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17 Dictionaries

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17 Dictionaries

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eeenba c5

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17.

Dictionaries

Topics:
Basic dictionary manipulations
How they are different from lists
Dictionaries are Objects
Application: Word frequency
A First Example

D = {‘I’:1,’V’:5,’X’:10,’L’:50,’C’:100}

This dictionary has 5 items:

’I’:1
’V’:5
’X’:10
’L’:50
’C’:100
Keys and Values

D = {‘I’:1,’V’:5,’X’:10,’L’:50,’C’:100}

An item has a key and a value.

For the item ’V’:5

‘V’ is the key

5 is the value
Set-Up
D = {‘I’:1,’V’:5,’X’:10,’L’:50,’C’:100}

To set up a small dictionary in this style, you do

this:

1. Use a colon to separate a key from its value.

2. Separate items with a comma.

3. Enclose the whole thing with curly brackets.

The Methods .keys and .values

>>>D={'I':1,'V':5,'X':10,'L':50,'C':100}

>>> D.keys() Creates a list of all

the keys
['I', 'X', 'C', 'L', 'V']

>>> D.values() Creates a list of all the

values
[1, 10, 100, 50, 5]
Deleting a Dictionary Item with del

>>>D={'I':1,'V':5,'X':10,'L':50,'C':100}

>>> del D[‘X’]

>>> D
{'I':1,'V':5,'L':50,'C':100}
Some Questions
• How do you check if a dictionary has a key?

• How do you access items in a dictionary?

• How can you add an item to a dictionary?

• How is a dictionary different from a list?

• Are there type-related rules about keys?

• Are there type-related rules about values?

Checking to see if a Dictionary
Has a Particular Key

>>> D = {'I':1,'V':5,'X':10}
>>> 'I' in D
True

>>> 'II' in D
False
>>>

Use in to check if a dictionary has a particular key.

Checking if D has a particular
Value Using the values Method

>>> D = {'I':1,'V':5,'X':10}
>>> L = D.values() Produce a list of
all the values in D
>>> L
[1, 10, 5]
>>> 5 in L Use “in” on
that list
True
Extracting a Value

>>> D = {'I':1,'V': 5,'X':10}

>>> a = D[‘V’]
>>> a
5

Use square bracket notation.

Use the key as you would an integer subscript.

Adding an Item to a Dictionary

>>> D = {'I':1,'V':5,'X':10}
>>> D['C'] = 100
>>> D
{'I': 1, 'X': 10, 'C': 100, 'V': 5}

Use assignment, e.g., D['C'] = 100

This “connects” the assigned value to the key named

within square brackets, making the pair an item,
e.g., 'C': 100
Changing the Value of an Item

>>> D = {'I':1,'V':5,'X':10}
>>> D[‘V'] = 55
>>> D
{'I':1, 'X':10, 'V':55}

D[‘V'] = 55 does not produce

{'I':1, ‘V’:5, 'X':10, 'V':55}

Cannot have two items with the same key.

Dictionaries are Different
from Lists

>>> D = {'I':1,'V':5,'X':10,'L':50}

>>> D
{'I': 1, 'X': 10, 'L': 50, 'V': 5}

The items in a dictionary are not ordered as in a

list.

We see here that Python “shows” a different

ordering than how D was set up.
Dictionaries are Different
From Lists
Dictionary values are accessed by key not subscript.

>>> D = {'I': 1, 'X': 10, 'V': 5}

>>> D['X']
Dictionary
10

>>> L = [1,5,10] List

>>> L[1]
5
Dictionaries are Different
From Lists
Dictionary values are accessed by key, not
subscript.

>>> D = {'I': 1, ‘V': 5, ‘X': 10}

>>> D[2]
Traceback (most recent call last): File
"<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 2

Python is complaining because 2 is not a key in the D

Lists and Dictionaries
x ---> 0 ---> 3 >>> x = []
1 ---> 5 >>> x.append(3)
2 ---> 1 >>> x.append(5)
>>> x.append(1)

D ---> ‘I’ ---> 1 >>> D = {}

‘V’ ---> 5 >>> D[‘I’] = 1
‘X’ ---> 10 >>> D[‘V’] = 5
>>> D[‘X’] = 10

Lists involve mappings from ints to values

Dictionaries involve mappings from keys to values
Lists and Dictionaries
x ---> 0 ---> 3 >>> x = []
1 ---> 5 >>> x.append(3)
2 ---> 1 >>> x.append(5)
>>> x.append(1)

D ---> ‘I’ ---> 1 >>> D = {}

‘V’ ---> 5 >>> D[‘I’] = 1
‘X’ ---> 10 >>> D[‘V’] = 5
>>> D[‘X’] = 10

You “add” to a list using the append method.

You add an item to a dictionary using a “new” key.
Lists and Dictionaries
x ---> 0 ---> 3 >>> L = [] Empty List
1 ---> 5 >>> L.append(3)
2 ---> 1 >>> L.append(5)
>>> L.append(1)

D ---> ‘I’ ---> 1 >>> D = {} Empty Dict

‘V’ ---> 5 >>> D[‘I’] = 1
‘X’ ---> 10 >>> D[‘V’] = 5
>>> D[‘X’] = 10

L = [ ] and L = list() are equivalent

D = { } and D = dict() are equivalent
Dictionaries & Lists
Access via the Square Bracket Notation:

D[‘x’] L[2]

The len function can be applied to both:

>>> x = [10,20,30]
>>> len(x)
3

>>> D = {'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
>>> len(D)
3
Dictionaries & Lists Are Objects

>>> x = [10,20,30]
>>> y = x You can have multiple
>>> x[0]=100 references to the same
object. This is the idea of an
>>> y alias.
[100, 20, 30]

>>> D = {'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
>>> E = D
>>> D['a'] = 100
>>> E
{'a': 100, 'c': 30, 'b': 20}
Dictionaries & Lists Are Objects

>>> x = [10,20,30]
>>> y = list(x) It is possible to
>>> x[0] = 100 make copies.
>>> y
[10, 20, 30]

>>> D = {'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
>>> E = dict(D)
>>> D['a']=100
>>> E
{'a': 10, 'c': 30, 'b': 20}
For-Loops and Dictionaries
D = {‘I’:1,’V’:5,’X’:10,’L’:50}
for d in D:
print(d, D[d])

Again, dictionaries are

I 1
not ordered. So extra
X 10 steps would need
L 50 to be taken here for
V 5 things to be printed in a
certain order.
For-Loops and Dictionaries
D = {‘I’:1,’V’:5,’X’:10,’L’:50}
KeysOfD = D.keys()
KeysOfD.sort()
for d in KeysOfD:
print(d, D[d])

I 1
L 50
V 5
X 10
Pretty Printing a Short
Dictionary

>>> D = {'I':1,'V':5,'X':10,'L':50}

>>> str(D)

"{'I': 1, 'X': 10, 'L': 50, 'V': 5}"

Other Examples and Rules

D1 = {‘red’:[1,0,0],’cyan’:[0,1,1]}

D2 = {1:’one’, 2:’two’, 3:’three’}

D3 = {‘A’:’B’, 1:’C’, ‘D’:2}

- Keys must be strings or numbers

- Values can be anything
-Typically, the items all “look alike”, but that is not
necessary.
Some Common Errors
>>> D = {'I':1,'V':5,'X':10}

>>> D('I')

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

TypeError: 'dict' object is not callable

Square brackets, not parens!

Some Common Errors
>>> D = {'I': 1, 'X': 10, 'V': 5}

>>> x = D['L']

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

KeyError: 'L'

Trying to access a nonexistent item.

Note: D[‘L’] = 50 is legal and adds an item to D

A Dictionary Application

Given a text file F that encodes (for example) an

English novel, create a dictionary D that
specifies the frequency of each word that
appears in the file.
Word Frequency Dictionaries
The dictionary

D = {‘sun’:34,‘moon’:5,’darcy’:56}

would “say” that there are

34 occurrences of ‘sun’,
5 occurrences of ‘moon’, and
56 occurrences of ‘darcy’.
Strategy

First, read the file and create a list of strings, one

string for each line in the file:

L = FileToList('PridePrej.txt')
Strategy
Second, assume the existence of a function that
can extract a list of words from a string s and use
it like this:

wList = stringToWordList(s)

Thus, we would get

[‘the’,‘quick’,’brown’,’fox’]
from
‘The quick, brown fox!’
Strategy
Third, figure out how to update the word
frequency dictionary D:

L = fileToStringList(‘PridePrej.txt’)
D = {}
for s in L:
wList = stringToWordList(s)
for w in wList:
Update(w,D)
Updating a Dictionary

W = [‘cat’, mouse’,’dog’,’cat’,rabbit’]

D ---> ‘cat’ ---> 20

‘dog’ ---> 10

Look at each word in W and update D accordingly

Updating a Dictionary

W = [‘cat’, mouse’,’dog’,’cat’,rabbit’]

D ---> ‘cat’ ---> 20

‘dog’ ---> 10

Before

Look at each word in W and update D accordingly

Updating a Dictionary

W = [‘cat’, mouse’,’dog’,’cat’,rabbit’]

D ---> ‘cat’ ---> 21

‘dog’ ---> 10

After

Look at each word in W and update D accordingly

Updating a Dictionary

W = [‘cat’,‘mouse’,’dog’,’cat’,’rabbit’]

D ---> ‘cat’ ---> 21

‘dog’ ---> 10

Before