Theoretical Foundations and History of Hydraulics
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ScribdTranslationsTheoretical Foundations and History of Hydraulics
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ScribdTranslationsTheoretical Foundations and History of Hydraulics
Harnessing the power of moving fluid is nothing new. It has been a powerful source of
energy for thousands of years, up to today, and an integral part in the advancement of
humanity. Originally, water was used to turn wheels and push levers.
Moving or pressurized liquids have performed useful work for man during
many centuries before the French scientist and philosopher Blaise Pascal and the Swiss physicist Daniel
Bernoulli's formulas lay the foundations for the laws on which modern hydraulic energy technology is based.
The law or Principle of Pascal, formulated around 1650, states that the pressure in a liquid
it is transmitted equally in all directions; That is to say, when water is made to fill a
closed container, the application of pressure at any point will be transmitted to all sides of the
container. In the hydraulic press, Pascal's law is used to gain an increase in force; a
small force applied to a small piston in a small cylinder is transmitted through a
tube to a large cylinder, where it presses equally against all sides of the cylinder, including
the large piston. To learn more: Pascal's Principle.
Bernoulli's law, formulated about a century later, states that the energy in a fluid
it is due to the elevation, movement, and pressure, and if there are no losses due to friction and the
work not done, the sum of energies remains constant. Therefore, the energy of
speed, derived from movement, can be partially converted into pressure energy when
widening the cross-section of a tube, which decreases the flow speed but increases the
area against which the fluid is pressing...
What is Hydraulics?
Hydraulics is the technology that employs a liquid or fluid, either water or oil (usually
special oils), as a means of transmitting the necessary energy to move and make
to operate mechanisms.
It basically consists of increasing the pressure of this fluid through elements of the
hydraulic circuit, for example with a compressor, to use it as useful work
usually in an output element called a cylinder.
Hydraulics is related to fluid mechanics, which largely provides
its theoretical foundation. At the end, we will look at some of these foundations and their history, such as
example of Pascal's Principle which states the increase of pressure in fluids, of which
we talked earlier.
Hydraulics is the part of physics that studies the mechanics of fluids; its study is important.
since it allows us to analyze the laws that govern the movement of liquids and the techniques for the
better use of water.
For its study, it is divided into two main areas:
HYDROSTATICS
HYDRODYNAMICS
Hydrostatics:
It aims to study liquids at rest. It is based on laws and principles such as the
of Archimedes, Pascal or the hydrostatic paradox of Stevin; which contribute to quantifying
the pressures exerted by fluids, and the study of their general characteristics. Commonly
the principles of hydrostatics also apply to gases.
Hydrodynamics:
It is the part of hydraulics that studies the behavior of liquids in motion. To do this,
consider, among other things: the speed, pressure, flow, and expenditure of the liquid.
In the study of hydrodynamics, Bernoulli's theorem, which deals with the Law of Conservation
of Energy is of paramount importance, as it indicates that the sum of the kinetic energies,
potential and pressure of a moving liquid at a given point is equal to that of another
any point.
Hydraulic Force
Hydraulic force is the force exerted by a hydraulic cylinder when pressed by the liquid.
of the circuit. This force will be capable of lifting a weight, opening a door, etc.
What is Pressure?
It is a scalar physical quantity that measures the force in the perpendicular direction.
surface unit, and it is used to characterize how a specific force is applied
resultant on a surface.
What is Hydraulic Pressure?
Hydraulic pressure is that generated through a pair of.
pistons where a light force is applied to generate a force
much greater. As it is a hydraulic procedure, pistons are used.
of water that are the ones that create a pressure capable of lifting anything
object, like a car or an industrial machine.
Hydraulic pressure is guided by the well-known principle of Pascal, a
famous scientist who demonstrated through various experiments, that it is
it is possible to create a greater force by exerting a minimal force on a
A system similar to that of levers. Hydraulic pressure is a
procedure that allows to multiply the force exerted by the
fluid pressure through two pistons that, according to the principle of
Pascal will make it possible to lift a very heavy load.
This process is possible thanks to the application of a small force to
through one of the water pistons. It is worth noting that any pressure
applied from outside expands to all the parts covered by the fluid,
which will generate a greater force.
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal was a mathematician and physicist born in France in 1623, creator of Pascal's Law (or
Pascal's principle), where it explains that any pressure applied to a fluid will expand in a way
uniform throughout the entire space covered by the substance.
Pascal not only made a great contribution to the world of physics by demonstrating concepts
such as pressure and vacuum in their fluid investigations. They also took part in the design
and the construction of mechanical calculators and in the theory of probability.
Materials
Silicon
Injectors
Hoses
Table, MDF sheet
Water
Painting
Drill
Screw bolts
Metro
Construction of the "Hydraulic Crusher" project
First, we look for the MDF boards and sheets to then measure and cut a base of 32cm and
a structure 14cm wide and 40cm high, then we look for the injectors and the
hoses to then start the process of the model, we began by making the
complete structure and then we made the connections of the injectors with the hoses, to the
At the beginning, we had many failures due to water leaks and we had to repair them to have a
pressure to make the model work, we also experimented with water and water with
soap since the plungers were sticking because we applied penetrating oil to them
so that its friction would be better, but after leaving it to rest for a while, it stuck to the cylinder.
then we use soapy water to correct that mistake, however the soapy water
it produced many bubbles causing the air hoses to fill up, it was difficult for us
through the air of the bubbles we switch to normal water until we manage to cover all the leaks
After that, we started assembling everything into the structure to then begin to approve it for the
which resulted in other issues that we had to correct, such as opening some holes in the
MDF wood to put the injectors in so that everything would work and in the end we placed one.
wood that measures 7x7 cm for the supports or stands of the injector to use it as a
crusher…
