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Policy Politics in Nursing and Health Care Sixth Edition
Diana J. Mason Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Diana J. Mason; Judith K. Leavitt; Mary W. Chaffee
ISBN(s): 9781437714166, 1437714161
Edition: Sixth Edition
File Details: PDF, 28.15 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
 Diana J. Mason, RN, PhD, FAAN
Rudin Professor of Nursing
Co-Director, Center for Health, Media, & Policy
Hunter College
City University of New York
New York, New York

Judith K. Leavitt, RN, MEd, FAAN

Health Policy Consultant
Barnardsville, North Carolina

Mary W. Chaffee, RN, PhD, FAAN

Captain, Nurse Corps, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Brewster, Massachusetts

i
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043

POLICY & POLITICS IN NURSING AND HEALTH CARE ISBN: 978-1-4377-1416-6

Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2002, 1998, 1993, 1985 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Policy and politics in nursing and health care / [editors] Diana J. Mason, Judith K. Leavitt, Mary W. Chaffee.
—6th ed.
    p. ; cm.
   Rev. ed. of: Policy & politics in nursing and health care. 5th ed. c2007.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   ISBN 978-1-4377-1416-6 (pbk.)
1. Nurses—Political activity—United States. 2. Nursing—Political aspects—United States. 3. Medical
policy—United States. 4. Medical care—Political aspects—United States. I. Mason, Diana J., 1948-
II. Leavitt, Judith K. (Judith Kline) III. Chaffee, Mary W. IV. Policy & politics in nursing and health care.
[DNLM:   1. Nursing—United States. 2. Delivery of Health Care—United States. 3. Politics—United States.
4. Public Policy—United States. WY 16 AA1]
RT86.5.P58 2012
362.17´3—dc22
2011006309
Editor: Maureen Iannuzzi
Associate Developmental Editor: Julia Curcio
Publishing Services Manager: Jeff Patterson
Senior Project Manager: Clay S. Broeker
Working together to grow
Designer: Paula Catalano libraries in developing countries
www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org
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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
About the Editors

Diana J. Mason, RN, PhD, FAAN, is the Rudin Profes- of Nursing, the New York Academy of Medicine, and
sor of Nursing at the Hunter College-Bellevue School the West Virginia University Academy of Distin-
of Nursing of the City University of New York, where guished Alumni; and the Pioneering Spirit Award
she directs the Hunter College Center for Health, from the American Association of Critical Care
Media, & Policy. For over 10 years, she served as Nurses. She is a graduate of West Virginia University
Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of Nursing, School of Nursing (BSN, 1970), St. Louis University
and she continues in an emeritus capacity. Under her (MSN, 1977), and New York University (PhD, 1987).
leadership, the journal received numerous awards for
editorial excellence and dissemination, culminating in Judith K. Leavitt, RN, MEd, FAAN, is a health policy
the journal being selected by the Specialized Libraries consultant. She retired as Associate Professor from the
Association in 2009 as one of the 100 most influential University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of
journals of the century in biology and medicine— Nursing in 2005. She was formerly Executive Director
the only nursing journal to be selected for this of Generations United, a national organization dedi-
distinction. cated to intergenerational policies and programs. She
In 2009, she was appointed to the National Advi- served on the National Advisory Council on Educa-
sory Committee for Kaiser Health News. Since 1986, tion and Practice for the Division of Nursing, U.S.
she has been one of the producers and moderators of Department of Health and Human Services. Ms.
“Healthstyles,” an award-winning, live radio program Leavitt was selected by President Clinton to serve on
in New York City. She was project director for the the Health Professional Advisory Group to the White
WBAI-Global Kids’ Sound Partners for Community House Task Force on Health Care Reform. She served
Health Initiative (funded by the Benton and Robert as the upstate coordinator for Geraldine Ferraro’s
Wood Johnson Foundations) to train New York City 1992 New York campaign for the United States Senate
youth in producing radio programs on preventing and was chairperson of the American Nurses Associa-
teen substance abuse. tion Political Action Committee. She was chair of the
As a researcher, she published a series of studies on New York State Nurses for Political Action and was
managed care arrangements with nurse practitioners. instrumental in the founding of the New York State
From 2006 to 2010, she served as Secretary for the Nurses Association’s Political Action Committee.
American Academy of Nursing, and she continues to Ms. Leavitt is a noted speaker and author of exten-
chair its “Raise The Voice” campaign, an initiative sive writings on policy and politics. Her many awards
funded in part by the Robert Wood Johnson Founda- include the University of Mississippi Medical Center
tion and the Independence Foundation for identify- Nelson Award for Teaching Excellence, the Chancel-
ing and making visible to policymakers and journalists lor’s Award for Teaching Excellence from the State of
the innovative models of care developed by nurses New York, the Health Policy Award from the Division
and the public and private policies that are needed to of Nursing at New York University, the Legislative
sustain and support them. Award from the New York State Nurses Association,
Dr. Mason is the recipient of numerous awards and the Mississippi Nurses Association Nurse of the
and honors, including an Honorary Doctorate of Year, and she is a Fellow of the American Academy of
Humane Letters from Long Island University; an Nursing. Ms. Leavitt earned her BSN from the Uni-
Honorary Doctorate of Science from West Virginia versity of Pennsylvania and her MEd from Teacher’s
University; fellowship in the American Academy College, Columbia University.
iii
iv ABOUT THE EDITORS

Mary W. Chaffee, RN, PhD, FAAN, served in the U.S. was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree
Navy Nurse Corps for 25 years. In her final assign- by the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in
ment on active duty, she was the Disaster Research 2003. Her contributions to Navy Medicine and the
Coordinator in the Disaster Information Manage- Department of Defense have been recognized with
ment Research Center, National Library of Medicine, multiple individual awards including the Legion of
National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Merit. Dr. Chaffee led a Navy Medicine project to
Previously, she served as Director of the Navy Medi- improve hospital preparedness that was recognized as
cine Office of Homeland Security, Bureau of Medi- a finalist in the Harvard University/Kennedy School
cine and Surgery, in Washington, DC and as a Senior of Government “Innovations in American Govern-
Health Policy Analyst in support of the Office of the ment” awards program in homeland security in 2004.
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs. Fol- She is a Distinguished Alumna of the University of
lowing the events of September 11, 2001, she served Massachusetts at Amherst and received the Excellence
on temporary assignment in the Federal Emergency in Caring Practices award from the American Associa-
Management Agency’s Emergency Operations Center tion of Critical-Care Nurses. Dr. Chaffee is an honors
in Washington, DC. graduate of the University of Massachusetts at
Dr. Chaffee served as Vice President of the Federal Amherst where she received bachelor’s degrees in
Nurses Association, was elected to the American nursing and public health and completed an intern-
Nurses Association Congress on Nursing Practice and ship at the Welsh National School of Medicine in
Economics, and was an intern in the Office of Senator Cardiff, Wales. She received her doctorate and
Daniel K. Inouye. She was the founding managing master’s degrees in nursing health policy and nurs­
editor of the journal Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice. ing administration from the University of Maryland
A Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing, she at Baltimore.
Contributors

Charles Alexandre, MS, RN Bobbie Berkowitz, PhD, RN, FAAN

Doctoral Candidate Dean
College of Nursing and Health Sciences Columbia University School of Nursing
University of Massachusetts Boston New York, New York
Boston, Massachusetts
Sandra Bishop-Josef, PhD
Chief, Health Professions Regulation
Assistant Director and Associate Research
Division of Environmental & Health Services
Scientist
Regulation
Edward Zigler Center in Child Development &
Rhode Island Department of Health
Social Policy, Child Study Center
Providence, Rhode Island
School of Medicine
Norma Alicea-Alvarez, DNP, CRNP Yale University
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner New Haven, Connecticut
Pediatric Associates, Private Practice
Linda Burnes Bolton, DrPH, RN, FAAN
New Castle, Pennsylvania
Associate Clinical Professor
Susan Apold, PhD, RN, ANP-BC University of California San Francisco
Dean and Professor San Francisco, California
Division of Nursing Vice President, Nursing
Concordia College of New York Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Bronxville, New York Los Angeles, California
Associate Clinical Professor
Jane H. Barnsteiner, PhD, RN, FAAN
University of California Los Angeles
Professor of Pediatric Nursing
Los Angeles, California
School of Nursing
University of Pennsylvania Rebecca (Rice) Bowers-Lanier, EdD, MS, MPH
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Legislative Consultant
Macaulay & Burtch, PC
Mary L. Behrens, RN. MSN. FNP-BC
Richmond, Virginia
Family Nurse Practitioner,
Westside Woman’s Clinic Patricia K. Bradley, PhD, RN
Casper, Wyoming Associate Professor
College of Nursing
Katherine N. Bent, RN, PhD, CNS
Villanova University
Chief
Villanova, Pennsylvania
Healthcare Delivery and Methodologies Integrated
Review Group Charlotte Brody, RN
National Institutes of Health National Field Director
Bethesda, Maryland Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families
Esmont, Virginia
Jonathan Bentley, BS, RN
Governing Board Member Edie Brous, RN, BSN, MS, MPH, JD
The Canary Coalition Nurse Attorney
Sylva, North Carolina New York, New York
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS

Mary Lou Brunell, RN, MSN Brenda Cleary, PhD, RN, FAAN
Executive Director Director
Florida Center for Nursing Center to Champion Nursing in America
Orlando, Florida Washington, DC
Kelly Buettner-Schmidt, RN, BSN, MS Elaine Cohen, EdD, RN, FAAN
Department of Nursing Chair Associate Chief, Nursing Quality Improvement
Minot State University The James A. Haley Veteran’s Hospital
Minot, North Dakota Tampa, Florida
Laura Caramanica, RN, PhD Sally S. Cohen, PhD, RN, FAAN
Westchester Medical Center Associate Professor and Director
Executive Director Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Nursing Institute of Excellence Nursing and Health Policy Collaborative
Vahalla, New York University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico
John T. Carlsen, PhD
Director Judith B. Collins, RN, MS, WHNP-BC, FAAN
The Professional Development Institute Associate Professor Emeritus,
Chicago, Illinois School of Nursing and Medicine
Virginia Commonwealth University
Cynthia Caroselli, RN, PhD
Medical College of Virginia
Associate HealthCare System Director for Patient
Richmond, Virginia
Services & Chief Nurse Executive
VA New York Harbor HealthCare System Johnnie Sue Cooper, RN, PhD, BC-FNP
New York, New York Nursing Instructor
Graduate Nursing Department
Christine Ceccarelli, RN, MBA
Mississippi University for Women
Adjunct Faculty Member
Columbus, Mississippi
Division of Nursing
Elms College Leah L. Curtin, RN, ScD(h), FAAN
Chicopee, Massachusetts Clinical Professor
Nursing
Pamela F. Cipriano, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN
University of Cincinnati
University of Virginia Health System
Cincinnati, Ohio
Charlottesville, Virginia
Executive Editor
Editor-in-Chief
American Nurse Today
American Nurse Today
Healthcom Media
HealthcomMedia
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
Jessie Daniels, MA, PhD
Dame June Clark, DBE, PhD, RN, FRCN
Associate Professor
Professor
School of Public Health
Swansea University
Hunter College
Swansea, Wales
City University of New York
United Kingdom
New York, New York
Sean P. Clarke, RN, PhD, FAAN
Catherine R. Davis, PhD, RN
RBC Chair in Cardiovascular Nursing Research
Director
Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing
Global Research and Test Administration
University of Toronto
CGFNS International, Inc.
Toronto, Ontario
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Canada
 CONTRIBUTORS vii

Marie Davis-Williams, MSSW, LCSW Nancy L. Falk, RN, PhD, MBA

Assistant Commissioner, Recovery Services Assistant Professor
and Planning School of Nursing
Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities The George Washington University
Nashville, Tennessee Washington, DC
Betty R. Dickson Stephanie L. Ferguson, PhD, RN, FAAN
Lobbyist Consulting Associate Professor
Barnardsville, North Carolina Stanford University
Amherst, Virginia
Joanne Disch, PhD, RN, FAAN
Clinical Professor and Director Loretta C. Ford, EdD, RN, PNP, FAAN, FAANP
School of Nursing Professor and Dean Emeritus
University of Minnesota School of Nursing
Minneapolis, Minnesota University of Rochester
Rochester, New York
Catherine Dodd, RN, PhD
Director of Nursing
Director
Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester
San Francisco Health Service System
Medical Center
City and County of San Francisco, California
Rochester, New York
Karen Drenkard, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN
Rebecca Fox
Executive Director
Executive Director
American Nurses Credentialing Center
National Coalition for LGBT Health
Fairfax, Virginia
Washington, DC
Amanda L. Ebner, MA, MEd
Deborah B. Gardner, PhD, RN
PhD Candidate
Senior Advisor
University of California, Irvine
Bureau of Health Professions
Los Angeles, California
Health Resources and Services Administration
Holly Edwards, RN, MEd Rockville, Maryland
Registered Nurse
Carole Gassert, RN, PhD, FACMI, FAAN
Health Services
Associate Professor Emeritus (Retired)
Jefferson Board for Aging
College of Nursing
Charlottesville, Virginia
University of Utah
Carroll L. Estes, PhD, FAAN Salt Lake City, Utah
Professor & Founding Director,
Kristine M. Gebbie, DrPH, RN
Institute for Health & Aging University
Joan Hansen Grabe Dean
San Francisco, California
Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing
William M. Enlow, DNP, CRNA Hunter College
Assistant Professor of Clinical Nursing City University of New York
Program in Nursing Anesthesia New York, New York
School of Nursing
Greer Glazer, RN, PhD, CNP, FAAN
Columbia University
Dean and Professor
New York, New York
University of Massachusetts Boston
College of Nursing and Health Sciences
Boston, Massachusetts
viii CONTRIBUTORS

Barbara Glickstein, RN, MSN, MPH Susan Hassmiller, PhD, RN, FAAN
New York, New York Senior Advisor for Nursing
Director
Irma Goertzen, RN, MSN
RWJF Initiative on the Future of Nursing
Retired CEO and President
at the IOM
Magee Womens Hospital and Research Institute
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Princeton, New Jersey
Board Chair
Society of Women’s Health Research Barbara B. Hatfield, RN
Washington, DC Delegate
West Virginia House of Delegates
Bethany Hall-Long, PhD, RNC, FAAN
Charleston, West Virginia
State Senator
State of Delaware Donna L. Haugland, MSN, CNP
Professor Chief Nursing Officer
University of Delaware and State of Delaware MinuteClinic
Newark, Delaware St. Paul, Minnesota
David Haltiwanger, PhD Pamela J. Haylock
Director of Clinical Programs and Public Policy Medina, Texas
Chase Brexton Health Services
Susan D. Hellier, DNP, CRNP
Baltimore, Maryland
Women’s Health Nurse Practitioner
Tine Hansen-Turton, MGA, JD Lawrence County OB/GYN Associates
Executive Director New Castle, Pennsylvania
National Nursing Centers Consortium
Karrie Cummings Hendrickson, PhD, RN
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Postdoctoral Fellow
Alfreda Harper-Harrison, EdD, MSN, RN, CLNC Yale University School of Nursing
Assistant Professor New Haven, Connecticut
Winston Salem State University
Catherine Hoffman, ScD, RN
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Senior Researcher, Associate Director
Charlene Harrington, PhD, RN, FAAN Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured
Professor Emeritus Washington, DC
Social and Behavioral Sciences
Anne Hudson, RN, BSN
University of California
Public Health Nurse
Oakland, California
Coos County Public Health Department
Wylecia Wiggs Harris, MM, CAE North Bend, Oregon
Doctoral Student Founder
Capella University Work Injured Nurses’ Group USA (WING USA)
Minneapolis, Minnesota Coos Bay, Oregon
Executive Director
Patricia J. Hughes, EdD, MBA, CRNP
Center for American Nurses
Campus Dean
Silver Spring, Maryland
Chamberlain College of Nursing
Mary Ann Hart, SN, RN, NP-C Arlington, Virginia
Assistant Clinical Professor of Nursing
Brenda C. Isaac, RN, BSN, MA, NCSN
Regis College
Lead School Nurse
Weston, Massachusetts
School Health Services
Kanawha County Schools
Charleston, West Virginia
 CONTRIBUTORS ix

Jean E. Johnson, RN-C, PhD, FAAN Elena Lopez-Bowlan, RN, MSN, APN
Senior Associate Dean, Family Nurse Practitioner
Health Sciences Reno, Nevada
The George Washington University
Robert J. Lucero, PhD, MPH, RN
School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Post-Doctoral Research Fellow
Washington, DC
School of Nursing
Pamela J. Johnson, RN, BSN Center for Evidence-Based Practice in
Clinical Team Leader the Underserved
Advocate Health Care Columbia University
Oakbrook, Illinois New York, New York
Louise Kahn, MSN, MA, PNP John Lumpkin, MD, MPH, FACEP, FACMI
Clinical Educator Senior Vice President
College of Nursing Director Health Care Group
University of New Mexico Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Albuquerque, New Mexico Princeton, New Jersey
David M. Keepnews, PhD, JD, RN, FAAN Beverly L. Malone, PhD, RN, FAAN
Associate Professor Chief Executive Officer
Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing National League for Nursing
Hunter College New York, New York
City University of New York
Ruth E. Malone, RN, PhD, FAAN
New York, New York
Professor and Director
Mary Jo Kreitzer, PhD, RN, FAAN Doctoral Specialty in Health Policy
Professor San Francisco School of Nursing
School of Nursing University of California
Director San Francisco, California
Center for Spirituality & Healing
Tracy A. Malone, RN, MSN
University of Minnesota
Executive Director
Minneapolis, Minnesota
US Family Health Plan Alliance, LLC
Phyllis Beck Kritek, RN, PhD, FAAN Arlington, Virginia
Professor, Tenured
Jeannee Parker Martin, RN, MPH
School of Nursing
Associate Clinical Professor
Director
School of Nursing
Center for Spirituality & Healing
University of California San Francisco
University of Minnesota
President/Owner
Minneapolis, Minnesota
The Corridor Group Inc.
Ellen T. Kurtzman, MPH, RN, FAAN San Francisco, California
Assistant Research Professor
Mary Lynn Mathre, RN, MSN, CARN, CLNC
Department of Nursing Education
Legal Nurse Consultant
Washington, DC
Howardsville, Virginia
Sandra B. Lewenson, EdD, RN, FAAN President
Professor Patients Out of Time
Lienhard School of Nursing Howardsville, Virginia
Pace University
Pleasantville, New York
x CONTRIBUTORS

Margaret L. McClure, EdD, RN, FAAN Vanessa D. Newsome, MSEd

Professor Program Coordinator
New York University Will County Health Department
New York, New York Dolton, Illinois
Janice M. McCoy, MSN, MSHSA, RN, CNAA, BC Barbara L. Nichols, DHL, MS, RN, FAAN
Former Chief Nursing Officer Chief Executive Officer
Cape Canaveral Hospital CGFNS International
Cocoa Beach, Florida Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Ruth Merkatz, PhD, RN, FAAN Karen O’Connor, JD, PhD
Director, Clinical Development, Reproductive Jonathan N. Helfat Distinguished Professor of
Health Political Science
Center for Biomedical Research American University
Population Council Washington, DC
New York, New York
Eileen T. O’Grady PhD, RN, NP
DeAnne K. Hilfinger Messias, PhD, RN, FAAN Lienhard School of Nursing
Associate Professor Pace University
College of Nursing and Women’s and New York, New York
Gender Studies Policy Editor
University of South Carolina American Journal for Nurse Practitioners and
Columbia, South Carolina NP World News
Cranbury, New Jersey
Alfredo Mireles, RN, BSN
Staff Nurse, Psychiatry Doug Olsen, PhD, RN
San Francisco General Hospital Washington, DC
San Francisco, California
Judith A. Oulton, RN, BN, MEd, DSc(hon)
Jessie Marvin Unruh Assembly Fellow
Partner
Office of Assembly Member Anthony Portantino
Oulton, Oulton & Associates
California State Assembly
Geneva, Switzerland
Sacramento, California
Freida Hopkins Outlaw, PhD, RN, FAAN
Alan Morgan, MPA
Five Regional Mental Health Institutions
Chief Executive Officer
State Hospitals
National Rural Health Association
Knoxville, Bolivar, Nashville, Memphis, and
Washington, DC
Chattanooga, Tennessee
John S. Murray, PhD, RN, CPNP, CS, FAAN Assistant Commissioner
Colonel, Air Force Nurse Corps (Retired) Division of Special Populations
Director, Nurse Scientist Tennessee Department of Mental Health and
Children’s Hospital Developmental Disabilities
Boston, Massachusetts Nashville, Tennessee
Mary V. Muse, MSN, RN Elizabeth Parry, MPP
Correctional Health Care Consultant Alexandria, Virginia
Chicago, Illinois
 CONTRIBUTORS xi

Patricia Reid Ponte, RN, DNSc, FAAN, NEA-BC Donna R. Richardson, JD, RN
Adjunct Assistant Professor Director of Governmental Affairs and Professional
School of Nursing Standards
University of Massachusetts, Amherst CGFNS International
Amherst, Massachusetts Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Associate Professor
Nancy Ridenour, PhD, APRN, BC, FAAN
College of Nursing and Health Sciences
Dean and Professor
University of Massachusetts, Boston
University of New Mexico College of Nursing
Boston, Massachusetts
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Senior Vice President for Patient Care Services,
Chief Nurse Ann Ritter, JD
Nursing and Patient Care Services Director, Health Center Development & Policy
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute National Nursing Centers Consortium
Boston, Massachusetts Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Director of Oncology Nursing and Clinical
Karen M. Robinson DNS, CNS, PMH-BC, FAAN
Services
Professor
Nursing and Patient Care Services
School of Nursing
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
University of Louisville
Boston, Massachusetts
Louisville, Kentucky
Lynn Price, JD, MSN, MPH
Angela Ross, EdM
Associate Professor
Assistant Director, Workforce Programs
Quinnipiac University
Florida Center for Nursing
New Haven, Connecticut
Orlando, Florida
Chad Priest, RN, JD
Gail E. Russell, EdD, RN, NEA-BC
Chief Executive Officer
Professor and Graduate Program Director
Managed Emergency Surge for Healthcare
College of Nursing
Indianapolis, Indiana
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Joyce A. Pulcini, PhD, RN, PNP-BC, FAAN North Dartmouth, Massachusetts
Associate Professor
Yvonne Santa Anna, BSN, RN, MSG
William F. Connell School of Nursing
Vice President, Congressional Relations
Boston College
Fresenius Medical Care North America
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
Rockville, Maryland
Frank Purcell, BS
Alice Sardell, PhD
Senior Director
Professor
Federal Government Affairs
Queens College
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
City University of New York
Washington, DC
Flushing, New York
Joanne Rains Warner, DNS, RN
Rose Sherman, EdD, RN, NEA-BC
Dean and Professor
Director Nursing Leadership Institute & Associate
University of Portland
Professor
Portland, Oregon
Florida Atlantic University
Susan C. Reinhard, RN, PhD, FAAN Boca Raton, Florida
Public Policy Institute
AARP
Washington, DC
xii CONTRIBUTORS

Dennis Sherrod, EdD, RN Susan McDonough Stackpoole, MSN, RN

Professor and Forsyth Medical Center Endowed Former Director Nursing Operations
Chair of Recruitment & Retention Cape Canaveral Hospital
Winston-Salem State University Cocoa Beach, Florida
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Patricia W. Stone, PhD, FAAN
President
Director of the Center for Health Policy
Center for American Nurses
Professor
Silver Springs, Maryland
School of Nursing
Judith Shindul-Rothschild, PhD, RNPC, DPNAP Columbia University
Associate Professor New York, New York
Nursing
Suzanne Stone, JD
William F. Connell School of Nursing
Vice President
Boston College
Finance and Administration
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
National Abortion Federation
Past President
Washington, DC
Massachusetts Nurses Association
Canton, Massachusetts Elyse I. Summers, JD
Director
Linda J. Shinn, MBA, RN, CAE
Division of Education and Development
Principal
Office for Human Research Protections
Consensus Management Group
United States Department of Health and
Indianapolis, Indiana
Human Services
James Mark Simmerman, PhD, RN Rockville, Maryland
Epidemiologist
Elaine Tagliareni, EdD, RN, CNE, FAAN
Bangkok, Thailand
Chief Program Officer
Arlene M. Smaldone, DNSc, RN National League for Nursing
Assistant Professor New York, New York
School of Nursing
Pamela Thompson, MS, RN, FAAN
Columbia University
Chief Executive Officer
New York, New York
American Organization of Nurse Executives
Diane L. Spatz, PhD, RN-BC, FAAN Washington, DC
Helen M. Shearer Associate Professor of Nutrition &
Patricia E. Tobal
Associate Professor of Healthcare of Women and
Hopwood, Pennsylvania
Childbearing Nursing
University of Pennsylvania Corazon Tomalinas, RN, BSN, PHN
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Santa Teresa Hospital (Former)
Kaiser Permanente
Joanne Spetz, PhD
San Jose, California
Professor
Commissioner
Community Health Systems
FIRST 5
Senior Research Faculty
Santa Clara County, California
Center for the Health Professions
University of California San Francisco
San Francisco, California
 CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Virginia Trotter Betts, MSN, JD, RN, FAAN Jon L. Weakley

Commissioner American University
Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Washington, DC
Developmental Disabilities
Scott Weber, EdD, PhD-c, MSN, RN
Nashville, Tennessee
Assistant Professor
Lauren A. Underwood, MSN, MPH, RN University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing
Johns Hopkins University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Baltimore, Maryland
Ellen-Marie Whelan, RN, NP, PhD
Lynn Unruh, PhD, RN, LHRM Senior Health Policy Analyst and Associate Director
Associate Professor, of Health Policy
University of Central Florida Center for American Progress
Orlando, Florida Washington, DC
Connie Vance, RN, EdD, FAAN Kathleen M. White, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN
Professor, Director, Doctor of Nursing Practice Program
College of New Rochelle, New York Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
New Rochelle, New York Baltimore, Maryland
Antonia M. Villaruel, PhD, FAAN Eva Williams, MA, CPG
Associate Dean for Research and Scholarship Staff Research Analyst II
University of Michigan Institute for Health & Aging
Ann Arbor, Michigan University of California
San Francisco, California
Catherine M. Waters, RN, PhD
Professor Michael P. Woody
Department of Community Health Systems Partner
San Francisco School of Nursing East End Group
University of California Washington, DC
San Francisco, California
Lynda Woolbert, MSN, RN, PNP
Health Commissioner
Executive Director
San Francisco Department of Public Health
Coalition for Nurses in Advanced Practice
City & County of San Francisco Department of
West Columbia, Texas
Public Health
San Francisco, California
This page intentionally left blank
Reviewers

Michael D. Aldridge, MSN, RN, CCRN, CNS Margaret Dean, RN, CS-BC, GNP-BC, MSN, APN
Concordia University Texas Associate Faculty
Austin, Texas Nursing and Medical School
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
Margaret E. Barnes, RN, MSN
Amarillo, Texas
Indiana Wesleyan University, School of Nursing
Marion, Indiana Deborah Dumphy, APRN, BSN, MS, IBCLC,
RLC, NP-C
Deborah Becker, PhD, ACNP, BC, CCNS Family Nurse Practitioner and International Board
School of Nursing Certified Lactation Consultant
University of Pennsylvania Dawson Pediatrics
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dawsonville, Georgia
Marylee Bressie, MSN, RN, CCRN, CCNS, CEN Assistant Professor of Nursing
Providence Hospital North Georgia College & State University
Mobile, Alabama Dahlonega, Georgia
Samford University Maurice Espinoza, RN, CNS, RN, BSN, MSN,
Birmingham, Alabama WCC, CCRN
Barbara Camune, RNC, CNM, WHNP-BC, University of California Irvine Medical Center
DrPH, FACNM Orange, California
Clinical Associate Professor Coordinator Barbara L. Ferguson, RN, MSN, MHA, MBA
Director University of North Carolina Charlotte
Nurse-Midwifery & Women’s Health Nurse Charlotte, North Carolina
Practitioner Programs
Department of Women, Children & Family Health Cris Finn, PhD, RN, FNP, MS, MA, FNE
Science Assistant Professor
College of Nursing Loretto Heights School of Nursing
University of Illinois at Chicago Regis University
Chicago, Illinois Denver, Colorado

Karen Clark, PhD, MSN, BSN, RN, CCRN Joyce Foresman-Capuzzi, BSN, RN,CEN, CTRN,
University of Maryland School of Nursing CCRN, CPN, CPEN, SANE-A, EMT-P
Rockville, Maryland Lankenau Hospital
Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
Rose E. Constantino, PhD, JD, RN, FAAN, FACFE
Mary Anne Hanley, RN, PhD
Department of Health and Community Systems
Perry School of Nursing
School of Nursing
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
University of Pittsburgh
Lubbock, Texas
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
xv
xvi REVIEWERS

Joellen W. Hawkins, RN, PhD, WHNP-BC, Jacqueline R. Meyer, RN, MSN

FAAN, FAANP Associate Professor
Professor Emerita Assistant Dean
William F. Connell School of Nursing Graduate Program
Boston College School of Nursing
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts Allen College
Nursing Department Waterloo, Iowa
Writer in Residence Simmons College
Chad Rittle, DNP, MPH, BSN, RN
Boston, Massachusetts
Adjunct Faculty
Leslie C. Hussey, PhD, RN Waynesburg, University
Associate Director of Doctoral Education Waynesburg, Pennsylvania
Wolford College
Mitchell J. Seal, EdD, Med-IT, BSN, RN-BC
Naples, Florida
Head
Karen Kelly, EdD, RN, NEA-BC Ancillary Services Department
Associate Professor and Coordinator Medical Education & Training Campus
Continuing Education Fort Sam Houston, Texas
School of Nursing Adjunct Faculty
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Health Careers & Nursing Department
Edwardsville, Illinois Cerro Coso College
Ridgecrest, California
Linda U. Krebs, RN, PhD, AOCN, FAAN
College of Nursing Nashat Zuraikat, PhD, RN
University of Colorado Denver Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Aurora, Colorado Indiana, Pennsylvania
Jean Logan, RN, PhD
Professor of Nursing
Grand View University
Des Moines, Iowa
 To the contributors to this book
and
all nurses who influence the health of the public
through policy and politics.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 Engineering - Revision Notes
Third 2022 - Faculty

Prepared by: Prof. Davis

Date: August 12, 2025

References 1: Experimental procedures and results

Learning Objective 1: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 12: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 14: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 15: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 16: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 19: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Methodology 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 23: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 29: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 4: Interdisciplinary approaches
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 31: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 33: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 5: Practical applications and examples
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 44: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 49: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 6: Best practices and recommendations
Example 50: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 53: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 7: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 64: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 8: Ethical considerations and implications
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 74: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 76: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 9: Current trends and future directions
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 83: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 85: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 86: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 89: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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