Introduction to AI Domains

Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent when it's trained using datasets. The type of data
fed into the AI model depends on the kind of task or application it is designed for. Based on
the nature of the data, AI is categorized into three main domains:

🔹 1. Statistical Data
 This domain focuses on numerical and structured data.
 AI systems collect large sets of data, analyze them, and find patterns or trends to
support decision-making.
 Example: Price comparison websites such as PriceGrabber, Junglee, and Shopzilla.
These websites gather prices from multiple sources and help users compare them
instantly.
 Statistical data is widely used in sectors like e-commerce, travel, and finance.
Points to remember:
 Deals with numbers and facts.
 Helps in decision-making using large datasets.
 Example: Price comparison websites.

🔹 2. Computer Vision (CV)

 Computer Vision allows machines to see and interpret visual content such as
images or videos.
 It involves a process of capturing images, analyzing them, and extracting useful
information to make decisions.
 The input can come from photos, CCTV footage, infrared sensors, etc.
 Examples:
o Agricultural Monitoring: Drones take pictures of crops to detect pests or
diseases.
o Surveillance Systems: Cameras analyze footage to detect suspicious behavior
or track people.
Points to remember:
 Allows AI to understand visual data (images, videos).
 Used in agriculture, security, healthcare, and more.
 Helps machines “see” like humans.

🔹 3. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

 NLP is the branch of AI that deals with human language—both spoken and written.
 It helps computers read, understand, and respond to human language using
algorithms.
 Examples:
o Email Filters: Identify and remove spam based on keywords.
o Machine Translation: Tools like Google Translate convert text from one
language to another.
Points to remember:
 Connects computers and human language.
 Used in chatbots, translation, voice assistants, and spam filters.

Ethical Frameworks for AI

AI has the power to make decisions, which can impact people’s lives. Therefore, it is
important that the decisions made by AI are ethical and fair.

🔸 What is a Framework?
 A framework is a set of steps or a structured method to solve problems.
 It helps ensure all aspects of the problem are considered and promotes consistent
results.
  In AI, ethical frameworks guide developers to create safe, responsible, and unbiased
systems.

🔸 What is an Ethical Framework?

 An ethical framework is a structure that helps us make morally correct decisions and
avoid harmful outcomes.
 It helps ensure that AI behaves in a way that aligns with human values and does not
cause unintended harm.
Why is it important?
 AI systems might unintentionally show bias or discrimination (e.g., rejecting job
applications from women).
 Ethical frameworks help avoid such problems and build trustworthy AI systems.

🔸 Types of Ethical Frameworks

1. Sector-Based Frameworks
 Specific to industries like healthcare, education, finance, etc.
 Example: Bioethics in healthcare ensures AI protects patient privacy and safety.
2. Value-Based Frameworks
 Based on moral values and ethics.
 Three types:
o Rights-Based Ethics: Focus on protecting individual rights, freedom, and
dignity.
o Utility-Based Ethics: Focus on actions that produce the most benefit for the
majority.
o Virtue-Based Ethics: Focus on the character and good intentions of the
decision-maker (e.g., honesty, fairness, compassion).

🔸 Bioethics – A Sector-Based Framework Example

Used in healthcare, bioethics ensures AI systems do not harm patients and work towards
their well-being.
Principles of Bioethics:
1. Respect for Autonomy: Let individuals make informed decisions.
2. Non-Maleficence: Do not cause harm.
3. Beneficence: Promote good and positive outcomes.
4. Justice: Ensure fairness and equal treatment.
 Chapter Back Exercise
Test Yourself: Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the purpose of defining the problem statement during the Problem
Scoping stage in an AI project cycle?
B) To understand the aim and objective of the project
2. In what ways can AI models be categorized based on the type of data fed into
them?
C) Three domains
3. In Statistical Data, what is the primary function of the system in relation to
data?
B) Analyzing data to extract insights
4. What is the main goal of Computer Vision projects?
D) Converting digital visual data into computer-readable language
5. What is the primary focus of NLP?
C) Dealing with the interaction between computers and humans using natural
language
6. What do frameworks provide in the context of problem-solving?
B) Step-by-step guidance
7. How are Ethical Frameworks for AI categorized?
B) Into sector-based and value-based frameworks
8. What is the central focus of virtue-based value-based frameworks?
C) Aligning actions with ethical principles and beliefs
9. Which of the following best describes rights-based value-based frameworks?
A) Prioritizing human rights and dignity, valuing human life over other
considerations
10. What is the primary domain of application for Bioethics?
B) Healthcare and life sciences
11. Assertion: Ethics provide guidance in distinguishing right from wrong.
Reasoning: Ethics consist of a set of values and morals that aid individuals in
making moral judgments and decisions.
A) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, and Reasoning is the correct
explanation of the Assertion.
12. Assertion: Value-based frameworks in ethics provide guidance by focusing on
fundamental ethical principles and values.
Reasoning: These frameworks reflect different moral philosophies guiding
ethical reasoning and are concerned with assessing the moral worth of actions.
A) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, and Reasoning is the correct
explanation of the Assertion.
✍️Reflection Time: Short Answer Questions
1. Outline the main steps in the AI Project Cycle briefly.
o Problem Scoping → Data Acquisition → Data Exploration → Modelling
→ Evaluation → Deployment.
2. What roles does computer vision play in agricultural monitoring systems?
o Computer Vision helps by capturing images using drones or sensors to detect
crop health, pests, diseases, or monitor growth patterns.
3. Mention the factors which knowingly or unknowingly influence our decision-
making.
o Personal biases, emotions, peer influence, past experiences, and cultural or
social norms.
4. What is the necessity for Ethical Frameworks in AI development?
o To ensure AI decisions are fair, unbiased, transparent, and do not cause harm
to individuals or society.
5. Mention the key characteristics of sector-based frameworks.
o Designed for specific industries like healthcare or finance.
o Address unique ethical issues in those sectors.
 oInclude specific standards (e.g., privacy, safety, fairness).
6. What do you mean by Bioethics?
o A branch of ethics applied in life sciences and healthcare, guiding decisions
about medical practices, patient care, and the use of AI in medicine.
7. What is Natural Language Processing? Explain any two real-life applications of
NLP.
o NLP is a field of AI that helps computers understand, interpret, and generate
human language.
o Examples:
 Email Spam Filters: Detect and filter unwanted emails.
 Google Translate: Converts text from one language to another.
8. How do value-based frameworks contribute to ethical decision-making by
emphasizing fundamental principles and values?
o They guide decisions by focusing on moral values like fairness, human

📚 Case-Based Questions
dignity, and well-being, rather than just outcomes or rules.

1. Case: Environmental Practices in a Corporate Setting

Question:
Analyze the ethical considerations surrounding the company's environmental practices using
value-based frameworks.
Answer:
The company prioritizes profit over environmental responsibility, which raises ethical
concerns.
 Rights-Based Ethics: The company violates the community’s right to a clean
environment.
 Utility-Based Ethics: The long-term harm to many outweighs the short-term benefit
to shareholders.
 Virtue-Based Ethics: The company lacks environmental responsibility, fairness, and
compassion.
The company should adopt sustainable practices that balance profit with
environmental care.
2. Case: Pesticide Use in Agriculture
Question:
Examine the ethical considerations surrounding pesticide use using ethical frameworks.
Answer:
The dilemma involves maximizing crop yield versus protecting health and the environment.
 Rights-Based Ethics: Using harmful pesticides can infringe on the health rights of
farmers and nearby residents.
 Utility-Based Ethics: If long-term environmental damage outweighs crop gains, it's
unethical.
 Virtue-Based Ethics: Responsible and eco-friendly practices show care and
accountability.
A balanced, ethical solution would involve exploring safer, sustainable pest control
methods.