Scribd
Upload
33 views3 pages

Disruptive Discharge

The disruptive discharge occurs when the electrical insulation of a material locally loses its insulating properties, allowing for an abrupt passage of current. Overvoltages can be caused by atmospheric discharges or by maneuvers in the electrical system. Tests with impulse generators simulate these overvoltages to assess the resistance of electrical equipment.

Uploaded by

ScribdTranslations
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views3 pages

Disruptive Discharge

The disruptive discharge occurs when the electrical insulation of a material locally loses its insulating properties, allowing for an abrupt passage of current. Overvoltages can be caused by atmospheric discharges or by maneuvers in the electrical system. Tests with impulse generators simulate these overvoltages to assess the resistance of electrical equipment.

Uploaded by

ScribdTranslations
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Disruptive download

The simplest discharge, the disruptive discharge, manifests itself through the passage
abrupt current through an insulating medium, when it loses
locally its insulation properties. This degeneration may have
various causes, such as the aging of the material, the presence of defects
on the surface, modifications of the geometric configuration such that, locally,
they determine an electric field value due to the potential difference
applied, superior to the contingent critical gradient. When the arc is
broken down (triggered), the dielectric is generally destroyed by
download, unless the dielectric is a gas.
This is what happens in a capacitor, which becomes unusable due to an internal discharge.
disruptive discharge in gases, and particularly in air, can be studied with
the device indicated below. The electrostatic machine Malimenta a
sphere igniter Without parallel, to which the capacitor C is connected.
When sufficiently charged, the capacitor sparks between the
spheres, at regular intervals. The entire path along the spark remains
then ionized, and the emission of photons (during recombination and de-excitation) is
responsible for luminosity.

Um dielectric(AO 1945ofelectric) isaboutelectrical insulatorthat, under the action of a


electric fieldexterior above the limit ofyoursdielectric rigidity, peallow the flow of
electric current.

Any substance subjected toaroundelectric fieldvery loud canifionizeand to return


the conductor.

A dielectric material normally becomes conductive when its threshold is exceeded.


break field.[1]This maximum intensity of the electric field (in V/m) is called
dielectric rigiditySo, if we significantly increase the electric field applied to the
dielectric, the material becomes a conductor.

ATMOSPHERIC IMPULSE AND MANEUVER TESTS


JOSE CARLOS SCHAEFER
1. INTRODUCTION
Since the beginning of high voltage power transmission, it has been necessary to demonstrate the
capacity of electrical equipment to withstand overvoltages resulting from discharges
atmospheric (external overvoltages) and switching surges (internal overvoltages).
The external overvoltages are due to direct atmospheric discharges or
next
to the component elements of the electrical system, such as transmission lines and the
equipment
installed in substations (transformers, circuit breakers, lightning arresters, disconnectors, etc.). The
currents
resulting from atmospheric discharges can reach up to
200 kA, with rise times from 1 μs to 10 μs.
The voltage surge developed in the electrical system is related to the current surge.
injected by the incident atmospheric discharge through the surge impedance or impedance
characteristic of the transmission line. These overvoltages can reach several tens of
thousands
of volts, with high growth rates, posing a real danger to equipment
electric
mainly submitting the insulation between the turns of the initial portions of the windings
of
transformers and generators to severe dielectric stresses.
Internal overvoltages are almost always due to maneuvers or switching.
in the electrical system, one of the most severe being the rapid reconnection of lines
of
three-phase transmission with residual load, when the overvoltage can reach up to the amplitude
from 4 pm.
The maneuver outbreaks are characterized by having a growth time of several hundreds.
of μs and
duration of several thousand μs, generally having energy higher than that of surges
atmospheric,
mainly in electrical systems whose operating voltage is above 230 kV. Such surges
of
tension subjects the external insulation to significant dielectric stresses
high voltage equipment, being critical for the sizing of the spacings
minimums in
transmission lines and electrical equipment used in EAT and UAT systems.
The amplitude of internal surge or maneuver surges can be minimized through
do
use of pre-insertion resistors in circuit breakers, drainage (discharge) of residual load
of lines
of transmission and other construction techniques and appropriate criteria for system operation
electric. The
the use of appropriate techniques enables electrical systems with operating voltage of
550 kV
they are designed with overvoltages due to switching surges limited to 2 pu. In order
similar, a
the maximum internal overvoltage generated in 765 kV and 1000 kV systems does not exceed 1.3 pu.
Systems
electric ones designed this way, start to have the minimum spacings determined
mainly by
operating voltage of the system under conditions of rain and intense pollution, which can
to cause
sensitive reduction in the external insulation capacity of electrical equipment in extra-high voltage
tension.
Electrical equipment, according to insulation coordination studies,
they are characterized by having standardized levels of insulation, dictated by their voltage
nominal of
operation and are referred to as: NBI (Basic Level of Isolation) to determine the supportability
do
equipment regarding external surge and NIM (Impulse Level of
Maneuver) to
the internal surge voltages.
The impulse generators are then necessary to verify the supportability conditions.
of high voltage electrical equipment when subjected to dielectric stresses
normalized.
Additionally, pulse generators are necessary in research and development of
new
electrical equipment and insulating materials, as well as in the study of associated phenomena
at high
tensions.
Various high voltage tests are usually carried out with the impulse generator.
standing out
the atmospheric impulse tests and maneuver impulse, by which it is simulated, in
laboratory
high-order overvoltages, originating, respectively, from lightning strikes and
outbreaks
coming from switching in the power system. The test applied, for example, to a
Power transformer, whose rated voltage of the high voltage winding is 550 kV,
requires a
application of voltages of the order of 1550 kV for the atmospheric impulse test and 1250
kV for the
maneuver thrust test.
2
When the air constitutes the main insulation of the equipment being tested, the test is not
destructive and the physical phenomenon associated with the application of impulses has a probabilistic nature,
being
common in the adoption of testing procedures that use statistical methods, with
samples
constituted by a significant number of applications, to allow the determination of the
supportability
of the equipment based on a given probability of discharge.
In practical applications of high voltage laboratories, atmospheric impulse tests are
conducted more frequently than maneuver impulse tests, due to the majority
two
equipment used in the generation, transmission, and distribution system of electric energy
we will be
but subject to atmospheric overvoltages caused by direct incidence or
indirect of
rays. According to Brazilian standards, it is recommended to carry out impulsive testing
maneuver
only on equipment with a nominal voltage not lower than 230 kV.

You might also like