Sabrina Cervantes' Legal Claim
Sabrina Cervantes' Legal Claim
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Name of Claimant: Sabr- Cervantes
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Where did injury or damage occur? (Street address, Intersecting streets, orotherlocalion)________________
See Exhibit A attached hereto.
How did injury or damage occur? (Describe acclden toroccummce) See Exhibit A attached hereto.
Wh at action or inaction of City employee(s) caused your injury or damage? See Exhibit A attached hereto.
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It is unlawful to knowingly present or cause to be presented any false or fraudulent claim for payment of a loss or injury. (P.C.§ 550(c)(1 ).) Every person
who violates this paragraph is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment in state prison for two, three, or five years and by a fine not exceeding fifty
thousand dollars ($50,000). (P.C.§ 550(c)(1).) Pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure§ 1038, the City may seek to recover all costs of defense in the event
an action is filed that is later detennined not to have been brought in good faith and with reasonable cause.
Declaration and Signature of Claimant(s): I declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing claim for damages and know the contents
thereof; that the same is true of my knowledge and belief, save and except as to those matters stated on information and belief, and as to them, I
believe to e true.
Signature:� ,,- .:___� � ::--:----,, ._____ Relationship: Claimant's Attorney Date: September 8, 2025
CCFORM6�v)J 4)
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EXHIBIT A
This claim arising out the false arrest of Claimant Sabrina Cervantes on May 19, 2025 by the
Sacramento Police Department’s wrongly claiming she was driving while under the influence of
drugs or alcohol. Since the arrest, Claimant has been completely exonerated from the false
allegations by the Sacramento Police Department, and the Sacramento District Attorney’s Office
has declined to prosecute.
As described below, upon information and belief, Claimant alleges that her false detention and
arrest were motivated in retaliation of her political views. In addition, Claimant alleges that her
false detention and arrest were motivated in part by animus due to her ethnic background and
sexual orientation.
Claimant Sabrina Cervantes is a duly elected California state senator and a member of the
Democratic party. She is married and a mother of triplets. Senator Cervantes is a lifelong resident
of Riverside County.
First elected to the State Assembly in 2016 California’s 58th Assembly District, which
encompasses portions of northwestern Riverside County and southwestern San Bernardino
County, she was the first openly LGBTQ+ Latina to represent her district in the Assembly. In
November 2024, she was elected to represent California’s 31st Senate District, which
encompasses urbanized and suburban parts of the Inland Empire in northwestern Riverside
County. It forms an arc stretching from Corona in the west to Perris in the southeast, centered on
the city of Riverside.
Senator Cervantes is the immediate past Chair of the California Latino Legislative Caucus, and is
the only representative from the Inland Empire to hold this role in the Caucus’ history. As Chair,
she led a record-breaking 35 legislative members, including a historic number of 21 Latinas.
Senator Cervantes is the current Chair of the State Senate’s Elections and Constitutional
Amendments Committee. She is a member of California Legislative Women’s Caucus, the
California Latino Legislative Caucus, the California Native American Legislative Caucus, and
the California Legislative LGBTQ Caucus.
During her tenure as the State Assembly and Senate, Senator Cervantes has championed
legislation to improve access to maternal mental health services, reduce barriers to student
financial aid, protect survivors of sexual assault, and support an inclusive economy. To date, she
has had 49 bills signed into law. Through her advocacy, she has secured over $650 million in
investments from the State Budget for programs and initiatives that strengthen the economy,
wildfire resilience, and voting protections, while increasing access to open spaces and vital
resources for working families, children, veterans, and students in her District.
On January 4, 2025, Senator Cervantes introduced State Bill 274 to curb potential abuses
associated with use of automated license plate reader (ALPR) systems, which are searchable
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computerized databases resulting from the operation of one or more cameras combined with
computer algorithms to capture and convert images of registration plates and the characters they
contain into computer readable data. The cameras can be mobile, e.g., mounted on patrol cars, or
fixed, e.g., mounted on light poles. ALPR systems allow for the widespread and systematic
collection of license plate information. Today, over 230 police and sheriff departments in
California use Automated License Plate Recognition (ALPR) systems, with dozens more
planning to adopt them. For example, the Los Angeles Police Department alone has accumulated
more than 320 million license plate scans and the Sacramento Police Department recorded up to
1.7 million scans in just one week.
While ALPR technology can be a useful law enforcement tool, it poses serious risks to privacy
when misused. Despite this expansive data collection effort, many police departments have not
developed a policy to govern the use of ALPR technology or provided privacy protections.
ALPR systems are a form of location surveillance and the data they collect can reveal the travel
patterns and daily routines of California drivers, the places drivers visit, and the people with
whom they associate. Along with the threat to civil liberties, these data systems pose significant
security risks.
In 2020, an audit revealed that ALPR data was being misused across our state. Since then,
agencies have continued to share sensitive information with entities like ICE and CBP. This
undermines public trust and puts entire communities at risk, particularly immigrants and
communities of color.
To curb potential abuses, SB 274 primarily does four things: (1) Requires that license plate data
that does not match information contained on a “hot list” must be deleted within 60 days; (2)
Requires an ALPR operator to institute safeguards for managing which employees can see the
data from their systems; (3) Requires data security training and data privacy training for all
employees that access ALPR information; and (4) Requires the Department of Justice (DOJ) to
conduct annual random audits of agencies using ALPR to determine whether they have
implemented a usage and privacy policy incompliance with the law.
OPPOSITION TO SB 274
Law enforcement agencies throughout the State and their associations, such as the California
Police Chiefs Association, oppose California SB 274, arguing it would hinder their ability to
solve crimes. Sacramento Police Chief Kathy Lester is a member of the California Police Chiefs
Association.
In its 2024 investigative report titled: Warning: Keep Your Eyes Off My Privacy, the Sacramento
County Grand Jury found that the Sacramento Police Department, along with other law
enforcement agencies operating in Sacramento County, had violated SB 34, which limits the use
of ALPR data, by sharing ALPR data with out-of-state law enforcement agencies. The Grand
Jury concluded this practice aided the potential prosecution by the home state of women who
traveled to California to seek or receive healthcare services.
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On August 8, 2025, Sacramento Police Chief Lester responded to the Grand Jury by claiming
that the Sacramento Police Department had ceased providing ALPR data to out-of-state law
enforcement agencies on June 11, 2024. Chief Lester provided no further information.
ACCIDENT
On May 19, 2025, Senator Cervantes was driving a state-owned vehicle heading east on S Street
in Sacramento. At approximately 12:55 pm at the intersection of S Street and 14th Street, a driver
ran a stop sign and crashed into Senator Cervantes’ passenger side door, causing significant
damage to the vehicle and injuring her. Senator Cervantes immediately called Senate Special
Services, which responded that the State Fleet Manager, who manages state vehicles, would be
dispatched to the scene. Senator Cervantes then attempted to reach her wife, and then called her
Chief of Staff and asked him to come to the scene. The Fleet Manager and Chief of Staff arrived
separately at the scene within minutes of being contacted.
Senator Cervantes’ Chief of Staff brought Senator Cervantes to Kaiser Hospital in Sacramento to
receive medical treatment, while the Fleet Manager moved Senator Cervantes’ vehicle from its
location near the curb on the opposite side of S Street where it came to rest after the accident to a
safe parking space around the corner on 14th Street.
Upon arriving at the emergency room, Senator Cervantes checked in and waited in the public
waiting room, wearing a cap and sunglasses to protect her privacy.
Upon arriving at the scene of the accident at approximately 1:35 p.m., on information and belief,
Sacramento Police Officer Daniel Williams was already aware that one of the vehicles involved
in the accident had been driven by Senator Cervantes. When Officer Williams arrived, Senator
Cervantes had already left to seek medical care.
Despite clear damage to the vehicles showing that the other driver had t-boned Senator
Cervantes’ vehicle after entering an intersection where the driver had a stop sign and Senator
Cervantes had the right of way, Officer Williams treated the young white woman with deference
and respect.
Upon approaching the other driver while she was seated in the driver’s seat with a companion in
the front passenger seat, he immediately stepped away for more than a minute and patiently
waited while she completed a phone call before speaking with her (assuring her, “It’s okay, take
your time”). He did not ask her to exit the vehicle to check her gait/balance and did not get close
enough to detect if there was alcohol on her breath. He did not ask to speak to her privately. He
did not question her obviously false story about entering the intersection lawfully. He did not
immediately cite her for failing to produce a driver’s license in violation of California Vehicle
Code Section 12951. He did ask her to submit to any sobriety tests, and asked minimal questions
in a leading way designed to help her (e.g., “No alcohol today, right?”).
Officer Williams’ entire conversation with the at-fault driver lasted less than three minutes,
including periods of silence. Officer Williams also spoke to other law enforcement officers on
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the scene and the state Fleet Manager on the scene. According to body cam footage, Officer
Williams reentered his vehicle at 1:54 pm. There is then a gap in footage until he arrives outside
of Kaiser Hospital at 2:21 pm.
Officer Williams first approached Senator Cervantes at the hospital at approximately 2:29 p.m.
In contrast to his interview of the at-fault driver, Officer Williams and a second officer, Officer
Bailey Foster, interviewed Senator Cervantes for much longer, requiring exact details about what
happened during the accident, how fast she had been going, how her vehicle moved after the
impact, how her vehicle ended up at rest next to the curb, who she spoke to after the impact,
what information was exchanged at the scene, etc. Senator Cervantes explained that she had been
propelled into oncoming traffic and managed to direct her vehicle to the curb on the opposite
side of the street. In contrast to the leading question Officer Williams offered to the at-fault
driver (“No alcohol today, right?”) he asked Senator Cervantes, “Had you been drinking?”
Senator Cervantes responded that she had not. Senator Cervantes also responded to questions
about her injuries. During the interview by Officer Williams, Senator Cervantes remained
standing despite being in pain from the accident. She displayed no balance issues despite the pain
she was experiencing in her back, legs, and entire left side of her body, all of which she
described to the officers.
Officer Williams admitted that Senator Cervantes was not at fault for the accident but
nevertheless requested that she submit to a subjective sobriety test involving the officer
observing Senator Cervantes’ eyes in response to stimulus. Senator Cervantes asked whether the
at-fault driver had been given such a test, which Officer Williams declined to answer. Senator
Cervantes, who had broken no traffic rules and who was the victim of a dangerous driver, was
troubled by the officers’ attitude and request. Concerned about the officers’ motivation and their
use of subjective observations to decide whether she was under the influence, Senator Cervantes
requested to contact Senate counsel before submitting to the subjective test. She also offered to
provide the results of the tests that the hospital could perform to demonstrate her sobriety.
Rather than accept Senator Cervantes’ offer of having the hospital provide test results to the
police officers, Officer Williams responded that they could not accept the hospital’s test result
because they are protected by Senator Cervantes’ privacy rights. Obviously, Senator Cervantes
was able to consent to disclosure of drug and alcohol tests (which the hospital performed, and
which were negative), but Officer Williams and Officer Foster wanted to perform their less
accurate and subjective test instead of accepting the chemical tests performed by the hospital.
Officer Williams’ initial interview of Senator Cervantes lasted approximately 10 minutes. She
did not slur her words, walk with an unsteady gait, smell of alcohol, or have any indicators of
being under the influence. She was suffering from a spine injury, which resulted in moving with
care, but she did not sway, stumble, weave back and forth as she walked down a long hallway
from the emergency room waiting area to be interviewed, or give any other indicator of being
under the influence.
Despite being anxious after having been the victim in a serious accident, Senator Cervantes
provided a clear straightforward explanation for how she drove to the curb after she was struck,
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despite being injured and in pain. She explained that her vehicle was propelled to the opposite
side of the street she was driving on, and to avoid oncoming traffic, she managed to steer the
vehicle over to the curb on the opposite side of the street. Security video from a nearby building
confirms the accuracy of her statements.
Senator Cervantes was unaware that the Fleet Manager had moved her vehicle from the curb
facing oncoming traffic on S street to a safe spot on 14th Street, and therefore misunderstood
Officer Williams’ question about the car being found around the corner on 14th Street.
Nevertheless, Officer Williams certainly must have understood that the vehicle had been moved
when he spoke to Senator Cervantes’ Chief of Staff a few moments later, who confirmed that the
state vehicle was at the curb on S Street when he arrived on the scene. Again, Officer Williams
did not ask the at-fault driver any questions about how the vehicle ended up where it was, did not
ask her if the vehicle had been moved, did not ask the Fleet Manager where the vehicle was
when he arrived at the scene, and did not ask him if he had moved the car out of oncoming traffic
on S Street.
In the moments following the initial interview with Senator Cervantes, Officer Foster spoke by
phone to a person he referred to as “Sarg” saying, “I DO think she is intoxicated – the state
senator.” Officer Foster did not advise the sergeant that Senator Cervantes had offered to have
the hospital disclose her test results to demonstrate she was sober. He falsely stated that Senator
Cervantes was slurring her words. Officer Foster then had an additional phone call a few
moments later, again referring to the person he spoke to as “Sarg” and made additional false
statements, including stating that Senator Cervantes’ “story” did not “add up,” because of where
the State vehicle was found parked after the accident, even though Officer Foster had been
present when Senator Cervantes’ Chief of Staff explained that the state car was parked on S
Street when he arrived on the scene, and even though neither Officer Foster nor Officer Williams
ever asked anyone if the vehicle had been moved after Senator Cervantes left for the hospital,
which is evident in video obtained by the Sacramento Police from a nearby security camera.
Approximately 30 minutes after first approaching Senator Cervantes, Officer Williams and
Officer Foster decided to inform Senator Cervantes that she was being detained and was in police
custody.
At approximately 2:55 pm, before she could reach counsel, Officer Williams approached Senator
Cervantes and again asked her to voluntarily submit to a Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus, which is a
test that relies on the police officer subjectively judging the eyes’ response to stimulus. Senator
Cervantes again asked if the person who was at fault for the accident was being subjected to the
same treatment, which Officer Williams again declined to answer. Senator Cervantes asked for
the justification for testing her, and Officer Williams responded that he was conducting a DUI
investigation.
Although she was not under any legal obligation to submit to any type of testing, Senator
Cervantes asked again if she could simply receive a blood test instead (which would objectively
show that she had taken no drugs or alcohol), and at first Officer Williams seemed to agree, so
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Senator Cervantes stated she would step aside to contact counsel to confirm she could provide a
blood test.
At approximately 3:04 p.m., as Senator Cervantes was attempting to reach counsel, Officer
Foster received a call on his cell phone, and explained that Senator Cervantes was on the phone
checking with counsel about simply providing a blood test. Officer Foster then stated, “I don’t
know if THEY still want a warrant?” Before an answer is provided, Officer Foster appeared to
turn off his body camera, resulting in a gap in bodycam footage of approximately five minutes.
Turning off his body camera was a violation of Sacramento Police Department’s General Order
525.07, which states in part, “Once their BWC is activated, employees shall not deactivate their
BWCs until the investigative or enforcement activity has concluded.” (Sacramento Police
Department General Order 525.07(F)(1).) Furthermore, the policy states, “(4). Employees shall
audibly record the reason for deactivation in all instances.” (Sacramento Police Department
General Order 525.07(F)(4).)
Following that gap in body cam footage, Officer Foster then approached Officer Williams and
told him that they would be obtaining a warrant even though Senator Cervantes had stated she
would agree to voluntarily provide a blood test and was just checking with counsel, stating, “So,
pretty much, no matter what, we’re writing a warrant.”
While Senator Cervantes was on the phone attempting to reach counsel, Officer Williams also
spoke by phone with unknown persons. During those conversations, he stated he only had
“reasonable suspicion” (quickly correcting himself when he first incorrectly said “probable
cause”), even commenting, “If I had to make a wild guess, there is a possibility – I have a
reasonable suspicion that she has something on board….” Neither reasonable suspicion nor a
“wild guess” is a basis to effect a lawful arrest in California.
Despite only having a “wild guess” and admittedly having no probable cause to obtain a warrant,
at approximately 3:17 p.m., Officer Williams informed Senator Cervantes that regardless of her
willingness to provide a blood test, the Sacramento Police Department was getting a warrant to
draw her blood. Officer Williams reiterated that she was detained.
The affidavit in support of the warrant was signed under oath by Police Officer Kevin Lucas, and
falsely claimed there was probable cause for a blood draw warrant because of supposed “slurred
speech,” “slow speech,” and “unsteady of feet,” claiming that when Senator Cervantes walked
from the waiting room to a private room to be interviewed by the police officers, that she had an
“unsteady gait” and “appeared to be drowsy while speaking to Sacramento Police officers.”
Outrageously, the warrant affidavit referenced Senator Cervantes’ declining to undergo a
subjective sobriety test by the officers as part of the reason for the alleged “probable cause,” even
though Officer Williams repeatedly admitted to Senator Cervantes that it was her absolute right
to refuse the test, and that it was purely voluntary. The warrant affidavit also falsely stated that
Senator Cervantes had refused to submit to a blood test. Based on the false information in the
warrant affidavit submitted to the Sacrament Superior Court under penalty of perjury, the Court
issued the warrant.
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At approximately 6:10 pm Officer Williams told Senator Cervantes for the first time that she
would be cited for driving under the influence and that the citation would be considered an
arrest. A few minutes later, Senator Cervantes’ blood was drawn. The results of the blood test
showed that Senator Cervantes was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and the district
attorney announced it was not pressing charges.
At some point after Senator Cervantes’ blood was drawn, Officer Williams completed a false
statement under penalty of perjury, which the Sacramento Police Department transmitted to the
Department of Motor Vehicles. The statement falsely asserted that Senator Cervantes had
refused to complete a chemical test after her arrest in violation of California Vehicle Code
Section 23612, and that Senator Cervantes had refused to state what time she stopped driving.
Because of this false report, Senator Cervantes’ driver’s license would have been suspended or
revoked. Senator Cervantes was forced to retain counsel to demonstrate to the Department of
Motor Vehicles that Officer Williams’ sworn statement to DMV that Senator Cervantes
committed a “violation” through a “chemical test refusal” was false. The DMV’s hearing officer
reviewed the evidence provided by Senator Cervantes’ counsel, including irrefutable body cam
footage showing that Senator Cervantes did not violate any law, and set aside the order that
would have suspended her driver’s license.
Despite Senator Cervantes’ innocence, unknown actors at the Sacramento Police Department
maliciously released to the press the false claim that Senator Cervantes had been driving under
the influence, to the detriment of Senator Cervantes’ reputation.
In addition to the apparent improper deactivation of one officer’s body camera, the Sacramento
Police Department failed to produce the body camera footage of Sergeant Kristen Beal, who
came to the hospital and spoke with Senator Cervantes. Furthermore, at least one of the
conversations that Officer Williams and/or Officer Foster had on their cell phones was with
Sergeant Beal. Follow up requests to the City for Sergeant Beal’s missing footage were ignored.
Sacramento police violated Senator Cervantes’ rights under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S.
Constitution and Article I, Section 13 of the California Constitution unreasonable searches and
seizures by detaining and arresting Senator Cervantes without probable cause and by conducting
a blood test by obtaining a warrant without probable cause.
Sacramento Police violated Penal Code §236 by detaining Senator Cervantes without reasonable
suspicion or probable cause.
Sacramento Police violated Penal Code §836 by arresting Senator Cervantes without probable
cause.
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Sacramento Police violated Penal Code §1525 by obtaining a warrant and conducting a blood
test of Senator Cervantes without probable cause.
Sacramento Police violated Penal Code Penal Code §118.1 by intentionally and knowingly
including false information the police report relating to Sen. Cervantes false arrest.
Sacramento police violated Penal Code §118 by knowingly submitting false statements under
oath to the Sacramento Superior Court and the California Department of Motor Vehicles.
Sacramento Police lacked reasonable suspicion to detain or probable cause to arrest Senator
Cervantes. The unlawful detention and arrest of Senator Cervantes was effected without a
warrant and was a substantial factor in causing Sen. Cervantes harm. (See Carcamo v. Los
Angeles County Sheriff’s Dept. (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 608, 616 [283 Cal.Rptr.3d 647].)
The City of Sacramento is liable for injuries proximately caused to Senator Cervantes by an act
or omission of its employees within the scope of their employment if the act or omission would,
apart from this section, have given rise to a cause of action against that employee or his personal
representative. (See Gov. Code, § 815.2(a).)
Senator Cervantes is entitled to recover damages, compensation for lost liberty, humiliation,
emotional distress and reputational harm. In addition, given the Sacramento Police acted with
malice and oppression, Senator Cervantes is entitled to recover punitive damages.
The California Bane Act provides a private right of action for damages against any person who
“interferes,” or “attempts to interfere by threat, intimidation, or coercion,” with the exercise or
enjoyment of a constitutional or other right under California or federal law. (Civ. Code, § 52.1,
subd. (b)–(c); see also Zamora v. Sacramento Rendering Co. (E.D. Cal. 2007) No. Civ. S-05-
00789 DFL KJM, 2007 WL 137239, *8, n. 6 [defining intimidation “to make timid or fearful”;
McCue v. S. Fork Union Elem. Sch. (E.D. Cal. 2011) 766 F. Supp. 2d 1003, 1011 [explaining
“[f]or the purposes of the Bane Act, the term ‘threat’ means ‘an “expression of an intent to inflict
evil, injury, or damage to another.”] Liability under the Bane Act does not require actual
interference with a plaintiff’s legal rights. Rather, even an attempted interference is enough to
give rise to a Bane Act claim. (Civ. Code, § 52.1, subds. (a), (b); Ramirez v. County of Los
Angeles (C.D. Cal. 2005) 397 F. Supp. 2d 1208). Public entities are vicariously liable for Bane
Act violations. (See Gov. Code, § 815.2.)
Sacramento Police officers violated the Bane Act by: interfering by means of intimidation with
Senator Cervantes’s rights under to be free of unlawful and unreasonable search and seizures
under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section 13 of the California
Constitution; and by violating Penal Code §§ 236, 836, 118.1 and 1525 as described above.
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Sacramento police violated Penal Code §118 by knowingly submitting false statements under
oath to the Sacramento Superior Court and the California Department of Motor Vehicles.
Sacramento police officers also violated the Bane Act by knowingly submitting false statements
under oath in violation of Penal Code §118 to the Sacramento Superior Court to obtain a warrant
without probable cause.
In addition, Sacramento police officers violated the Bane Act knowingly submitting false
statements under oath to the California Department of Vehicles (DMV) falsely claiming that
Senator Cervantes had violated California Vehicle Code Section 23612 by refusing to submit to a
chemical test to determine if she was under the influence after being arrested and admonished.
This was patently false and forced Senator Cervantes to successfully defend an administrative
action by DMV to regain her driving privileges. Ultimately, a DMV hearing officer set aside the
suspension of Senator Cervantes without hearing, finding: “After a review of the information on
file, including any evidence which you may have presented, the action(s) effective June 18,
2025, pursuant to §13353 of the Vehicle Code (VC), is set aside.”
Sacramento police officers’ violation of the Bane Act, was the legal cause of harm to Senator
Cervantes. She is, thus, entitled to recover compensatory damages, including compensation for
lost of liberty, emotional distress and humiliation. In addition, Senator Cervantes is entitled to
recover civil penalties, attorney’s fees and punitive damages.
Sacramento police officers owed Senator Cervantes a general duty of care under California Civil
Code §1714. The officers violated this duty and, instead, engaged outrageous conduct with the
intent to cause Senator Cervantes emotional distress or with reckless disregard of the likelihood
of causing such distress. As a result of Sacramento Police officers intentional infliction of
emotion distress, Senator Cervantes suffered severe emotional distress and is, thus, entitled to
recover compensatory damages and punitive damages.
Defamation
As described above, unknown Sacramento employees released false information to the press
claiming that Senator Cervantes had driven while under the influence or drugs when there was
no basis for these false statements. The information was released before the Sacramento Police
Department had concluded its investigation.
These false statements were made with the malicious intent of harming Senator Cervantes’
reputation and constitute defamation per se. As a result of these false statements, headlines in
news sources throughout California and the country proclaimed that Senator Cervantes had been
“cited for DUI,” seriously damaging Senator Cervantes’ previously untarnished reputation.
Senator Cervantes is entitled to recover damages for loss of reputation, emotional distress and
punitive damages arising from the wrongful dissemination of false claims that Senator Cervantes
drove a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
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FEDERAL CLAIMS
The unlawful acts by Sacramento Police officers also give rise to claims under federal law,
including claims for violation of Senator Cervantes’ rights under the Fourth Amendment of the
U.S. Constitution which are actionable under 42 U.S. Code § 1983. No government claim is
required to assert those claims and Senator Cervantes hereby reserves her rights to assert those
claims in future litigation.
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