Bioethics and Disability Toward A Disability Conscious Bioethics Cambridge Disability Law and Policy Series 1st Edition Alicia Ouellette Full
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Bioethics and Disability Toward a Disability Conscious
Bioethics Cambridge Disability Law and Policy Series 1st
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Bioethics and Disability
Bioethics and Disability provides tools for understanding the concerns, fears,
and biases that have convinced some people with disabilities that the health
care setting is a dangerous place and some bioethicists that disability activists
have nothing to offer bioethics. It wrestles with the charge that bioethics as a
discipline devalues the lives of persons with disabilities, arguing that reconcil-
ing the competing concerns of the disability community and the autonomy-
based approach of mainstream bioethics is not only possible, but essential
for a bioethics committed to facilitating good medical decision making and
promoting respect for all persons, regardless of ability.
Through in-depth case studies involving newborns, children, and adults
with disabilities, Bioethics and Disability proposes a new model for medical
decision making that is mindful of and knowledgeable about the fact of dis-
ability in medical cases. Disability-conscious bioethics will bring together dis-
ability experts and bioethicists to identify and mitigate disability bias in our
health care systems.
The Disability Law and Policy series examines these topics in interdisciplinary
and comparative terms. The books in the series reflect the diversity of defini-
tions, causes, and consequences of discrimination against persons with dis-
abilities, while illuminating fundamental themes that unite countries in their
pursuit of human rights laws and policies to improve the social and economic
status of persons with disabilities. The series contains historical, contempo-
rary, and comparative scholarship crucial to identifying individual, organiza-
tional, cultural, attitudinal, and legal themes necessary for the advancement of
disability law and policy.
The book topics covered in the series also are reflective of the new moral
and political commitment by countries throughout the world toward equal
opportunity for persons with disabilities in such areas as employment, hous-
ing, transportation, rehabilitation, and individual human rights. The series
will thus play a significant role in informing policy makers, researchers, and
citizens of issues central to disability rights and disability antidiscrimination
policies. The series grounds the future of disability law and policy as a vehicle
for ensuring that those living with disabilities participate as equal citizens of
the world.
Alicia Ouellette
cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,
Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521110303
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs
for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not
guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
To Jacob, Molly, and Sam. You give me reason to believe.
Contents
Introduction 1
3. Infancy 72
I. The Case of Sydney Miller 78
A. Views from the Disability Community 86
B. Views from Bioethics 91
II. The Case of Emilio Gonzalez 105
A. Views from the Disability Community 109
B. Views from Bioethics 119
III. Observations 126
ix
Contents
4. Childhood 137
I. Lee Larson’s Boys 140
A. Views from the Deaf and Disability
Communities 146
B. Views from Bioethics 153
II. The Case of Ashley X 161
A. Views from the Disability Community 169
B. Views from Bioethics 173
III. Observations 183
Addendum: National Association for the Deaf
Position Statement on Cochlear Implants 188
x
Contents
Index 367
xi
Preface
Much has changed during the years in which I have been working
on this book. For one thing, disability is no longer a shadow issue
in bioethics. When I first started my work, I rarely heard the phrase
“disability perspective” in discussions with bioethicists. A three-day
conference might include a single sparsely attended session on disabil-
ity issues. Disability is now part of the conversation. More and more
often, articles by disability experts appear in bioethics journals and
texts. In the past year alone, I have participated in several national bio-
ethics conferences devoted exclusively to disability issues. These devel-
opments give me hope that the field is ripe for change. Nonetheless, the
transformative change I’d like to see – a movement toward a bioethics
that incorporates disability as a central issue and engages disability
experts in the enterprise – will take more than a series of conferences
and articles. The real work will take place on the ground floor – in
medical education, in hospitals, in the courtroom, in law schools, in
government – wherever the work of bioethics is done. This book is my
contribution to that work.
In the end, this is a book about collaboration, which is especially fit-
ting given the teamwork that went into its creation. Although the mis-
takes and omissions are mine alone, I share credit for the worthwhile
sections with many people. I am enormously grateful to my colleagues
at Albany Law School, especially Dede Hill and Christine Chung
who provided invaluable feedback and support in every possible form
xiii
Preface
and at all times of day and night. I am also grateful to Dale Moore
and Kathy Katz for convincing me I had something worthwhile to
say; to James Gathii for being my constant sounding board; and to Tim
Lytton, who always asks the hardest questions. From outside the law
school, I owe special thanks to Bob Baker, who took a chance in giving
me my first position in bioethics, to William Peace, whose challenging
feedback shaped my arguments, and to Kathy Cerminara, Elizabeth
Pendo, Jane Greenlaw, Jennifer Bard, Amy Campbell, Sean Philpott,
and all the others who have commented on drafts, pushed my ideas
forward, or simply disagreed with me. This project would have been
impossible without the incredible efforts of Fredd Brewer and Laurie
Dayter who kept me on task through the years. A special thanks to
Fredd for refusing to let me sweat the small stuff during the last, final
push. I have been fortunate to have the help of many capable student
research assistants over the years. Jessie Cardinale, Alaina Bergerstock,
and Ashley Torre deserve special note for their enormous contribu-
tions to this book.
Sadly, two of the people who taught me most of what I know about
life with disability, Harriet McBryde Johnson and Paul Longmore,
died while I was writing the manuscript. This would not have been the
same book, and I would not be the same person, had I not been lucky
enough to have crossed their paths. Their written contributions and
life examples will continue to educate and inspire generations to come,
but I mourn their early deaths and will forever regret that they did not
live long enough to see how far I’ve come, and to explain the ways I
still don’t get it.
Finally, I thank my family. You gave me the space and strength to
carry on. You are my everything. I hope I’ve done you proud.
xiv
Introduction
1
Introduction
had the capacity to make her own decisions. The state agency charged
with advocating on behalf of persons with mental disabilities sought
representation by the State’s attorney to enforce the law. The client
agency was adamant in its demand that the law requiring the provision
of nutrition and hydration be enforced. In its view, the patient’s family
and doctors wanted to do something that was not legal in New York,
and allowing for any exception to the rule would open the door to the
slippery slope of euthanasia or even a new eugenics. My role was to
support the trial attorney in his representation of the agency and then
to handle any appeal arising after a trial court decision. My job was to
keep the patient alive.
Despite the clear New York rule requiring life-prolonging treatment,
there was nothing straightforward about application of the law in this
particular woman’s case. The patient’s family and doctors submitted
evidence that although providing nutrition and hydration would extend
her life, the treatment was medically inappropriate. The woman’s body
was no longer able to digest or metabolize caloric intake. As a result, her
body bloated; her organs deteriorated; her skin stretched to the point
where it fell off; and her condition made pain relief impossible. The
doctors documented the patient’s excruciating journey toward death
in her medical chart. They argued that applying the law as written was
morally wrong, even inhumane. Eventually the trial court judge was
persuaded to put the law aside and issue an order allowing the doc-
tors to stop the treatment. The woman at the center of the litigation
suffered for months before finally dying, just as an appellate court was
ready to hear arguments.
By the time I wrote the appellate brief and prepared my arguments
for the appellate court, it was clear to me and everyone else on the legal
team that New York’s rigid law was having unintended – even tragic –
consequences. We saw that the patient at the center of our case was
in intractable pain because of the very treatment that was prolonging
her life. In our brief to the appellate court, we modified our position
from the one taken at the trial court, where we vigorously advocated
2
Introduction
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