THEME: PERUVIAN FAMILY

I.-INTRODUCTION:
The World Health Organization (WHO) establishes that one of the purposes
The main goal of the State should be to increase the health level of the population.
referring to the family as one of the fundamental groups.
The study of the family and its characteristics, as an element that participates in the
determination of health, as a care and analysis group, is a topic
generally managed in a non-systematic way by the professionals
dedicated to primary care. It is necessary to identify strategies that will
help transfer traditional individual care based on physical risks to
the attention of the group of people that make up the family, as well as the
different dimensions of family health, considering it as health
from the group of family members, taking into account their functioning
effective, the interactional dynamics, the ability to cope with changes of
social media and the group itself and the fulfillment of the functions for the
development of its members fostering individual growth and development,
according to the demands of each stage of life; these parameters influence the
quality of life of a person and the family. Quality of life is a concept
extensive and complex, which according to the WHO is defined as: 'the perception of

individual of their position in life in the context of culture and system of values
in those in which it lives and in relation to its objectives, expectations, standards and

concerns. A study conducted by the World Family Map 2013,

presented by the University of Piura and the NGO, according to these figures, 24% of
children under 18 years old in our country grow up with a single parent (in 2000 there were
21%). as well as the figures regarding coexistence in our country, which are going in

increase. Peru ranks second in coexistence (29% compared to 30% of

married). It is estimated that 73% of births occur outside of
marriage. Only Colombia surpasses it (85%).
These studies are providing us insights into the reality of Peruvian families. It is
It is necessary to clarify that there is no 'model' family. This is clarified by María Julia Oyague.

psychologist and family therapist. She explains to us that the family can be
formed from a nuclear family: dad, mom, children; a family
single-parent almost always only with the mother; an extended family that includes
other relatives: grandparents, uncles, etc.; up to more contemporary forms like the

composed of same-sex couples.

According to Oyague, "historically the concept and types of family have varied and
they continue to vary in forms, although the basic structure is the parents-
"procreators and children." But the nuclear family also changed over time, in a
Initially, it was thought to be formed by parents and children, that is, by the
more biological order, but then quickly became other forms due to the
presence of substitute parents who take on the upbringing of children either due to
death of parents or abandonment. Other actors were also outlined as
for example stepmothers, stepfathers, godparents, etc.
Dysfunctional families are not just those where the parents are
separated or divorced.
A family is also considered dysfunctional when the relationships
are based on violence. In this type of families, it is very likely that the children
they present some deficiencies or repeat patterns of violent relationships. We must
make clear that not necessarily in families where the father or mother is absent
there will be problems, some adult family members may
assign the 'missing' role to some other close family member (grandparents, uncles, stepfather or
stepmother, etc). An interesting fact highlighted by the Global Map study of
Family 2013 on this topic is that in our country those children who
coming from single-parent families do not show significant differences in
reading comprehension when compared to those who grew up with both
Parents. The family is undoubtedly an important economic agent in our country.
The market sees the family as the basic unit of consumption since they are the
buyers of what companies manufacture. Most of the products are
made to be consumed by the family. In some places of our country the
families produce what they consume, that is, their own food, their
clothing, etc. On the other hand, the family is also seen as the owner of the
productive resources, as companies need the family in order to employ
for their labor and in exchange for that deliver monetary compensation. Carmen Lora,
consultant on childhood policies of the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima, we
explain how the educational system works, resting many of its policies
in the family. "In much of the education system, the achievement of learning is
deposited in family support.

The tasks, the assignments, the research assigned to the students and
students cannot be successfully accomplished if it is not with the help and the
active intervention of the parents, usually the mother, who must dedicate
hours and also resources for that purpose" And not only that, if we think about Those
families with limited resources where the mother takes care of the children,
It is very likely that children under 3 years old who do not go to school do not
have someone to stay with while they work, the same goes for those
minors who arrive home after the school day. There is a program that the
The state has implemented (Cuna Más) but it does not cover all the demand. 'The children

the elderly are left to themselves or looked after by a grandmother, a relative

nearby or a neighbor, as the safe spaces to be after or before the
school hours are also very limited or non-existent." But this is not only
it occurs in those areas. Carmen Lora explains to us that in the health field
it also happens. For example, the reduction of infant mortality depends more on
the mother who of the direct interventions of the health sector.

The raising of children is an inescapable responsibility of the parents, but not

we must stop mentioning that the State also has obligations with the
family, must be safeguarded with public policies that ensure a dignified life.
I.-RELEVANT INFORMATION:

2.1.-FAMILY:
The family is an organized and interdependent group of people in
constant interaction, which is regulated by rules and dynamic functions
that exist between themselves and with the outside
1994, Rodrigo and Palacios, 1998).
According to some authors, it is defined in the following way.

MINUCHIN (1979): points out that its members through interactions

they are grouped into subsystems: parental, marital, fraternal, etc. These systems
are separated by symbolic borders and each of them contributes to the
functioning of the family while maintaining its identity, through exercise
of roles, functions, and the necessary tasks of the whole.

ACCORDING TO THE MAC MASTER MODEL (EPSTEIN, BISHOP, 1973),

establish as the basis for family functioning that the parts of the family
they are interrelated, so one part of it cannot be
understood in isolation from the rest of the system, nor the functioning of
the family can be fully understood through the simple process of
understanding of each of the parts.

It also establishes that the structure, organization of the family and the patterns of
The transactions of the family system condition the behavior of its members.
Thus, the individual who presents specific symptoms in the family is fulfilling
a function within it, as an axis to maintain the relationships prescribed by the
structural dynamics of it, or as an escape from the tension that it
experiment.
These symptoms serve to perpetuate a specific systemic pattern of
transactions in the family. It also suggests that families have to make
facing tasks that are grouped into:
Basic tasks that involve instrumental problems such as those of
to provide food, clothing, money, etc.
Development tasks, which include the tasks that are being achieved with the
time, this development is conceptualized as a sequence of stages and
it has to do with crises at both the individual and family levels.
Risky tasks, which refer to the management of the crisis that arise as
consequences of illnesses, job loss, accidents, etc.

From the systemic approach, family studies are based not so much on the
personality traits of its members, such as stable temporary characteristics
and situationally, but rather in the knowledge of the family, as a group
with its own identity and as a setting in the
that take place in a broad network of relationships.
This definition of family represents a great advance for the study of
family organization, and from it we extract the characteristics of the system -set,
structure, people, interaction - and others attributable to social systems
-open, proactive, complex, in addition to the specific characteristics of
family system - intergenerational, long-term, facilitator of development
personal and social of its members. Starting with the terms that appear in
the definition of system

In Peruvian society, similar behavior is observed as that which occurs in the

Region, new family configurations have emerged, such as couples without children and
households without a nucleus, while the number of households with a head continues to rise

female, who coexist with traditional households, which could indicate that
There are new family arrangements typical of modernity. These changes are
more noticeable in urban areas and among young age groups or in cycles
of early family life (generational changes).
2.2.- URBAN FAMILIES - MARGINAL URBAN
Demographic situation of families:
6,754,074 households nationwide, of which 76% are located in
urban areas and 24% in rural areas (CENSUS 2007)
60.5% of households are nuclear, 21.7% are extended, 10.4%
sole proprietorships, 4.1% without core and 3.3% compounds (ENAHO 2010)
3.7 average members in the family (ENDES 2011).
The Global Fertility Rate is 2.6, being 3.5 for the rural area.
urban 2.3, reaching its highest level in the groups of 20 to 24 and 25 to 29
years old (ENDES 2011).
50.24 months is the interval between birth (ENDES 2011).
22.3 years is the average age of a woman at the moment of
birth of the first child (ENDES 2011).
Social situation of families:
A-. Poverty:
27.8% of the population is in a situation of poverty, affecting
in the urban area at 18%, while in the rural area 56.1%, being the
sierra affected with 41.5% (INEI Report: Evolution of Poverty 2007-
2011).
6.3% of the population was in extreme poverty, with 1.4% at the national level.
from the urban area and 20.5% in the rural area (INEI Report: Evolution of the
Poverty 2007-2011.
Poverty affects children and adolescents more, impacting 39.5%
child under 5 years old and 40% of children between 5 and 9 years old. Thus
it also affected 31.9% of adolescents between 15 and 19 years old. (INEI Report:
Evolution of Poverty 2007-2011.
In 78.5% of poor households, there was at least one child or
adolescents INEI Report: Evolution of Poverty 2007-2011
 The size of a poor household is 4.8 members, unlike the non-poor household.
poor: 3.5. (INEI Report: Evolution of Poverty 2007-2011)
21.9% of poor households were headed by women.
INEI: Evolution of Poverty 2007-2011
In the urban area, 27.2% of households were in the quintile.
superior of wealth and 2.7% in the lower quintile; on the other hand, in the rural area,
60.2% were in the lower quintile and 0.7% in the upper quintile
(ENDES 2011).
B.-Tipos sociales de hogares:
26% of households are headed by women, being higher in the
urban area with 28.2% compared to rural area with 21.1% (ENDES 2011).
25% of households led by women (ENAHO 2010).

C.-Situation of responsible parenthood and motherhood:

8.2% of children under 15 will be orphans of at least one.
of their biological parents or their parents do not form part of the household, being

greater in departments such as Amazonas with 12%, Huánuco with

10.9%, Madre de Dios with 10.6% and Ucayali with 10.5% (ENDES 2011).
19.1% of children under 15 years old lived only with their mother.
higher proportion in the urban area with 22.9%.
III.-ANALYSIS

WALSH: who has proposed that basic elements need to be identified

including interaction processes such as cohesion, flexibility,
open communication, a basic sense of connection through networks
of relatives and friends, or of religious groups or other affiliations
skills for problem-solving, and affirming belief systems or
of support
COWEN AND HETHERINGTON (1991); FALICOV (1988); LANDAU-
STANTON (1985), they emphasize paying attention to processes
interactions in any crisis situation.
 REISS AND OLIVERI (1980) - points out that shared beliefs,
they mold and reinforce interaction patterns, establishing how a
family approaches and responds to a new situation, charging a lot
meaning in crisis situations, family beliefs of control and
domain. Therefore, the systems should be studied and strengthened.
beliefs in families.
CARTER AND MCGOLDRICK (1989) point out that the change of
meaning of challenge and response of families, has to do with the
family perceptions of stress or transition situations and the legacy of
previous experiences in the multigenerational system.
BEAVERS and HAMPSON (1990) indicate that cultural inheritance and the
spiritual values provide meaning and purpose, beyond unity
familiar.
FRIEDMAN AND COLLABORATORS (1980) point out the existence of a
positive correlation between problems in family members and
development of toxic dependencies in children. It also finds a
central importance in the toxicoman's choice to the experience of escape
the maternal figure

IV.-DISCUSSION:

According to the analysis by the author WALS, it can be said that the basis of the

the interrelation between family members is open communication

among their relatives since because of it we can find some
solution alternatives during a problem and thus demonstrate that they
has the basis to solve them
According to the analysis by authors BEAVERS and HAMPSON, it can be said that the

the base of every family is the parents, the behavior, the values, the
virtues will be acquired from them
 According to the analysis by the authors REISS AND OLIVERI, we can say that the

The customs of each family must be respected in order to achieve a better

society.

V.-CONCLUSIONS

ACCORDING TO MAC MASTER The families that do not have skills to

effectively confront tasks and/or problems, they are likely to
clinically develop significant problems or maladjustment
chronicle in its members.

There is a need to conduct a greater study of the Peruvian family, which

give us more intervention elements in preventive programs
addressed to it, especially regarding
Its organization and functioning.

Action must be taken on the risk and protective factors in families.

mainly in drug prevention programs, and
this promotes individual and social development.

Family interaction is a relatively new construct, so

constitutes an excellent potential to improve efforts in
primary prevention, as it specifically addresses the prevention of problems
and the preparation of families to face future challenges,
avoiding its dysfunctionality.

Drug prevention programs are enriched if

they take into account the different approaches to risk and protection since
each of them contributes different yet complementary elements
which will fulfill the common goal: to strengthen the family
 Preventive programs for drug use must include the family.
as a fundamental axis in the formation of healthy individuals and
balanced, considering elements such as the reference model
what parents provide, that is, the shaping of the
consumption behaviors; the practice of educational styles that
promote support and control, as the family's ability to
establish clear rules, limits, and hierarchies, both inside and outside of your environment,

mark their levels of adaptation and functionality to channel

adequately to the individual.

VI.-PROPOSALS FOR CHANGE

Preventive promotional activities should be prioritized, emphasizing the
community area in charge of trained staff with enthusiasm
for change in order to provide quality work but not for
fulfillment of work or established goals.
Create articulated programs aimed solely at parents.
The broadcasting media should convey permanent messages
regarding the importance of family.
Children should not be allowed to be adopted under any circumstances by
people of the same sex.
VII.-BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
No translatable text found in the provided URL.
No translatable text was provided.
The provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable content.
Unable to translate URL content.
The provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable content.
y-Cycles-of-Life-Homes.pdf
Unable to access external content.