Givaldo Cassamo José Givane

Athletics

Middle Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Mozambique

Nampula
2020
 Givaldo Cassamo José Givane

Theme: Athletics

The present work is of a character

evaluative and formative of the subject of

Athletics taught by the teacher Hélder

António Saide.
The work presented here was done with
based on the indications given by the teacher

Medium Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Mozambique

Nampula

2020-
Index
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................4
Athletics.................................................................................................................................................5
Origin and history of athletics.....................................................................................................................5
Sports March......................................................................................................................................7
Difference between March and Run...............................................................................................................8
Technical running exercises.....................................................................................................................8
Cooper......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Courier......................................................................................................................................................11
Types of Relay Transmission.............................................................................................................11
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................................13
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................................14
Introduction
In this assignment of the Athletics course, I will address the points in a simplified manner.
references in Athletics, that is, its history, its origin as well as its evolution up to the
today's days.

This work helped me to better understand Athletics, that is, most of its
components, keeping in mind that Athletics is the foundation of all sports modalities

Physical education is a set of planned and structured physical activities that studies and
explores physical capacity and the application of human movement, the goal is to improve
physical conditioning and the health of practitioners, through the execution of physical exercises and
body activities.

Athletics is the set of sports consisting of three disciplines: running, throwing, and
jumps.
Athletics
Athletics is the oldest known sporting discipline. The history of athletics and the
its appearance merges with that of humanity itself, Running, jumping, and throwing are
activities that constitute basic motor patterns that we use

In our day-to-day life, before it officially existed as a sport, man was already running after the
animals, jumped to overcome obstacles and threw stones to defend itself or to hunt,
with the aim of surviving, athletics for Man is therefore nothing more than the use of
natural of your motor heritage.

Origin and history of athletics

It was in ancient Greece where athletic activities were relevant in education, that the
Athletics emerged as a sports discipline that was the subject of competition.
thus providing the appearance of the ancient Olympic Games.

It is noted that they first occurred in the year 776 B.C. in Athens, from then on the
Athletics has been the pinnacle expression of these games, and its expansion around the world has occurred since
easy and natural way, but the various disciplines of Athletics: the races, the jumps and the
releases; only become a sports modality after undergoing a process
evolutionary which led to these being outlined by a regulation, all this
evolution went through the creation of institutions like the Athletics Club founded in England in
1817, which was the first in the world, In 1870 the separation of tracks emerged in running races.
runners, Only later, in 1888, the low start appeared for the first time in races.
and other developments have occurred over the years, and even today innovations continue to emerge.
changes to the regulations.

The history of athletics can be divided into three periods:

1Theperiod: from its origins in primitive civilizations to the extinction of ancient games
Olympic, by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in the year 393 AD – already in the primitive civilizations,
the man cultivated the taste for competition by measuring his strength, speed, and skill, in 2500 B.C.
the Egyptians were already engaged in wrestling matches and stick fighting. Ten centuries later, the
the Cretans dedicated themselves to dance, boxing, and foot racing as a form of recreation, the cradle
organized sports took place in Greece, according to Philostratus in 1225 BC it was contested
first pentathlon, a series of five events (running, long jump, wrestling, and disc throwing and
, by the same athlete, to honor the gods or pay tribute to the visitors, the Greeks
they used to organize sports programs near Olympia, a tradition that was maintained by
less until the second half of the 10th century B.C.
It fell to Iphitus, king of Elis, by suggestion of the Pythia, the priestess who interpreted the oracles of
Delphi revived the tradition in 884 BC, certain that with it the gods would intervene in their
they would favor and put an end to the plague that was ravaging the Peloponnese. But the Olympic games, recreated by
The Olympic Games were only counted from 776 BC onwards, when the names of the champions began.
became registered in the public records. The first was Corebo (Greek Kóroibos, Latin
Coroebus), from Elis, winner of the only event of the program; the stadium race (greekstadion,
ladder.

The program of the Olympic games remained practically the same throughout Antiquity in
7th century BC, in Sparta, there were changes so that women could also
compete, it fell to Lycurgus to decide that women, like men, should measure themselves against each other
strength and speed because the mission of free women is to bear vigorous children. In the games
held in Delos, they participated in foot races by categories according to age,
covering a distance equivalent to 160m.

2o period: From the Middle Ages to the Victorians

Roman athletics already showed a phase of decline compared to that of the Greeks, not only
for being less competitive and without an educational purpose, but also because the athlete in general was
slave or prisoner of war, was far from enjoying the social prestige of the ancients
Greek competitors.

The centuries that separate Theodosius from the year 1154, when one finds the first record of
athletics events in the Middle Ages saw a total abandonment of track and field competitions,
not being due to the games of some pre-Columbian American peoples and one or another activity
isolated in a few countries in the East, almost always linked to foot races, there was no athletics
organized during this period and even afterwards, the tests they conducted in London and other cities
English, in 1154, were nothing more than a discreet restart. They were races and long jumps and
height, shot put and other field games, practiced without fixed rules. Europe
medieval, then, was more interested in chivalry, in the military exercises that perfected
the handling of swords, spears, bow and arrow, more useful in an era of almost perpetual wars,
The tests regulated by Victorian educators – which served as a starting point for
the modern program of athletic competitions - included the four classic modalities
from the Greeks (running, long jump, javelin throw, and discus) and many variants by them
created or adapted. The races were held over various distances, the shortest being 110 yards; the
more than 3 to 4 miles. In addition to long jump, there was high jump, and triple jump (which was inspired by
in the three isolated jumps of the Greeks) and the one with the pole, whose origin lies in the ancient methods
Englishmen jumping over ditches, streams, and canals, with the help of sticks.

In the javelin and discus events, the weight and hammer throws were added, the latter of Celtic origin and
very popular, for centuries in Scotland and Ireland. There was also a rudimentary form of
relay (races between teams, with the passing of a baton from one runner to another) and
combined events in the format of pentathlon.

3operiod: From Coubertin to today

In 1892, at a solemn session held at the Sorbonne in Paris, Pierre de Fredi, Baron of
Coubertin proposed a project for the recreation of the extinct Olympic Games
Theodosius, your goal was an international movement, Olympism, which aimed to promote
narrowing of relations between peoples through export, the proposal also had aims
pedagogical.

But the idea only materialized in 1894, arising from a congress also held at the Sorbonne.
with the participation of representatives from 14 countries, the International Olympic Committee was created,
based in Lausanne, Switzerland, and the standards for the conduct of the first
games in 1896, in Greece.

The first Olympic athletics program included races of 100, 400, 800, and 1,500 meters, and
but the 110m with hurdles, long jump, high jump, triple jump, pole vault, shot put
The disc, a special marathon event, was organized for long-distance runners based on suggestions.
from the French linguist and Hellenist Michel Bréal, the aim was to recall the feat of
Pheidippides, Athenian soldier who ran from the city of Marathon near Attica
to Athens, to announce to the Greeks the victory of Miltiades over the Persians in 490 BC.
the Olympic marathon that eventually became one of the classic events of the Olympic Games
modern race was run over a distance of 42 km, approximately the same distance covered
by Pheidippides, its first winner was the Greek Louís Spýros, a modest manufacturer who lived in
Marusi.

Women only began to regularly participate in the Olympic Games in 1928, fulfilling
a program of 100, 800 and 4×100 meters, the high jump and the discus throw, until 1948
other additions and deletions were made in both the men's and women's programs.
1948, when the number of events for women increased considerably, to 1956, the year in
that contested the first 20km march (the 50km had already been introduced in 1932) the program
official undergone its last changes.

Sports March
Race walking, also known as fast walking or active walking, is a sport.
that is practiced at a more intense pace than the march we practice when we walk
daily, and that makes the breath, endurance, and almost all the muscles of the body work thus,
unlike the daily walk, which is often practiced unconsciously, the walk
sports is practiced voluntarily and at a fast pace.
Unlike walking, this sport is practiced on a flat terrain and
primarily in urban settings, parks, dams, stadiums or even walkways, the march
sport is carried out at a variable speed, depending on the objectives of each person,
walking speed can vary between 5 and 10 km per hour.

Race walkers engage in sessions lasting from 30 minutes to several hours, depending on
the frequency of the objectives, although it can reach several sessions per week.

Why practice race walking

Main objectives for walking practitioners:

Feel good, stay in shape.

Improve performance.

Advantages of sports walking

One of the main advantages of race walking is that it can be practiced almost anywhere.
everywhere, in any weather, and requires little investment in material: just footwear
adapted and ready!

Difference between March and Run

The difference between walking and running is that walking is a sport practiced at
a rhythm more intense than the march we practice when we walk daily and that makes
this works the breath, the endurance, and almost all the muscles of the body, while
running is a competition of speed or endurance, where competitors try to complete
a certain task in the shortest period of time.

Technical Running Exercises

Techniques and rules of running

The knowledge of techniques from any specialty helps to improve our performance and
get the most out of the activity we are dedicated to, this also applies to exports,
Therefore, we will study the techniques of running in phases.

The techniques of running are three:

Start: moment when the athlete seeks to gain momentum to reach their destination more quickly.
better speed;
Route: moment when the athlete seeks to maintain their speed;

Finish: moment when the athlete crosses the finish line.

Departure

In the past, all races started standing up; however, the sprint events...
they evolved into positions with greater bending of the legs and torso, resulting in the low exit.

The runner assumes the starting position when the referee speaks to their marks, stretches a
a little more, the legs lifting the trunk forward, when the referee says "ready", it should
to remain still and the weight of the body starts to be supported more by the hands, when the referee gives the
At the starting shot, the athlete sharply extends both legs using them as support and projects.
all your body forward.

Route

Right after the match, when starting the route, the runner gradually increases his strides.
Thus, he reaches his maximum speed, and the runner then worries about maintaining this.
speed with wide arm movements.

The athlete who invades the goal from the side or harms it in any way will be disqualified.
opponent.

Arrival

Upon arrival, the athlete should thrust their chest forward, aiming to cross the finish line.

One should not jump to reach the finish line as it can result in losing time in the momentum and also
to get hurt.

Cooper
The Cooper Test is a physical fitness test designed by a doctor and physical trainer.
North American Kenneth H. Cooper in 1968 to be used by the armed forces to verify
the level of physical conditioning, the test consists of a run at a constant speed that
varies according to age, sex, and your performance (professional or amateur), this method is
suitable for athletes as it requires 100% speed (load), the name "Cooper" was given because
of the name of its creator.

To perform the Cooper test, the person must run or walk continuously for 12
minutes, on a treadmill or on a running track maintaining an ideal walking pace or
running, after this period the distance covered should be recorded.
The distance covered is applied in a formula that is used to calculate the maximum VO2.
then checking the person's aerobic capacity, thus, to calculate the maximum VO2
taking into consideration the distance traveled in meters by the person in 12 minutes, one should
put the distance (D) in the following formula: VO2 max = (D - 504)/45.

Kenneth H. Cooper (born March 4, 1931, Oklahoma City) is a trained physician.

in medicine and former colonel of the Oklahoma Air Force, who was a pioneer in the benefits of doing
aerobic exercises to maintain and improve health he is the author of the book (Aerobics), from 1968,
which emphasized a points system to improve the cardiovascular system, the popular version of
the mass market was The New Aerobics (ISBN 0-553-26874-0), published ten years later.

According to the obtained VO2, it is possible for the physical education professional or doctor to
monitor the person evaluate their aerobic capacity and cardiovascular health.

Let's take a look at the recommended index table in the Cooper run.
Courier
The relay race is a team race, consisting of four members, each one
they cover a certain distance, carrying in hand a smooth and hollow tube made of wood
or metal (testimony), to deliver to the next companion, the goal of the corridors is
transport the testimony to the finish line as quickly as possible.

The most important technical and tactical aspect of the relay race is the handover and reception of the baton.
testimony, which requires great coordination among runners in the different paths, the
the passage or transmission of the testimony must be done hand to hand and within a marked zone
on the track.

The relays that are part of the Olympic Games are the 4x100 m and the 4x400 m, both for
men like for women, outside the mentioned program, are still considered records of
world for the relays, both male and female, 4x200 m, 4x800 m and 4x1500 m.

Relay races are also held on the road or in the field by teams with more than
four elements.

Types of Relay Transmission

The testimony transmission takes place within the transmission zone, with the athletes
they continue in a running act. If the transmission is well executed, the recipient of the testimony does not
You will have to look back while running, if the person delivering the testimony does so with the
to the right, the receiver must catch with the left.

Uplink transmission - this type of transmission is performed in an upward manner, that is, the
the athlete who has the testimony in their possession performs an upward movement with their hand, in such a way
to transfer the baton to the next athlete, who must have the palm of their hand
downturned and the thumb extended (American style).

Downstream transmission - in turn, this type of transmission is carried out in a manner

descendant or in other words, the athlete who holds the testimony has their hand raised and performs a
downward movement (towards the ground), on the other hand, the athlete who will receive the
the witness should position the palm of their hand facing up, so that the other
the athlete performs the transmission more easily (German form).

To make a good transmission of the testimony, the athlete must:

1. Place yourself at the beginning of the balance zone, with your feet facing forward, looking over your shoulder.
from the shoulder, to observe the approach of your companion.

2. Start the race when your partner passes the previously agreed mark and continue.
always looking forward.
3. At the signal of your companion, extend your right arm with the palm of your hand facing backward, the thumb...
turned to the ground and away from the index finger, so that the testimony can be delivered with a
bottom-up movement.

4. Hold the testimony by its front part and pass it to the other hand.

Regulation

1. The testimony must be carried in hand throughout the entire journey and if a competitor it
Only he can catch it if it falls.

In all relay races, the baton must be passed within the

transmission zone.
Conclusion
Having reached the conclusion of the work, I came to conclude that Athletics is not something new, but rather
it is something that emerged with the rise of man, always having as its basis
the daily movements.

After all, in some circumstances, it has therapeutic purposes; in the end, Athletics is part of it.
of man's life in his day-to-day.
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CONCEPT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION. My article, available at:

Invalid input. Please provide text for translation.
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Cooper Test. Wikipedia, 2008. Available at:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_(athletics). Visited on: November 30, 2020

Cooper Test: what it is, how it is done, and result tables.

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