992] 4 All ER 627 .. 113, 114,
115
W v Egdell [1990] 1 All ER 833......................................................................... 128, 129, 135
W v Healthcare NHS Trust v KH [2005] 1 WLR 834 (CA)............................................ 243
Whitehouse v Jordan [1981] 1 All ER 267.......................................................................... 45
Williamson v East London & City Health Authority 22 [1998] Lloyd’s Rep Med 6....... 95
Wilsher v Essex Health Authority [1999] 3 AC 1074......................................................... 42
Wyatt v Portsmouth NHS Trust [2005] 1 WLR 3995........................................ 98, 110, 111
In the Matter of X [2005] JCA 050 ................................................................................... 144
X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648.................................................................................................. 130
Re Y (1997) 2 WLR 557 ..................................................... 100, 101, 102, 104, 117, 146, 211
Re Z (a minor) (identification: restrictions or publication) [1995] 4 All ER 961......... 132

Australia
Doodeward v Spence (1908) 6 CLR 406........................................................... 148, 149, 151
Pearce v South Australia Health Commission (1996) 66 SASR 486 (S.Australia SC)... 165
Rogers v Whittaker (1992) 109 ALR 625 (HC)...................................................... 82, 83, 85
Rufo v Hoskins [2004] NSWCA 391................................................................................... 51

Canada
Marshall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260 ................................................................................... 95
Murray v McMurchy [1949] 2 DLR 442............................................................................. 95
Norberg v Wynrib (1992) 92 DLR (4th) 449 (Supreme Court) ....................................... 38
R v Morgentaler [1988] 1 SCR 30 (SC) ............................................................................ 190
Tremblay v Daigle (1989) 62 DLR (4th) 634 (Quebec, SC) ............................................ 198

Council of Europe
A v United Kingdom (1998) Reports 1998–VI ................................................................ 262
Acmanne v Belgium (1984) 40 DR 251 .............................................................................. 93
Airey v Ireland (1979–80) 2 EHRR 305 ............................................................................ 209
Arrowsmith v United Kingdom (1978) 19 DR 5 ............................................................... 63
Bruggemann and Scheuten v Germany (1977) 10 DR 100 ..................................... 162, 192
Burghartz v Switzerland (1994) Series A, No 280 B; 18 EHRR 101 ............................... 121
Costello-Roberts v United Kingdom (1993) Series A, No 247.................................. 93, 121
D v United Kingdom [1997] 24 EHRR 423 ............................................................. 262, 263
Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1981) Series A, No 45 ...................................................... 121
Evans v United Kingdom (2006) 43 EHRR 21 (ECtHR) ................................ 168, 169, 198
Glass v United Kingdom, ECHR 2004–II ................................................. 108, 109, 110, 111
Goodwin v United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 18 (ECtHR) .......................... 121, 162, 175
Herczegfalvy v Austria, (1992) Series A, No 244, para 82 (ECtHR) ............. 62, 92, 93, 102
Ireland v United Kingdom, Series A, No 25, (1978) 2 EHRR 25 ........................................ 6

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Table of Cases xv

Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 39 ............................... 66

Leander v Sweden (1987) Series A, No 116; 9 EHRR 433 ............................................... 121
McCann v United Kingdom, Series A, No 324, (1996) 21 EHRR 97 ................................. 6
Marckx v Belgium (1979) Series A, No 31; 2 EHRR 330 ................................................ 163
MS v Sweden (1999) 28 EHRR 313 .......................................................................... 124, 125
Niemietz v Germany (1992) Series A, No 251 B; 16 EHRR 97....................................... 121
Open Door Counselling and Dublin Well Woman Centre v Ireland (1992) Series A, No
246; 15 EHRR 244 ................................................................................................. 163
Osman v United Kingdom (2000) 29 EHRR 245 (ECtHR) ...................... 18, 228, 229, 246
Paton v United Kingdom (1980) 3 EHRR 408 (ECommHR)......... 181, 182, 187, 199, 214
Pretty v United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 1 (ECtHR) ....... 14, 62, 64, 259, 260, 262, 263,
269, 270, 272, 273
Rees v United Kingdom (1986) Series A, No 106, (ECtHR) ................................... 161, 162
Sheffield and Horsham v United Kingdom (1998) Reports V........................................ 162
Smith v United Kingdom (2000) 29 EHRR 493 .......................................................... 6, 121
Soering v United Kingdom (1989) Series A, No 161; 11 EHRR 439 (ECtHR).............. 263
Vo v France (2005) 10 EHRR 12 (ECtHR)............................................................... 163, 182
X v Austria (1980) 18 DR 154 ....................................................................................... 62, 93
X v Denmark (1988) (1988) 32 DR 282 (ECommHR) ..................................................... 61
X and Y v Netherlands (1985) Series A, No 91; (1986) 8 EHRR 235 (ECtHR) . 13, 62, 93,
121, 163
Young, James and Webster v United Kingdom (1981) Series A, No 44; 4 EHRR 38 .... 259
Z v Finland (1997) 25 EHRR 371 ............................................................... 13, 124, 125, 129

European Union
R v Bedford Primary Care Trust (C–372/04) (2006) (ECJ) .............................................. 20

Ireland
Philip v Ryan [2004] 1 IESC 105......................................................................................... 51

Netherlands
Schoonheim, HR 27 Nov 84, NJ 1985, 106....................................................................... 267

United States of America

Re AC 573 A 2d 611 (DC, 1987); 573 A 2d 1235 (DC, 1990)................................. 205, 206
Baby Boy Doe 632 NE 2d 326 (Illinois (CA)).................................................................. 206
Canterbury v Spence, 464 F 2d 772 (DC, 1972) .......................................................... 82, 83
Cruzan v Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990) 110 S Ct............................ 236
Re Fetus Brown (1997) 294 Ill App 3d 159 ...................................................................... 206
Grodin v Grodin, Mich App 301 NW 2d 869 (1981) ...................................................... 215
Jefferson v Griffin Spalding County Hospital Authority 5 247 Ga 86; 274 5E 2d 457.. 205
Johnson v Florida 602 So. 2d 1288 (Fla 1992) ................................................................. 213
Moore v Regents of the University of California (1990) 793 P 2d 479.......................... 143
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey (1992) 112 S Ct 2791...... 191
Roe v Wade, 34 93 S Ct 705 (1973) (SC).......................................................................... 190
State v Johnson 578 So. 2d 419 (Fla 1991) ....................................................................... 213

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Table of Legislation

United Kingdom
Abortion Act 1967 ..................................................... 188, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201
s 1(1) ....................................................................................................................... 194, 196
s 1(1)(a) .......................................................................................................... 194, 195, 196
s 1(1)(b)–(c) .......................................................................................................... 194, 195
s 1(1)(d) ......................................................................................................... 194, 196, 197
s 1(4) ............................................................................................................................... 194
s 4 .................................................................................................................................... 201
Access to Health Records Act 1990 ................................................................................... 127
Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 ................................................................................. 127
Children Act 1989, s 1(1) .................................................................................................. 103
Children and Young Persons Act 1969, s 1(2)(a) ............................................................ 216
Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 ............................................................ 214
s 2 .................................................................................................................................... 215
Data Protection Act 1998 .................................................................................. 123, 127, 130
s 10 .................................................................................................................................. 123
Enduring Powers of Attorney Act 1985 ........................................................................... 107
Family Law Reform Act 1969 ............................................................................................ 113
s 8(1) ....................................................................................................................... 113, 114
Health and Social Care Act 2001 ...................................................................................... 136
s 60 .................................................................................................................................. 136
s 60(3) ............................................................................................................................. 136
s 61 .................................................................................................................................. 136
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 ...... 30, 144, 154, 159, 160, 164, 165, 168,
169, 171, 174, 175, 189, 194, 264
s 1(1)(d) ......................................................................................................................... 177
s 13(5) .................................................................................................... 165, 166, 167, 175
s 27(1) ..................................................................................................................... 171, 174
s 28(2)–(3) ..................................................................................................................... 175
s 29(1) ............................................................................................................................. 176
s 30 .......................................................................................................................... 171, 174
s 30(1)(b) ....................................................................................................................... 171
s 30(3) ............................................................................................................................. 172
s 30(5) ............................................................................................................................. 171
s 30(7) ............................................................................................................................. 171
Sch 2 ............................................................................................................................... 177
Human Rights Act 1998 . 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 29, 30, 38, 61, 64, 89, 99, 109, 116, 122, 123,
125, 128, 130, 133, 134, 136, 152, 156, 163, 178, 179, 209, 245, 246, 250, 258, 264
s 2(1) ................................................................................................................................. 64
s 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 10
s 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 10
s 4(6)(a) ............................................................................................................................ 10

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xviii Table of Legislation

s 6 .............................................................................................................................. 10, 123

s 19 .................................................................................................................................... 10
Human Tissue Act 1961 .................................................................................... 153, 154, 156
s 1(1)–(2) ....................................................................................................................... 154
Human Tissue Act 2004 .................................................... 143, 144, 146, 154, 155, 156, 157
s 2(7) ............................................................................................................................... 155
s 3(2) ............................................................................................................................... 144
s 3(3) ............................................................................................................................... 155
s 32 .................................................................................................................................. 144
s 32(1) ............................................................................................................................. 144
s 32(8) ............................................................................................................................. 144
s 33 .................................................................................................................................. 144
s 53 .......................................................................................................................... 144, 155
Sch 1 ............................................................................................................................... 155
Part 1 .................................................................................................................. 144, 155
Part 2 .......................................................................................................................... 155
Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929 .................................................................. 192, 193, 199
Mental Capacity Act 2005 ....................... 74, 78, 94, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 116, 236, 264
s 1 .................................................................................................................................... 104
s 1(2) ............................................................................................................................... 105
s 1(4) ................................................................................................................................. 78
s 1(5) ............................................................................................................................... 105
s 2(1) ................................................................................................................................. 74
s 2(5) ............................................................................................................................... 104
s 3(1) ................................................................................................................................. 74
s 4 .................................................................................................................................... 105
s 4(6) ............................................................................................................................... 106
s 5 .................................................................................................................................... 107
s 5(1) ............................................................................................................................... 107
s 5(3) ............................................................................................................................... 107
s 9(1) ............................................................................................................................... 108
s 9(4) ............................................................................................................................... 108
ss 24–26 .......................................................................................................................... 107
Mental Health Act 1983 .............................................................................................. 67, 206
s 2 .................................................................................................................................... 206
s 47 .................................................................................................................................... 67
ss 57–58 ............................................................................................................................ 67
s 63 ............................................................................................................................ 67, 208
National Assistance Act 1948 ........................................................................................ 21, 67
National Health Service Act 1977 ................................................................................. 20, 21
s 1(1) ................................................................................................................................. 20
s 1(2) ................................................................................................................................. 21
s 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 21
NHS Redress Act 2006 ......................................................................................................... 56
s 1(4) ................................................................................................................................. 56
s 3(2) ................................................................................................................................. 56
Offences Against the Person Act 1861 .............................................................. 188, 193, 199
s 58 .................................................................................................................................. 188

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Topic 1: Practical applications and examples

Learning Objective 1: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Section 2: Literature review and discussion
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 12: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
Example 20: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 22: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 24: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 26: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
Practice Problem 30: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 39: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 5: Key terms and definitions
Example 40: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 46: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 47: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 48: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 6: Interdisciplinary approaches
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 52: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 57: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 59: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 7: Learning outcomes and objectives
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 63: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 67: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 68: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Chapter 8: Interdisciplinary approaches
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 71: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 74: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 76: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 77: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 79: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 9: Learning outcomes and objectives
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 85: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 88: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Chapter 10: Case studies and real-world applications
Example 90: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 91: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 94: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 98: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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