SCIENTIFIC METHOD

The purpose of all science lies in providing explanations for phenomena.

observed and establish general principles that allow for predicting relationships
among these and other phenomena

The scientific method is understood as an organized set of rules and

procedures that all sciences follow to determine if an idea is
true, thus seeking to create a universal rule that can be applied elsewhere
situations. The scientific method outlines the correct path to carry out a
investigation.

Observation
Through observation, we identify
specific realities or events of ours
environment through our senses. The
observation is the only empirical part of this
method, our senses are used
to perceive the differences between what
the known and the unknown, it is
to say, through observation
gathers the information that reveals the
presence of a problem.

Problem statement
It is the establishment of a problem or issue to analyze. It
formulate questions based on the observed phenomenon. The question
The formula must be clear and as precise as possible.

Search for information and proposal of a

theoretical framework.

We must gather bibliographic information, so that

which previous knowledge should be reviewed
related to the problem.
With the obtained information, it should be reviewed the
the way in which a similar problem has been
previously addressed. Even if the problem in
the issue has already been investigated and can be given a
different and innovative approach. It is necessary to review
always the maximum amount of information possible
that exists about the problem, this allows to avoid
errors in the project development.
Information sources can be diverse: books, magazines, brochures,
documents, newspapers, videos, among others.
Formulation of the hypothesis
A hypothesis will be proposed, that is, a tentative answer.
provable to solve the proposed problem. The preparation
The hypothesis is a fundamental step to carry out the
research and try to predict some outcomes. If it were to
to present the case that the chosen hypothesis was incorrect, it would be
It is necessary to propose a new one and restart the entire process.

Experimentation
At this stage, the hypothesis is tested.
through techniques y procedures
appropriate according to the type of
problem at hand. It must be designed
experiments that take into account:
The most appropriate techniques to use
The necessary materials and instruments
The constants, that is, the conditions of
experiment that do not change
The variables, that is, the characteristics or
qualities of the object of study that can
assume different values, both those that depend on the control of
experiment (dependent variables) like those that do not depend on
experiment control (independent variables)
The experimentation must be repeated several times under the same conditions.
circumstances and modifying the circumstances that are deemed appropriate.

Analysis of the results

The experiments carried out
they will throw a series of results,
which should be analyzed in order
that we can value later
whether they correspond to the hypothesis or not
that we were holding. With all the data
that have been collected, it is necessary to decide whether to

the hypothesis we had at the beginning is

adjusts to reality, that is, if they are fulfilled
oh no our predictions regarding the
behavior of the variables or if it is preferable to propose a new hypothesis.

Conclusions and Publication

This stage is where, technically, the plan is madehypothesishow
passed or failed.
Even if the hypothesis is incorrect, perhaps the experiment had a
defect in itsdesignor execution. There may be trends that,
even if they are notstatistically significant,lead to
greater research and refinement of the process.
The results are usually published and shared with the scientific community,
allowing the verification of the findings and providing others the opportunity to
continue the research in other areas.

Theory: All those hypotheses that have more acquire this designation.
probabilities of being correct, but they cannot be completely
demonstrated.
Law: It is considered a Law when one of the hypotheses is confirmed by
the experimentation.

Characteristics of the Scientific Method

Esphactic
It is based on observation and information. The scientific method is nourished by data.
concrete, that is, of measures; these can be qualitative or quantitative,
but they always exist.
2. It requries empricial verafibtyil
A knowledge acquires the character of scientific when it can be
contrasted or verified, that is to say, it passed the confrontation test with the
reality.
3. It is objective
The scientific method only accepts answers from reality, in this sense not
the point of view of the scientist intervenes, and much less the community in
where the research takes place.
Logical order
One does not work just any way in the scientific method, certain steps cannot be omitted.
steps, neither alter the logical order, as it would not lead to any
valid conclusion in that case.
5. It is deductive
The scientific method develops deductively, that is, the scientist
establish inferences or conjectures about the hypothesis in the form of statements
general aspects that must be checked regarding particular aspects of the
reality.
Self-correcting
As conceptual inconsistencies arise, the scientific method goes
rejecting or modifying their own conclusions. It is quite common that
this happens over the years, the dizzying technological advancement tends
to shorten the times in this regard.
7. Produce reproducible results
The results produced by the scientific method must be reproducible. All the
community, especially the scientific one, must have access to the results of the
Method to prevent knowledge from stagnating and to advance.
The results of scientific research must always be public,
For humanity, having scientific secrets is a regression.
Importance of the Scientific Method
Allows the production of laws or scientific theories that provide an explanation for
behavior of different phenomena.
Offers verifiable and valid knowledge and allows for the realization of new
discoveries that lead to the development of humanity.
Seeks to pose and solve problems by answering questions and achieving
satisfy human needs.
It ensures the safety of experiments, as it provides a
specific ordering and a systematization that guarantees its
reproducibility and seeks to minimize the margin of error.
The scientific method tries to minimize the influence of bias that the
experimenter can have. Even scientists with their best
Intentions can be partial. This is a consequence of beliefs.
personal and cultural beliefs, which means that any human filters
the information based on their own experiences, knowledge and
beliefs.
 WORKSHOP NO. 3 – SCIENTIFIC METHOD

I. Read the following situation:

Luis is a student in the ninth cycle of the nursing faculty.

University of San Martín de Porres. To participate in the Scientific Fair,
he wants to investigate how water temperature affects speed
that a tablet of Alka-Seltzer dissolves.

A. Answer:
What is the problem that Luis wants to investigate?
2. What materials does Luis need to carry out his experiment?
3. What could be the hypothesis of the Research?
4. What is the independent variable in the research?
5. What is the dependent variable in the research?
6. How can Luis design the experiment to test his hypothesis?

II. Read the following situation:

Marlene went to buy fertilizer for her plants. When she arrived home
from the farmer's shop, he found different brands of fertilizer. So,
decided to conduct a scientific investigation to determine which fertilizer
was more effective.

A. Organize in chronological order the procedure that should have been followed
Marlene to conduct her scientific research.

____ I noted the initial measurements of the plants

____ chose three plants of the same size.

____ Marlene numbers the plants. She did not add fertilizer to pot # 1, to
pot #2 added fertilizer brand Z and to the pot, fertilizer
brand X.
____ Marlene thought: What fertilizer will be better for the plants?

____ Discovered that fertilizer brand X is the most effective for the
plant growth.

Marlene compared the measurements of the plants and analyzed them.

A. Answer:

What is the problem that Marlene wants to investigate?

2. Why didn't Marlene add fertilizer to pot #1?
3. What could be the hypothesis of the research?
4. Explain what steps Marlene took to carry out the
scientific research?
5. What is the independent variable in the research?
6. What is the dependent variable in the research?