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Sacred to the Touch Nordic and Baltic Religious Wood
Carving Thomas A. Dubois Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Thomas A. DuBois
ISBN(s): 9780295742410, 0295742410
Edition: Hardcover
File Details: PDF, 42.99 MB
Year: 2017
Language: english
New DirectioNs iN scaNDiNaviaN stuDies
Christine Ingebritsen and Andy Nestingen
Series Editors
New DirectioNs iN scaNDiNaviaN stuDies
This series offers interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the Nordic region
of Scandinavia and the Baltic States and their cultural connections in North
America. By redefining the boundaries of Scandinavian studies to include the
Baltic States and Scandinavian America, the series presents books that focus
on the study of the culture, history, literature, and politics of the North.

Small States in International Relations

Edited by Christine Ingebritsen, Iver B. Neumann, Sieglinde Gstohl, and Jessica Beyer

Danish Cookbooks: Domesticity and National Identity, 1616–1901

Carol Gold

Crime and Fantasy in Scandinavia: Fiction, Film, and Social Change

Andrew Nestingen

Selected Plays of Marcus Thrane

Translated and introduced by Terje I. Leiren

Munch’s Ibsen: A Painter’s Visions of a Playwright

Joan Templeton

Knut Hamsun: The Dark Side of Literary Brilliance

Monika Žagar

Nordic Exposures: Scandinavian Identities in Classical Hollywood Cinema

Arne Lunde

Icons of Danish Modernity: Georg Brandes and Asta Nielsen

Julie K. Allen

Danish Folktales, Legends, and Other Stories

Edited and translated by Timothy R. Tangherlini

The Power of Song: Nonviolent National Culture in the Baltic Singing Revolution
Guntis Šmidchens

Church Resistance to Nazism in Norway, 1940–1945

Arne Hassing

Christian Krohg’s Naturalism

Øystein Sjåstad

Fascism and Modernist Literature in Norway

Dean Krouk

Sacred to the Touch: Nordic and Baltic Religious Wood Carving

Thomas A. DuBois
Sacred to the Touch
NorDic aND Baltic religious wooD carviNg

Thomas A. DuBois

uNiversity of washiNgtoN Press

Seattle and London

Sacred to the Touch was made possible by grants from the Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy
for Swedish Folk Culture, the Halls-Bascom Professorship of the University of Wisconsin–
Madison, and the Department of Scandinavian Studies at the University of Washington.

Copyright © 2018 by the University of Washington Press

Printed and bound in China
Design by Katrina Noble
Composed in Caslon Pro, typeface designed by Carol Twombly

All photographs by the author unless noted otherwise.

Cover artwork: Noaidi drum, signed L L Sunna (Lars Levi Sunna), birch, decorated
antler, leather. 11 × 27 × 18 cm, with two antler accessories. Photo courtesy Stockholms
Auktionsverk

Frontispiece: Stave church in the village of Røldal, Odda, Hordaland, Norway,

built ca. 1200–1250. Photo by the author.

22 21 20 19 18 5 4 3 2 1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

University of Washington Press

www.washington.edu/uwpress

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: DuBois, Thomas A. (Thomas Andrew), 1960- author.
Title: Sacred to the touch : Nordic and Baltic religious wood carving / Thomas A. DuBois.
Description: Seattle : University of Washington Press, 2018. | Series: New directions in
Scandinavian studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: lccN 2017026639 (print) | lccN 2017027430 (ebook) |
isBN 9780295742427 (ebook) | isBN 9780295742410 (hardcover : alk. paper) |
isBN 9780295742434 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: lcsh: Wood-carving — Scandinavia — Themes, motives. | Wood-carving —
Baltic States — Themes, motives. | Religious articles — Scandinavia. | Religious
articles — Baltic States. | Cultural awareness — Scandinavia. | Cultural awareness —
Baltic States.
Classification: lcc NK1653.s34 (ebook) | NK1653.s34 D83 2018 (print) |
DDc 736/.40948 — dc23
lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017026639

The paper used in this publication is acid-free and meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, aNsi z39.48–1984. ∞
For people, past and present, who have felt the joys,
challenges, and significance of making art in wood
 Contents

Acknowledgments xi

iN t r oD uct ioN 1

1. Eva Ryynänen:
Karjalan Kukkiva Puu (The Flowering Tree of Karelia)
and Continuity Uncovered 31

2. Phillip Odden and Else Bigton:

In Search of Knowledge and Continuity Covered 51

3. Sister Lydia Mariadotter:

“Försök! Fortsätt!” (“Try! Continue!”) and
Continuity Rediscovered 73

4. Lars Levi Sunna:

“Válde dat dego dat lea ja don boađát oaidnit” (“Take it as
it is and see what happens”) and Continuity Recovered 103

5. Algimantas Sakalauskas:
Tikeimas (“Belief ”) < Tik Éjėmas (“Just Walking”)
and Continuity Discovered 129

coNc l u s ioN 159

Works Cited 177

Index 193
 Acknowledgments

I owe a debt of thanks to many people for help in creating this study. During my
graduate studies in the Department of Folklore and Folklife at the University of
Pennsylvania back in the 1980s, my teachers Henry Glassie and Don Yoder chal-
lenged students to commit to someday writing at least one monograph that would
substantively engage folklife or material-culture scholarship. Although I have tried
to live up to the folklife side of my PhD in folklore and folklife in various ways over
the years since graduating, I have always thought of this book as my main way of
meeting that challenge. So for better or worse, here it is.
Doing fieldwork in Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden was
expensive and time consuming. I am very grateful for the funding that made this
study possible. My Lithuanian fieldwork was undertaken with the help of a grant
from the Franklin Fund of the American Philosophical Society. My research in the
Nordic countries and here in the United States was generously funded through a
Vilas Research Associate Award and Kellett Mid-Career Faculty Research Award
from the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at
the University of Wisconsin–Madison, with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni
Research Foundation. I am honored to have held the Birgit Baldwin Professor-
ship in Scandinavian Studies from 2007 to 2009 and now to hold a Halls-Bascom
Professorship in Scandinavian Studies and Folklore, both at the University of
Wisconsin–Madison. The final stages of this project took place during my time
as a fellow of the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in Uppsala, Sweden,
and support for the publication of this study came from the Scandinavian Studies
Publication Fund, the Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien, and the Halls-Bascom
Professorship of the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

xi
 I thank the many informants who shared their views and expertise with me,
without whom this study would never have been possible. They include Else Bigton,
Raimo and Pirkko Kärkkäinen, Sister Lydia Mariadotter, Phillip Odden, Susanne
Österlund-Pötzch, Howard Rockstad, Algimantas Sakalauskas, Lars Levi Sunna,
and Scott Winner.
I also thank my many colleagues in the fields of Scandinavian studies, folklore
studies, and Baltic studies, including Patricia Berman, Barbro Blehr, Susan Brantly,
Marcus Cederström, Coppélie Cocq, Liisa Eskelinen, Tim Frandy, Harald Gaski,
Lena Gerholm, Janet Gilmore, Lizette Gradén, Rob Howard, Peter Jackson, Lars
Kaijser, Barbro Klein, Kristin Kuutma, Jim Leary, Arne Lunde, Scott Mellor, Cor-
rie Norman, Ruth Olson, Leonard Primiano, Jordan Rosenblum, Anna Rue, Tracey
Sands, Guntis Šmidchens, Hanna Snellman, Krister Stoor, Mikael Svonni, Tim
Tangherlini, Gunnar Ternhag, Nancy Wicker, Björn Wittrock, and Kirsten Wolf.
Each of these colleagues generously gave me advice over the course of the project
and/or facilitated work that helped me complete this book. An earlier version of the
analysis I present on Lars Levi Sunna was published in the journal Temenos (DuBois
2012b) and I acknowledge and thank the editors and reviewers of that journal for
valuable advice.
At the University of Washington Press and at the University of Washington,
Seattle, I am grateful to New Directions in Scandinavian Studies series editors
Christine Ingebritsen, Terje Leiren, and Andy Nestingen for their enthusiasm for
this monograph. Larin R. McLaughlin of the UW Press shepherded the manuscript
through the vetting process and was a source of encouragement and sound advice
as I worked to revise the text in line with the wise recommendations of the manu-
script’s reviewers. Niccole Leilanionapae’aina Coggins handled the vexing image
issues that my manuscript presented. Margaret K. Sullivan was project manager
for the book and ably kept things moving at a brisk and orderly pace. Kris Fulsaas
performed thoughtful and much-needed copyediting, improving my work in more
ways than I can count. I am hopeful that the current work, despite its many short-
comings, does at least some service to the many wonderful people who have helped
me along the way.
On a personal level, I am grateful to Brendan, Conor, and Greer DuBois, all of
whom traveled with me on one leg of my fieldwork or another, sharing the miles and
keeping me sane. And I am grateful to Wendy Vardaman, who remained positive
and encouraging in this, as in so many things.

xii acKNowleDgmeNts
sacreD to the touch
 Introduction

R
iDe Stockholm’s clean and efficient T13 subway south and west from the city
center for about a half hour, and you will arrive eventually at the Hallunda
stop. There you will find yourself in a modern Swedish urban-suburban
landscape, surrounded by multistory buildings, retail outlets, and wide roads but also
interlaced with wide pedestrian paths lined with trees and grass. Following one of
these paths to the south, you will soon come to a quiet, winding pedestrian way and
road still named after Saint Botvid, the twelfth-century Swedish merchant-turned-
missionary who met with Christianity in England and returned to his native district
to preach the faith, suffering martyrdom, legend relates, when an ungrateful Finnish
slave slew him in his boat. Within a few minutes of walking Sankt Botvids väg, you
will see the handsome spire of a medieval church, the origin of the name Botkyrka,
originally Bothwiidia Kirkia (Saint Botvid’s Church; figure I.1).
Across the street lies a tall wooden house painted yellow, originally a poor-
house erected by local factory owners in the late eighteenth century to accommo-
date poverty-stricken indigents, later repurposed as a home for the elderly. It is
now an elementary school, filled with children of a wide array of racial and cultural
backgrounds, illustrative of the rich cultural makeup of modern Sweden and of a
Botkyrka municipality that bears the distinction of being one of Sweden’s most cul-
turally diverse communities. A small housing development sits behind the school,
with densely clustered, pleasant one- and two-story homes painted red or yellow.
If you follow Sankt Botvids väg farther, you will pass the Lake Aspen and Ham-
marby parsonage, where Saint Botvid is said to have grown up, and the home of Saint
Botvid’s wealthy brother Björn, the builder of the original church. Björn’s sandstone
tomb, decorated with relief sculptures and inscriptions in both Old Swedish runes
and Latin capitals, was once proudly displayed inside the church. Today it resides in

1
Figure I.1. Saint Botvid’s Church today. The current stone church was dedicated in
1149 when it replaced an earlier wooden church originally constructed at
the behest of Saint Botvid’s brother Björn in 1129. With its long history of
remodeling yet seeming unity of form and location, the church illustrates
the complicated notions of “continuity” associated with medieval artifacts
in Northern Europe. Stockholm, Sweden.

Stockholm’s Historical Museum. Walking farther, you will also come to the south-
ern shore of Bornsjö, the lake in which Saint Botvid had miraculous fishing luck.
The shore is also the site of a holy spring that is said to have emerged from solid rock
in the place where the martyred saint’s bodily remains — his “relics”— were briefly
set down while the men who were carrying the casket rested during a procession
from Salem Church to Botkyrka church in 1129. The spring still flows today.
On the other side of Botkyrka church however, across a small field, you will hear
the flow not of water but of traffic, noise from the numerous cars and trucks on
the heavily used E20 highway that passes close by the church. Three lanes of traffic
speed by in each direction, and although the church can clearly be seen from the
highway, there is no convenient exit for drivers to stop and visit.
The church’s imposing stone steeple displays in large wrought-iron letters the
year 1128, but that year refers not to the completion of the present building, but to
an earlier wooden stave church that had stood on the spot before being replaced by

2 iNtroDuctioN
a larger church of stone in 1176. The steeple that bears the inscription does not itself
date from 1176, however, but was added later, possibly in the early thirteenth century.
It is topped by a spire that dates from the eighteenth century.
Inside the church itself you will find a fine medieval altarpiece carved by Flemish
artists in Antwerp in the sixteenth century and imported into Sweden during the
Hanseatic era. Its elaborate, gilded depiction of the events surrounding and includ-
ing the Crucifixion contrasts markedly with the austere whitewashed walls of the
church. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many medieval churches’ vivid,
sometimes lurid, wall paintings became hidden from view through such whitewash-
ing. A few of the church’s earlier paintings can still be glimpsed, though they are
much faded by the passage of centuries. Behind the altarpiece you can notice the
lines of the window that is still visible from the outside of the church but that was
sealed and plastered over during the postmedieval era so as not to detract from the
altarpiece.
The church’s main medieval crucifix, once displayed above the altar, is now con-
served, like Björn’s tomb, in Stockholm’s Historical Museum (figure I.2). Depicting
an emaciated Christ writhing on the cross, it was completed in the fourteenth cen-
tury, during a time when Botkyrka church was a prominent pilgrimage site. Small
portions of the crucifix’s original elaborate polychromy still remain around the Sav-
ior’s face, ears, and neck, and there you can see a pattern of white skin marked by
stylized drops of blood, a reflection of the prevalent devotion to the Savior’s blood
that was prominent during the fourteenth century (Bynum 2007). The crucifix must
have moved and inspired pilgrims of its era, when Botkyrka represented a valuable
benefice, providing income to the bishop of Strängnäs. Today the crucifix is seen
largely as a curious piece of art history, housed alongside other medieval sculptures
no longer displayed in their original environs.
As the above description makes clear, nine hundred years of history become sedi-
mented or displaced in the landscape, buildings, traffic networks, and artworks of
Botkyrka, Sweden. It is possible to look and see physical remains of the era of Swe-
den’s earliest Christianization, and even before. But these glimpses of the past are
overlapped and sometimes masked by products of later eras — donations or innova-
tions of late-medieval merchants and bishops, eighteenth-century industrialists and
antiquarians, twenty-first-century refugees and museum professionals. The distant
past, the more recent past, and the present become jumbled and intertwined — not
through random accretion but, rather, through a process of continual contemplation,
a weighing of the interests of the present against the value of the past that scholars
have come to term heritagization, heritage formation, or heritage regimes (Walsh 1992;
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1998; Smith 2006; Bendix, et al. 2012; Kuutma 2012; Gradén

iNtroDuctioN 3
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 Physical Education - Exercise Book
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Appendix 1: Literature review and discussion

Learning Objective 1: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 6: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 2: Literature review and discussion
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 11: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 18: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 19: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 3: Literature review and discussion
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 22: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 24: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 25: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 27: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Example 30: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 5: Literature review and discussion
Practice Problem 40: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 47: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 6: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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