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Thompson Thompson Genetics in Medicine Robert L.
Nussbaum Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Robert L. Nussbaum; Roderick R McInnes; Huntington F. Willard
ISBN(s): 9781437706963, 1437706967
Edition: Paperback
File Details: PDF, 22.58 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine

EIGHTH EDITION

Robert L. Nussbaum, MD, FACP, FACMG

Holly Smith Chair of Medicine and Science
Professor of Medicine, Neurology, Pediatrics and Pathology
Department of Medicine and Institute for Human Genetics
University of California San Francisco
San Francisco, California

Roderick R. McInnes, CM, MD, PhD, FRS(C), FCAHS,

FCCMG
Alva Chair in Human Genetics
Canada Research Chair in Neurogenetics
Professor of Human Genetics and Biochemistry
Director, Lady Davis Institute
Jewish General Hospital
McGill University
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Huntington F. Willard, PhD

President and Director
The Marine Biological Laboratory
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
and
Professor of Human Genetics
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
With Clinical Case Studies updated by:

Ada Hamosh, MD, MPH

Professor of Pediatrics
McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine
Scientific Director, OMIM
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland

2
3
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Introduction
The Birth and Development of Genetics and Genomics

Genetics and Genomics in Medicine

Onward

General References

Chapter 2 Introduction to the Human Genome

The Human Genome and the Chromosomal Basis of Heredity

Variation in the Human Genome

Transmission of the Genome

Human Gametogenesis and Fertilization

Medical Relevance of Mitosis and Meiosis

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 3 The Human Genome: Gene Structure and Function

Information Content of the Human Genome

The Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein

Gene Organization and Structure

Fundamentals of Gene Expression

Gene Expression in Action

Epigenetic and Epigenomic Aspects of Gene Expression

Gene Expression as the Integration of Genomic and Epigenomic Signals

Allelic Imbalance in Gene Expression

Variation in Gene Expression and Its Relevance to Medicine

4
 General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 4 Human Genetic Diversity: Mutation and Polymorphism

The Nature of Genetic Variation

Inherited Variation and Polymorphism in DNA

The Origin and Frequency of Different Types of Mutations

Types of Mutations and Their Consequences

Variation in Individual Genomes

Impact of Mutation and Polymorphism

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 5 Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics and Genome Analysis

Introduction to Cytogenetics and Genome Analysis

Chromosome Abnormalities

Chromosome and Genome Analysis in Cancer

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 6 The Chromosomal and Genomic Basis of Disease: Disorders of the Autosomes and Sex
Chromosomes
Mechanisms of Abnormalities

Aneuploidy

Uniparental Disomy

Genomic Disorders: Microdeletion and Duplication Syndromes

Idiopathic Chromosome Abnormalities

Segregation of Familial Abnormalities

Disorders Associated with Genomic Imprinting

The Sex Chromosomes and Their Abnormalities

Disorders of Sex Development

Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Intellectual Disability

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 7 Patterns of Single-Gene Inheritance

Overview and Concepts

Pedigrees

5
 Mendelian Inheritance

Autosomal Patterns of Mendelian Inheritance

X-Linked Inheritance

Pseudoautosomal Inheritance

Mosaicism

Parent-of-Origin Effects on Inheritance Patterns

Dynamic Mutations: Unstable Repeat Expansions

Maternal Inheritance of Disorders Caused by Mutations in the Mitochondrial Genome

Correlating Genotype and Phenotype

Importance of the Family History in Medical Practice

General References

Problems

Chapter 8 Complex Inheritance of Common Multifactorial Disorders

Qualitative and Quantitative Traits

Familial Aggregation and Correlation

Determining the Relative Contributions of Genes and Environment to Complex Disease

Examples of Common Multifactorial Diseases with a Genetic Contribution

Examples of Multifactorial Traits for Which Specific Genetic and Environmental Factors are Known

The Challenge of Multifactorial Disease with Complex Inheritance

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 9 Genetic Variation in Populations

Genotypes and Phenotypes in Populations

Factors That Disturb Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Ethnic Differences in the Frequency of Various Genetic Diseases

Genetics and Ancestry

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 10 Identifying the Genetic Basis for Human Disease

Genetic Basis for Linkage Analysis and Association

Mapping Human Disease Genes

From Gene Mapping to Gene Identification

Finding Genes Responsible for Disease by Genome Sequencing

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

6
Chapter 11 The Molecular Basis of Genetic Disease: General Principles and Lessons from the
Hemoglobinopathies
The Effect of Mutation on Protein Function

How Mutations Disrupt the Formation of Biologically Normal Proteins

The Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype in Genetic Disease

The Hemoglobins

The Hemoglobinopathies

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 12 The Molecular, Biochemical, and Cellular Basis of Genetic Disease

Diseases Due to Mutations in Different Classes of Proteins

Diseases Involving Enzymes

Defects in Receptor Proteins

Transport Defects

Disorders of Structural Proteins

Neurodegenerative Disorders

Concluding Comments

General References

References to Specific Topics

Useful Websites

Problems

Chapter 13 The Treatment of Genetic Disease

The Current State of Treatment of Genetic Disease

Special Considerations in Treating Genetic Disease

Treatment by the Manipulation of Metabolism

Treatment to Increase the Function of the Affected Gene or Protein

Gene Therapy

Precision Medicine: the Present and Future of the Treatment of Mendelian Disease

General References

References for Specific Topics

Useful Websites

Problems

Chapter 14 Developmental Genetics and Birth Defects

Developmental Biology in Medicine

Introduction to Developmental Biology

Genes and Environment in Development

Basic Concepts of Developmental Biology

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Development

7
 Interaction of Developmental Mechanisms in Embryogenesis

Concluding Comments

General References

References Specific to Particular Topics

Problems

Chapter 15 Cancer Genetics and Genomics

Neoplasia

Genetic Basis of Cancer

Cancer in Families

Familial Occurrence of Cancer

Sporadic Cancer

Cytogenetic Changes in Cancer

Applying Genomics to Individualize Cancer Therapy

Cancer and the Environment

General References

Specific References

Useful Websites

Problems

Chapter 16 Risk Assessment and Genetic Counseling

Family History in Risk Assessment

Genetic Counseling in Clinical Practice

Determining Recurrence Risks

Empirical Recurrence Risks

Molecular and Genome-Based Diagnostics

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 17 Prenatal Diagnosis and Screening

Methods of Prenatal Diagnosis

Indications for Prenatal Diagnosis by Invasive Testing

Prenatal Screening

Laboratory Studies

Genetic Counseling for Prenatal Diagnosis and Screening

General References

Specific References

Problems

Chapter 18 Application of Genomics to Medicine and Personalized Health Care

Genetic Screening in Populations

8
 Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics as a Complex Trait

Screening for Genetic Susceptibility to Disease

Personalized Genomic Medicine

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Chapter 19 Ethical and Social Issues in Genetics and Genomics

Principles of Biomedical Ethics

Ethical Dilemmas Arising in Medical Genetics

Privacy of Genetic Information

Eugenic and Dysgenic Effects of Medical Genetics

Genetics in Medicine

General References

References for Specific Topics

Problems

Clinical Case Studies Illustrating Genetic Principles

Case 1. Abacavir-Induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Genetically Determined Immunological
Adverse Drug Reaction)

Case 2. Achondroplasia (FGFR3 Mutation, MIM 100800)

Case 3. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Complement Factor H Variants, MIM 603075)

Case 4. Alzheimer Disease (Cerebral Neuronal Dysfunction and Death, MIM 104300)

Case 5. Autism/16p11.2 Deletion Syndrome (Susceptibility to Autism Spectrum Disorders, MIM 611913)

Case 6. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (Uniparental Disomy and Imprinting Defect, MIM 130650)

Case 7. Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations)

Case 8. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1a (PMP22 Mutation or Duplication, MIM 118220)

Case 9. Charge Syndrome (CHD7 Mutation, MIM 214800)

Case 10. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (BCR-ABL1 Oncogene)

Case 11. Crohn Disease (Increased Risk from NOD2 Mutations)

Case 12. Cystic Fibrosis (CFTR Mutation, MIM 219700)

Case 13. Deafness (Nonsyndromic) (GJB2 Mutation, MIM 220290)

Case 14. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin [DMD] Mutation, MIM 310200)

Case 15. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (APC Mutation, MIM 175100)

Case 16. Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor [LDLR] Mutation, MIM 143890)

Case 17. Fragile X Syndrome (FMR1 Mutation, MIM 300624)

Case 18. Type I (Non-Neuronopathic) Gaucher Disease (GBA1 Mutation, MIM 230800)

Case 19. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD Mutation, MIM 305900)

Case 20. Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE Mutation, MIM 235200)

Case 21. Hemophilia (F8 or F9 Mutation, MIM 307600 and MIM 306900)

Case 22. Hirschsprung Disease (Neurocristopathy, MIM 142623)

Case 23. Holoprosencephaly (Nonsyndromic Form) (Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) Mutation, MIM 236100)

9
 Case 24. Huntington Disease (HD Mutation, MIM 143100)

Case 25. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (Cardiac Sarcomere Gene Mutations, MIM 192600)

Case 26. Insulin-Dependent (Type 1) Diabetes Mellitus (Autoimmune Destruction of Islet β Cells, MIM 222100)

Case 27. Intrauterine Growth Restriction (Abnormal Fetal Karyotype)

Case 28. Long QT Syndrome (Cardiac Ion Channel Gene Mutations; MIM 192500)

Case 29. Lynch Syndrome (DNA Mismatch Repair Gene Mutations, MIM 120435)

Case 30. Marfan Syndrome (FBN1 Mutation, MIM 154700)

Case 31. Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (ACADM Mutation, MIM 201450)

Case 32. Miller-Dieker Syndrome (17p13.3 Heterozygous Deletion, MIM 247200)

Case 33. Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged-Red Fibers (Mitochondrial tRNAlys Mutation, MIM 545000)

Case 34. Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1 Mutation, MIM 162200)

Case 35. Non–Insulin-Dependent (Type 2) Diabetes Mellitus (Insulin Deficiency and Resistance, MIM 125853)

Case 36. Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (OTC Mutation, MIM 311250)

Case 37. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD1 and PKD2 Mutations, MIM 173900 and MIM 613095)

Case 38. Prader-Willi Syndrome (Absence of Paternally Derived 15q11-q13, MIM 176270)

Case 39. Retinoblastoma (RB1 Mutation, MIM 180200)

Case 40. Rett Syndrome (Mepc2 Mutations, MIM 312750)

Case 41. Sex Development Disorder (46,XX Male) (SRY Translocation, MIM 400045)

Case 42. Sickle Cell Disease (β-Globin Glu6Val Mutation, MIM 603903)

Case 43. Tay-Sachs Disease (HEXA Mutation, MIM 272800)

Case 44. Thalassemia (α- or β-Globin Deficiency, MIM 141800 and MIM 613985)

Case 45. Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Deficiency (TPMT Polymorphisms, MIM 610460)

Case 46. Thrombophilia (FV and PROC Mutations, MIM 188055 and MIM 176860)

Case 47. Turner Syndrome (Female Monosomy X)

Case 48. Xeroderma Pigmentosum (Defect of Nucleotide Excision Repair)

Glossary

Sources and Acknowledgments

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

10
 Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Case Studies

Answers to Problems
Chapter 2 Introduction to the Human Genome

Chapter 3 The Human Genome: Gene Structure and Function

Chapter 4 Human Genetic Diversity: Mutation and Polymorphism

Chapter 5 Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics and Genome Analysis

Chapter 6 The Chromosomal and Genomic Basis of Disease: Disorders of the Autosomes and the Sex Chromosomes

Chapter 7 Patterns of Single-Gene Inheritance

Chapter 8 Complex Inheritance of Common Multifactorial Disorders

Chapter 9 Genetic Variation in Populations

Chapter 10 Identifying the Genetic Basis for Human Disease

Chapter 11 The Molecular Basis of Genetic Disease

Chapter 12 The Molecular, Biochemical, and Cellular Basis of Genetic Disease

Chapter 13 The Treatment of Genetic Disease

Chapter 14 Developmental Genetics and Birth Defects

Chapter 15 Cancer Genetics and Genomics

Chapter 16 Risk Assessment and Genetic Counseling

Chapter 17 Prenatal Diagnosis and Screening

Chapter 18 Application of Genomics to Medicine and Personalized Health Care

Chapter 19 Ethical and Social Issues in Genetics and Genomics

Index

11
Copyright

1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.

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THOMPSON & THOMPSON GENETICS IN MEDICINE, EIGHTH EDITIONISBN: 978-1-4377-

0696-3
Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements
with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,
can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
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To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Previous editions copyrighted 2007, 2004, 2001, 1991, 1986, 1980, 1973, 1966.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Nussbaum, Robert L., 1950- , author.

Thompson & Thompson genetics in medicine / Robert L. Nussbaum, Roderick R. McInnes,
Huntington F. Willard.—Eighth edition.
p. ; cm.
Genetics in medicine
Thompson and Thompson genetics in medicine
Includes bibliographical references and index.

12
ISBN 978-1-4377-0696-3 (alk. paper)
I. McInnes, Roderick R., author. II. Willard, Huntington F., author. III. Title. IV. Title: Genetics in
medicine. V. Title: Thompson and Thompson genetics in medicine.
[DNLM: 1. Genetics, Medical. QZ 50]
RB155
616′.042—dc23
2015009828

Content Strategist: Meghan Ziegler

Senior Content Development Specialist: Joan Ryan
Publishing Services Manager: Jeff Patterson
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Printed in Canada.

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

13
Preface
In their preface to the first edition of Genetics in Medicine, published nearly 50 years ago, James and
Margaret Thompson wrote:

Genetics is fundamental to the basic sciences of preclinical medical education and has important
applications to clinical medicine, public health and medical research. … This book has been written
to introduce the medical student to the principles of genetics as they apply to medicine, and to give
him (her) a background for his own reading of the extensive and rapidly growing literature in the
field. If his (her) senior colleagues also find it useful, we shall be doubly satisfied.
What was true then is even more so now as our knowledge of genetics and of the human genome
is rapidly becoming an integral part of public health and the practice of medicine. This new edition
of Genetics in Medicine, the eighth, seeks to fulfill the goals of the previous seven by providing an
accurate exposition of the fundamental principles of human and medical genetics and genomics.
Using illustrative examples drawn from medicine, we continue to emphasize the genes and
mechanisms operating in human diseases.
Much has changed, however, since the last edition of this book. The rapid pace of progress
stemming from the Human Genome Project provides us with a refined catalogue of all human
genes, their sequence, and an extensive, and still growing, database of human variation around the
globe and its relationship to disease. Genomic information has stimulated the creation of powerful
new tools that are changing human genetics research and medical genetics practice. Throughout,
we have continued to expand the scope of the book to incorporate the concepts of personalized
health care and precision medicine into Genetics in Medicine by providing more examples of how
genomics is being used to identify the contributions made by genetic variation to disease
susceptibility and treatment outcomes.
The book is not intended to be a compendium of genetic diseases nor is it an encyclopedic treatise
on human genetics and genomics in general. Rather, the authors hope that the eighth edition of
Genetics in Medicine will provide students with a framework for understanding the field of medical
genetics and genomics while giving them a basis on which to establish a program of continuing
education in this area. The Clinical Cases—first introduced in the sixth edition to demonstrate and
reinforce general principles of disease inheritance, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and
counseling—continue to be an important feature of the book. We have expanded the set of cases to
add more common complex disorders to the set of cases. To enhance further the teaching value of
the Clinical Cases, we continue to provide a case number (highlighted in green) throughout the text
to direct readers to the case in the Clinical Case Studies section that is relevant to the concepts being
discussed at that point in the text.
Any medical or genetic counseling student, advanced undergraduate, graduate student in
genetics or genomics, resident in any field of clinical medicine, practicing physician, or allied
medical professional in nursing or physical therapy should find this book to be a thorough but not
exhaustive (or exhausting!) presentation of the fundamentals of human genetics and genomics as
applied to health and disease.
Robert L. Nussbaum MD
Roderick R. McInnes MD, PhD
Huntington F. Willard PhD

14
15
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their appreciation and gratitude to their many colleagues who, through
their ideas, suggestions, and criticisms, improved the eighth edition of Genetics in Medicine. In
particular, we are grateful to Anthony Wynshaw-Boris for sharing his knowledge and experience in
molecular dysmorphology and developmental genetics in the writing of Chapter 14 and to Ada
Hamosh for her continuing dedication to and stewardship of the Clinical Case Studies.
We also thank Mark Blostein, Isabelle Carrier, Eduardo Diez, Voula Giannopoulos, Kostas
Pantopoulos, and Prem Ponka of the Lady Davis Institute, McGill University; Katie Bungartz; Peter
Byers of the University of Washington; Philippe Campeau of the Ste Justine University Hospital
Research Center; Ronald Cohn, Chris Pearson, Peter Ray, Johanna Rommens, and Stephen Scherer
of the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Gary Cutting and Ada Hamosh of Johns Hopkins School
of Medicine; Beverly Davidson of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Harold C. Dietz of the
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Evan Eichler of the
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the University of Washington; Geoffrey Ginsburg of Duke
University Medical Center; Douglas R. Higgs and William G. Wood of the Weatherall Institute of
Molecular Medicine, Oxford University; Katherine A. High of the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Ruth Macpherson of the University of Ottawa
Heart Institute; Mary Norton at the University of California San Francisco; Crista Lese Martin of the
Geisinger Health System; M. Katharine Rudd and Lora Bean of Emory University School of
Medicine; Eric Shoubridge of McGill University; Peter St. George-Hyslop of the University of
Toronto and the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research; Paula Waters of the University of British
Columbia; Robin Williamson; Daynna Wolff of the Medical University of South Carolina; and Huda
Zoghbi of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Baylor College of Medicine.
We extend deep thanks to our ever persistent, determined, and supportive editors at Elsevier,
Joan Ryan, Mary Pohlman, and Meghan Ziegler. Most importantly, we once again thank our
families for their patience and understanding for the many hours we spent creating this, the eighth
edition of Genetics in Medicine.
And, lastly and most profoundly, we express our deepest gratitude to Dr. Margaret Thompson
for providing us the opportunity to carry on the textbook she created nearly 50 years ago with her
late husband, James S. Thompson. Peggy passed away at the age of 94 shortly after we completed
this latest revision of her book. The book, known widely and simply as “Thompson and
Thompson”, lives on as a legacy to their careers and to their passion for genetics in medicine.

16
CHAPTER 1

17
Introduction

18
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Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 4: Historical development and evolution
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 36: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 38: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
Practice Problem 40: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 41: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 47: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Topic 6: Key terms and definitions
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 51: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 52: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 54: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 57: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 58: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 7: Best practices and recommendations
Example 60: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 62: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 64: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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