Flag of the city of Ica

The creation of the flag of the city of Ica was made possible thanks to the proposal of the commission.
permanent tourist, folklore and regional festivals of the provincial municipality of Ica
presided by the economist Theodoro Augusto Matta Revera and composed of Jose Gonzales Ascama,
Vice President, and Jorge Fuentes Huarcaya, Secretary. Then published by council agreement.
On July 22, 1996, it was agreed to call for a public competition at the departmental level for the
creation of the flag of the city of Ica and definition of the coat of arms of Ica. the commission
the permanent was responsible for preparing the bases for said course.

The judging panel was composed as follows: president Mr. Gilberto

Vasquez Angulo, Secretary Mr. Rolando Tello Perez and members Mr. Elias Huamami Quisque and Mr.
Alejandro Pezzia has been accused.

The following works were submitted to the contest, in sealed envelopes, under the pseudonyms: 'the
barranquino “ ruso “ “ nebú “ jose “ “ acuarium “ “goya “ la beja maya “ y otro “ jose “

The work presented is of a two-colored flag divided diagonally that

upwards and downwards and from left to right. The upper field is green pacae color, which
It presents our fertile valley and the lower strip is light chrome yellow.
it represents our sunny dunes and warm climate; it has an official dimension of 2.00
1 meter long by 1.10 meters wide.

The first one on the left is green for boys, which represents what it represents.
chicha; followed by the light blue star that represents pisco the star in the center
it has the light chrome yellow color that ica presents, followed by the orange star
what palpa represents and, finally, the Indian red star that represents the
Nazca province (the five stars were subsequently removed by authorization of
its creator because it is the flag of the city, but not of the department of Ica)
On the lateral sides of the ovoid hang two beautiful clusters of grapes, 20 cm high.
at the bottom of the ovoid there is a radial sun of bright red color, whose size is
0.20 cm high; then, at the bottom of the ovoid, the sea softly deserved by the
breezes, whose dimension is 0.20 in height whose color is cobalt blue

This flag has been officially recognized as the flag of the city of Ica, by virtue
from the resolution of the mayor's office N O12-97 AMPI, dated January 1997

Typical sweets of Ica

Foundation of Ica

The warm and peaceful city of Ica is located at 306 meters.

about sea level. According to historians, the primitives
The inhabitants of this region were the yungas.
The Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro who had powers
granted by the Capitulation of Toledo, distributed the fertile valley
in two Encomiendas: Hanan-Ica or upper valley, granted to Juan
Barrios, with his chief Coyoculica and Xapana, by royal decree,
August 10, 1534; Hurín Ica or Lower Valley, granted to Nicolás de
Rivera, the Old Man, companion of Pizarro on Gallo Island, the 1st
of September, establishing itself in Tambo Real de Los Incas,
becoming known as La Venta de Chagua, which is currently
it is the hamlet of la Venta.

Regarding the place where Ica was founded, there are different opinions.
Many researchers state that the Spaniards formed the
first population in the place called Tacaraca but, this
the nascent city was not founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera and
Toledo was simply an unofficial foundation. About the
destroyed Tacaraca was founded the first city of Ica with the
name Villa de Valverde, on June 17, 1563, by mandate
of the Viceroy of Peru, Pedre López de Zuñiga Velasco, Count of
Nieva, who commissioned the Spanish captain Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera
and Toledo.
When the city of Valverde was destroyed by a devastating
earthquake in 1586, was relocated to the place known as Pueblo
Old, in the Rodamonte estate, now Urbanization Luren.

In 1633, he received the title of Saint Jerome, in memory of his

founded by royal decree of Philip V, in the time of the viceroy Mr.
Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera y Bobadilla, Count of Chinchón.

In the years 1664 and 1668, the flourishing city is surprised

again due to very strong seismic movements, being
definitively relocated to the place it occupies today.
The Department that bears his name was created by Law of the 30.
January 1866.
THE WITCH WHO TRIED TO BE
GOOD

The inhabitants of Cachiche, in Ica, express that Rubilinda

She was a funny and obedient girl.
She was born of the union of Ricardina, a famous witch of the place and of
Tomasino, native of the district of Salas, in Lambayeque,
descendant also, of a family of sorcerers.

Since she was a child, her parents tried to teach her the art of magic.
with the aim of harming people, on the other hand, the candid one
the girl replied to her parents that if she learned the trade,
it was only to do good for the society punished by hunger
and the misery.
Every day he received harsh punishment for not wanting to assimilate the
wise teachings imparted, until the moment arrived
become a true little witch, but the precocious young girl,
thought differently; his greatest desire was to help the poor and
helpless.

He also learned the art of flying with a broom, a device that his
mother had gifted her as a reward for her excellence
utilization

On a starry night, Rubilinda, riding on her broom, set out.

flying through the firmament, imploring the distant stars
give them the necessary power to start their great business.

As an astrological response, the shining stars

they descended rapidly and entered through the window of their
house, landing on the broom and turning it into magic.

Knowing that his burning desires had been fulfilled, he gave to

immediately meet their parents the happy event and,
letting out a deafening scream of joy, he began to make great
adventures.

One day she flew out on her wonderful broom from Cachiche
heading towards the center of Ica and on the way discovers that the
Iqueña lands were very fertile and lacked sufficient water for
his irrigation. He asks his magical broom: what should I do?
This casts a number of fertility stars and the thirsty
sprouts are watered.
Since that moment, abundant and tasty lima beans are harvested.
mangoes, figs, oranges, and the exquisite grape, from which is obtained
Excellent quality Pisco and Wine.

In another tour of the Iqueña city, you see the Sanctuary of Luren,
he requests again from his witch broom to spill over that
House of prayer divine blessings to strengthen the soul of the
faithful who stop attending mass, this, launches thousands of stars
impregnated with faith and hope throughout the region, and this is how
thousands of believers from all over the country flock to this sacred temple
to receive kindness from the Lord.

Due to the beneficial social welfare work that he was doing throughout
the region, her peers began to distrust her,
accusing her before her guild of treason.

In light of this serious accusation, an extraordinary congress was held.

where the benefactor witch was expelled forever from her
institution.

LEGEND OF THE PALLAR

He was a strange man, dressed in white. His pitiable face reflected bitterness.
sadness.

It is not known where the warm Iqueño valley came from. The farmers assure that
this extravagant man was the pallar, excellent cereal that has been through centuries
the providential savior of thousands of beings who often die for
starvation.

This mysterious character, after traveling through many regions, found a

worthy dwelling where he could live happily. In a short time he became appreciated by everyone.
region for its virtuous conduct, quickly coming to multiply, then
the fields became true granaries where the precious was abundant
paller but, over time, this vigorous food of the classes
popular ones were forgotten, with chickpeas and corn being the preferred cereals by the
people; due to this ingratitude and contempt, the innocent gentleman in white decided
to forever abandon this beloved land, the land that gave him warmth and nectar
in his existence. Crying rivers, he left with his backpack on his back, through barren lands
plains sin hope some of to return.

The afternoon was already languishing, the sun cast its weak rays across the horizon,
while the unfortunate man in white walks along a slope of the enchanted
Saraja, manages to hear a loud voice that said to her: 'Don't go benevolent'
Lord, stay with us, why do you depart from this valley without reason?

The unfortunate man replied: "I leave disappointed, I never thought that the
they were going to forget and cast me out of these lands; now that they have in abundance
others vegetables me they despise y son ungrateful ones
with me.

He insisted on his demand, the enigmatic man of bronze voice: For mercy,
listen to me for a moment, I am the god of the fields, my dwelling is in this
imposing hill, at this moment I will go through all the regions in order to ensure my
subjects rectify the great mistake made; I will tell them to respect and consider you
as in the old days, committing myself under oath to fulfill my promise.

After pronouncing those brief phrases, he descended from his mansion and embraced
crying with emotion the disappointed man who was leaving and, holding hands
they traversed the burning dunes where their old friends welcomed them
apotheotically.

This is how the lord in white, the one in white attire, returned to his home.
dears.

Currently, the pallar is the favorite dish of the people of Ica, the tasty cereal.
what is not lacking in all homes without being underestimated.

HISTORY OF THE LORD OF LUREN

The Franciscan friars of Lima were the ones interested in
to commission many images in Spain, the year 1560,
in the midst of the colonial era.

According to popular tradition, the requested images were

quickly boarded heading to Peru; in full
crossing, for unknown reasons a storm occurred in
high seas, off our coasts, posing an imminent danger
the vessel and its crew. In light of this serious incident, the
the captain ordered all the heavy bundles to be thrown into the sea in order to
keep the ship afloat.

The unexpected storm, accompanied by thunder and lightning

what had appeared, gradually calmed as if by design
of God, as the sun begins to radiate its benevolent rays.

After the feared storm has passed, it emerges from the turbulent waters
number of bales that are collected by the fishermen
handcrafted and brought to the port of Callao. In those bundles they
they found the lost images by the capital's religious.

In 1570, Father Francisco de Madrigal, informed of the arrival

from the images, traveled to the current capital of the Republic with the
finally get one and move it to Ica. Despite the high cost that
they asked him to buy one of them and he returned, but before that, he sent
board the selected image of Callao, destined for the port of
Pisco. In this place, he hired a muleteer to transport the
image on a mule's back to the city of Ica.

It happens that along the way, the man disappeared and the mule without
guide, gets lost in the desolate place, being found
after some hunters near Villa Valverde.

Great was the surprise for these men when they approached the
animal, they found that the bundle tied to its back contained the
miraculous image of the Lord of Luren; they immediately communicated
to the religious authorities about this extraordinary
discovery.

The holy effigy was taken towards the convent.

Franciscan but, the animal that was transporting, after traveling
a few meters did not want to advance any further.

Currently, the beautiful Luren temple was built in the

same place where the she-mule did not obey to move the saint
image, that is to say to Huren Ica.

On June 3, 1918, the temple caught fire, destroying the

most part to the Christ of the Black, being reconstructed in the workshop of the
Mr. Jesús Silva, who with the contribution of the artists Francisco
Case and Alberto Cierralta Herrera restored the body almost
carbonized of the Lord Crucified.
 LOCATION OF THE PROVINCE OF ICA

A. LOCATION.- The province of Ica is located at 14º 04' 00"

from 75° 43' 24" West Latitude, and at an altitude of 406

m.s.n.m. and 306 km south of the city of Lima, Capital of the

Republic.

B. LIMITS.- The province of Ica is bordered to the north by the province of

Pisco, to the south with the provinces of Palpa and Nasca, to the east with the

Department of Huancavelica and to the west with the Pacific Ocean.

B. EXTENSION .- The province of Ica covers an area of

789,405.00 Ha. which constitute 37% of the total area of

department of Ica (2,132,783.00 Ha).

THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD ICA

Many Spanish chroniclers gave different origins to the word ICA.

But it was a Peruvian who discovered the mystery. The wise man from Ica, Doctor

José Sebastián Barranca.

Barranca extracted the root "IK" from the 25 yungas dialects that are

they knew, and that corresponds to "river, well, lagoon" and referencing the

geographic constitution of the deep valley between two mountain ranges, by

where a river runs, surrounded by lagoons, over lands of superficial humidity.

This linguistic truth was confirmed by the historians from Iquique, Doctor

Teodorico Olaechea and Don José Toribio Polo.

Ica was the name of the oldest Curacazgo of the Cultural Empire.
Yunga, and with the arrival of the Spanish conquerors, gave rise to three

colonial towns: Santiago de Urin–Ika, Purísima Concepción de Anan Ika

and Saint John the Baptist of Urin–Ika.

and Saint John the Baptist of Urin–Ika.

Historical Background of the Foundation of Ica

During the early years of the Colony, the Spanish conquistadors

under the command of Francisco Pizarro, they founded several cities throughout Peru and its

I pass through the valley of Ica, they divided it into two encomiendas, following the same

division of the Incas.

THE FOUNDING OF THE VILLAGE OF VALVERDE

FROM THE VALLEY OF ICA

Don Nicolás de Ribera, El Viejo, had a great moral nobility, avoiding

the abuses against the Indians. One of his main works was to found the first

Hospital for Indians in Ica. But the Indians continued with their claims and

acts of rebellion.

After the uprising of the Curacas of Ica, Pisco, Chincha, and

Nasca, the fourth Viceroy of Peru, Don Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco,

Count of Nieva ordered the foundation of the Villa of Valverde del Valle de Ica.

The special commission from the Viceroy of Peru fell to the Spanish Captain.

Don Gerónimo Lluis de Cabrera y Toledo, who fulfilled the order on the 17th of

June 1563. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to find to date, the

Deed of Foundation of the Villa of Valverde del Valle de Ica, for reasons that

it is presumed, they can be natural disasters, looting, theft, and destruction of the

public and private institutions during the Chilean occupation in Ica, between
 other factors.

This fact has been overcome with the discovery of others.

historical documents, such as the Letter from Viceroy Diego López de Zúñiga, Count
de Nieva, who writes to the King of Spain, Philip II, on September 20

from 1563, stating that 'forty leagues south of the City of the Kings,

In the valley called Ica, it had been ordered to found a town of up to 40.

Spaniards, situated within the perimeter of two indigenous towns.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE HISTORY OF ICA

AUGUST 10, 1534

Francisco Pizarro granted the High Valley or Hanan Ica to Don

Juan Barrios, with the Caciques Coyoculina and Zapana and over a thousand Indians to

servitude.

September 1, 1534

They deliver the Hurin Ica Encomienda to the Spanish conquistador, Don Nicolás de

Ribera and Laredo, nicknamed 'The Old Man', who settles in 'Tambo Real',

transforming it into 'Chagua Sale', which is currently known as '

La Venta in the District of Santiago.

1541

The Cabildo of Lima commissioned Rivera to submit the curacas of

Chincha, Sangalla, and Nasca, led by the one from Ica, Casa Huilca.

1553

Since this year, the grapevines have been spreading throughout the Ica valley.

Moscatel, Quebranta, Millar, and Negra varieties.

1560

To Christianize the indigenous people, Rivera founded the parish of Luren.

June 17, 1563

 The Spanish Captain, Golden Spur, Don Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera y Toledo

he establishes the foundation of the Villa de Valverde at the request of the Viceroy of Peru,

Don Pedro López de Zúñiga y Velasco, on the Inca ruins of Takaraka.

1569

Since this year, the vineyards were yielding abundant harvests to the point that there were none.

containers to receive the must and produce the wine. To this end, it was prevented from

return to Spain of the potter Pedro Sánchez Alba and moved from Vítor (

Arequipa) to Ica, so that he would teach how to make jars and bottles, which by their size and
thickness was a pottery product that required a technique

unknown to the natives.

1586

A devastating earthquake destroys the Villa of Valverde and the population had to

to be transferred to the place known, until the 19th century, as "Old Town"

Luren Urbanization). Also, this year, the wheat crop in Hanan Ica (

Valle Alto de Ica), in the desert of Los Molinos, was replaced by the

sugar cane cultivation, producing chancaca and brown sugar until

early 20th century.

1590

This year the Spanish Francisco del Huerto, in his estate Macacona,

establish the first workshop (factory) to manufacture bottles and demijohns.

1598

Juan Julca Changalla was the mayor of Hanan Ica.

1600

Since this year, the jars were made with probable Arab ancestry.

Andalusian intended for storing wines, grape spirits.

1608
 The first people to settle the new Spanish town of Valverde de

Ica, recorded in a document drawn up on May 2, 1608, were the

siguientes : Martín Ormeño, Juan Rosarena, Diego López de Aro, Antonio

Pantoja, Francisco de Borda, Baltazar de Reyes, Ezequiel García Morón, Luis

Barragán, Brother Díaz Guevara, Francisco López Gutiérrez, Pablo

Hernández, Alonzo Sánchez, Ruiz Gómez.

1611

Since this year there are references to Cachiche, the capital of spells.

1613

Historian Lorenzo Huertas refers: "we have found a document of

1613, which indicates the production of grape spirits in Ica, that would be one of

the oldest dates regarding the production of spirits not only in the

Peru, but in America.” The document that Huertas refers to is in the

will of Pedro Manuel, the blind resident of the city of Ica. Likewise,

when it refers to the first wedge and the first aguardiente. 1615

The new chronicle of Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala depicts the port of Pisco,

already famous for the wines they exported.

1620

On April 6, the Jesuit school in Ica is inaugurated. On this date, the valley

Pisqueño was very well known for the cultivation of vineyards, corn, and wheat.

melons, pomegranates, quinces, and figs.

1630

150 thousand jars of wine were exported through the port of Pisco, and of the

districts of Nasca by the coves of San Nicolás and Caballa, 100 thousand bottles.

1633

This year, the Villa received the title of City of San Jerónimo, in memory of
its founder by order of the Viceroy Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera y Bobadilla,

Count of Chinchón.

1638

The introduction of date palms in Ica takes place. According to the chronicles.

by Antonio Calancha, in his work 'Moralizing Chronicle' when referring to the valley

from Ica, claims that there are a large number of palm orchards.

1640

The city of Pisco was founded on November 23, 1640, with the name of

Villa San Clemente de Macera, by Don Pedro Toledo de Leiva, Marquis of

Macera, XV Viceroy of Peru, who was destroyed 47 years later by a

tsunami.

1641

At this time, the population had reached considerable development in the

industry and agriculture. The urban area had expanded into the streets of

The Bitterness, The Mercy, The Fish Market, and Malambo. The Order of San

Francisco occupied lands of what was later called the Rodamonte estate and that today

It occupies the Luren urbanization. And those from San Agustín are located in front of the river.

in front of the estate 'El Olivo or Chinarro'.

MAY 3, 1647

An earthquake occurs that blinded hundreds of human lives and destroyed houses,

hospitals, parishes, churches, and public places. For this reason, the
investigators believe that the Founding Act of the Villa de Valverde was

lost or stolen, as it has not been found to date.

MAY 12, 1664

Once again, nature fiercely punishes the City of San Jerónimo and

its population changes location again.

 October 20, 1687

Devastating earthquake that led the population to move permanently.

to the place it currently occupies and where they built the best buildings

colonial.

1786

In the Colonial Era, the corregimientos became Parties or Sub

Delegations. The one from Ica became a Party of the Intendancy of Lima.

September 5, 1820

Arrival of the Liberation Expedition of the South, led by General Don José

from San Martín to the Bay of Paracas (now Independencia) and takes the city of

Pisco as Headquarters.

October 21, 1820

In Open Cabildo, the Proclamation and Oath of Independence takes place.

Peru in Ica, with the arrival of the liberating army led by the General

Spanish, won by the patriots, Don José Antonio Alvarez de Arenales,

who together with the Peruvian Brigadier General Don Juan José Salas,

president said Historical Act.

October 21, 1820

At the Open Cabildo, the appointment as First Mayor is announced and

Governor of the City of Ica, to Brigadier General, Mr. Juan José Salas.

April 17, 1825

The Liberator Don Simón Bolívar triumphantly arrives in Ica. Upon his arrival, the

The Ica Subdelegation had become the First Province of Peru.

1835

In the republican era, the people of Ica were protagonists of interventions and

important roles in the health of the Republic. The revolutionaries

nationalists like General Don Felipe Santiago Salaverry during his time in Ica,
managed to obtain financial resources and a large number of volunteers for their

troops.

1836

Unfortunately, Salaverry was defeated in Arequipa and executed by firing squad in the Plaza.

of Arms by order of the Bolivian General Andrés de Santa Cruz. Also

Many soldiers from Iquique were executed, including General Juan Pablo.

Fernandini.

September 24, 1853

In Ica, the first Liberal Revolution was carried out, led by the

Iqueño parliamentarian Mr. Domingo Elías, who later was

President of the Republic.

July 25, 1855

By Dictatorial Decree of the Marshal of the Republic, Don Ramón Castilla, Ica

becomes independent from the Department of Lima and is named Province

Coast.

1882

During the Pacific War, Ica offered heroic and tenacious resistance with its

brave guerrillas against the Chilean invading army, which left deep wounds and

it was the crucible of the bravery demonstrated, like the battle of 'El Cerrillo' of

District of Los Molino

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF ICA

The Provincial Municipality of Ica, on the 446th Anniversary of the

Foundation of the Villa of Valverde del Valle de Ica, by Captain Don

Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera y Toledo, Knight of Santiago, being Viceroy of

 Peru Don Diego López de Zúñiga, Count of Nieva.

PREHISTORIC BACKGROUND OF ICA

The territory of the Department of Ica is the oldest in Peru, and in

1937, the only known fossil vertebrates in Peru have been discovered,

about the tertiary age lands of the Ica Valley, which have been

classified by specialists from the American Museum of Natural History,

as belonging to an extinct cetacean, and whose remains are unique in

the world. A mastodon jaw was also found on the ground.

Lower quaternary, which according to the opinion of the French scholar Paul Rivet, was

companion of the first men in America, findings that were

established by the Commission of the Faculty of Sciences of the University

Mayor of San Marcos, who in 1940 presided over the Chair of Paleontology and

Geology, engineer Jorge A. Broggi, and the classification of whose jaw

as that of the Andean Mastodon was confirmed by Professor J. Newel,

Professor of Paleontology at Columbia University.

Throughout the coastline of the Province and the Department of Ica, there are

stratified the five degrees of culture studied by the German archaeologist

Max Uhle, in the archaeological sites of the Peruvian coast; namely:

Remnants of the kitchen of the primitive fishermen, accumulated

in the mouth of the Ica River; the Ancient Ica Culture, of unknown origin, which was

revealed to the world by the aforementioned Max Uhle at the Congress of Americanists

from Stuttgart, in 1908; the Collagua Culture or Tiahuanaco, perfectly

characterized; the Epigonal or Modern Ica, which extends to Atacama in

Chile; and the Incásica or Cusqueña known to all. The Historian of the

City of Ica, Dr. Alberto Casa Vilca, upon confirming this chronological order of

the cultures in the prehistoric strata of the Callango Valley have been found
 mummies with wooden tools among which are the paddles that

correspond to the prehistoric era in which, according to the proven theory

by the Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl, the primitive Peruvians traveled to

Oceania. The high level of prehistoric culture of the peoples who lived in the

territory of the Province and Department of Ica is documented in the

immense archaeological material contained in museums around the world; and it is

also verified by written historical sources, which assert that

since the most remote antiquity, these valleys were part of the called

Yunga cultural empire, which extended from Panama to the south of Chile,

being governed by their curacas, sometimes independent and other times

federated for their mutual defense.

The most remote indigenous city that has been found is the town of

Ullujalla on both banks of the Ica River, in the ancient valley of Callango, the

stops of whose huarango houses form streets of horcones; and the city

the oldest Inca city known by tradition is that of Tacaraca,

mandate to be founded by Pachacútec, for the residence of the Curaca Aram Vilca that

they found governing the Valley of Ica, and from whose alliance with the young Túpac

Yupanqui, son of that emperor, was born through the mediation of the daughter of the Curaca,

the romantic tradition of the Achirana that Ricardo Palma collected, and that

Alberto Casa Vilca purified and historically interpreted in the Legend of La

Achirana (Peruvian identity, year 1934).

As during the entire reign of Pachacútec, they did not return to present themselves.

neither the soldiers nor the Quechua officials, the regent Aranvilca continued

governing with all the institutions of the yungas, until the son and successor of

that one, Túpac Yupanqui, came to establish the Inca organization, applying to

Ica Valley its general division of the ayllus, into Hanan Ica and Urin Ica, likewise
 that their predecessors divided Cusco into Hanan Cusco and Urin Cusco, is

to say High Valley and Low Valley.

Upon the arrival of the Spanish conquerors under the command of Francisco Pizarro,

they found the city of Tacaraca destroyed, which has been since Inca times

was a victim of the earthquakes, which is how it got this name, derived according to

Torres Rubio, from Taca, strike, destruction, and racay, corral, uncovered yard,

I mean, a lot of ruins. The Spaniards divided the valley into two land grants,

following the same division of the Incas: that of Hana Ica for the Regidor

perpetual of the Cabildo of the Kings, Don Juan de Barrios; and that of Lurin Ica,

for the first Mayor of Lima Don Nicolás de Ribera, The Old, pro

royal provisions signed from Jauja, the year 1534, by said Governor.

After the uprising of the four curacas of Ica, Pisco, Chincha

and Nasca, and after the vigorous defense that those encomenderos made of the
Audience against the revolution of Francisco Hernández Girón, the fourth

viceroy, Don Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, ordered the foundation of the Villa

from Valverde del Valle de Ica.

THE FOUNDERS OF ICA DON NICOLAS DE RIBERA THE ELDER

AND MR. JERONIMO LUIS DE CABRERA

The first, Don Nicolás de Ribera y Laredo, known by his nickname "

The Old Man

"Mozo"; he is one of the few companions of Francisco Pizarro (on whom falls

the testimony of all the chroniclers) who stayed by his side on the Island of

Gallo, and therefore he was one of the Thirteen of Fame; loyalty to his leader that

he/she preserved during all the vicissitudes of the conquest and colonization of the

New Castile.

Commissioned by Pizarro from Jauja, to found a new one on the Coast.

 capital of Peru, it was established in 1534, in the Valley of Pisco, laying out the city

about the indigenous people of Sangalla, whose remains are now known for

Lima, the Old one”, which was abandoned to concentrate the Spanish settlers.

with those from Pachacámac to found the City of Kings. Therefore, he attended to

this event is the capital of our history, being named First Mayor of

Cabildo that was established on January 20, 1535, and that came four more times,

to be carried out from his residence in the Valley of Ica, due to his proven loyalty

to the cause of the Founder of Lima and of Emperor Charles V. For such merits,

received from the Conquistador, from Jauja, on September 1, 1534, the very rich

encomienda of Lurin Ica, which included the Lower Valley, up to Ocucaje, where

he established his residence in front of the old Tambode Los Incas, which was called 'The

"Sale of Chagua", in whose domain he founded, in 1560, the first Parish of

Santiago de Luren, to christianize and submit the entrusted Indians, that

They often rebelled to regain their freedom.

The eminent Peruvian historian Don José de la Riva Agüero y Osma,

who was his last direct descendant, in his work 'Nicolás de Ribera and his

posterity,” notes four rebellions from the Valleys of Chincha, Pisco, and Nacsa,

led by the Curaca of Ica (not chieftains, as the viceroys warn)

in his memoirs), until he found in his research. Pizarro

he called the Cabildo of the Kings to Ribera and to the Curaca, and had him placed the

right hand on the cross of his sword, they celebrated a peace alliance between

Spaniards and indigenous people, the Encomendero solemnly promising, which

ratified in the following document, greater softness in treatment and leniency in taxes,
that the Curaca collected spices to deliver to Ribera.
The moral nobility of this colonizer is enshrined in the founding letter and
provisioning of the first hospital for Indians that was erected in Ica, in 1560, in which it
unusual facts stand out for their time and are clarified as follows: 1st That
although he was not present in the process of Atahualpa, whose death, therefore, did not
approved: "he took part of the gold and silver from Cajamarca and other spoils that they had in
the conquest", but he returned them because it went against his conscience; 2nd That he received and
he took the said Marquis Pizarro the Indians that he entrusted to him and he had in the Valley of Ica, of

which he received, collected, and carried out the work and personal services and others
benefits; but it also returns its value for the foundation of this work
Pía; 3rd Denies the right of conquest, confirming in his will that after
consult with theologians and jurists, do not believe it is 'just and unlawful one can wage war on
the natives of this Kingdom for being infidels," which was indeed fulfilled with this
foundation.
The evident historical fact is that, as demonstrated by Riva Agüero, the Encomienda
Spanish did not have a feudal character, nor direct dominion or usufruct over the lands, and that
although according to the royal decree of 1533 published and commented on by Dr. Porras
Barrenechea, the distribution of Indians was perpetual, the encomiendas only lasted
two or three lives. Ribera restored the tributes of his entrusted ones, who remained
owners of their properties and governed by their Curacas or principal Indians, by whom
that the people of Lurin Ica preserved and reclaimed their freedom first.
Confusing the idea of their former nationality with that of religious felihgresía, and
coinciding the parish jurisdiction with that of the Indigenous Peoples, at the limit of the
Spanish City was organized civilly and religiously in a Public Square for each
the rama, the Temple and Parochial House, the Chapter and Public Jail and even the Notary of
Cabildo for its civil acts. This ethnic and social organization was maintained during the
Viceroyalty, and the indigenous races represented and defended by them survived.
Councils of Indigenous people who rose up as protectors of their communities, rebelling.
against the excesses of colonial power, preserving their small private properties
and community-based, incorporating their factions into the liberating armies, in the
fight for emancipation until achieving the abolition of the last vestiges of
colonial servitude.
To test this rare fact in Latin America, of the survival of the Cabildos
Indigenous people in the city of Ica until after the battles of Junín and Ayacucho,
we present an authentic copy of a family document, which is the Memorial
presented to the Liberator Don Simón Bolívar, as he passed through Ica, in the year 1825, that
it starts like this:

Esteemed Sir - The Municipalities of the Indigenous towns of this City, whose
presidents subscribe to this resource, with their greatest yield before V.E. we seem and
we say: that presenting the most fortunate day to these Corporations by the Sovereign
presence of the Genius who has regained the rights of the Indians, they do not want to lose such
precious moments without bringing to the Supreme knowledge of Your Excellency the painful situation
from the towns they preside over, and the cries with which their innocent inhabitants plead
to be treated in the country, with the distinction proper to their civil freedom and to follow the high class

how fairly the law enacted by Your Excellency has elevated them regarding equality
Indigenous people, otherwise the recurring Municipal Councils will not fulfill the primary.
duty that imposes on them their representative character.
This memorial obtained a decree from the Liberator declaring civil and social equality of the
Indigenous peoples with all the free citizens of the Republic. Their date in Ica, April 23.
from 1825.
Having established the Councils as the foundation for Independence, it is advisable to recommend
to the States of America organize by popular vote and strengthen the action of these
local powers, as a firm support of democracies and an efficient school of citizenship
Hispano-American nationalities.

THE FOUNDERS OF ICA DON NICOLAS DE RIBERA EL VIEJO AND DON

JERONIMO LUIS DE CABRERA
The first, Don Nicolás de Ribera y Laredo, known by his nickname 'The Old One' for
to distinguish him from his namesake, Don Nicolás de Ribera 'El Mozo'; he is one of the few
companions of Francisco Pizarro (in whom falls the testimony of all the chroniclers)
who remained by his side on the Island of Gallo, and therefore was one of the Thirteen of the
Fame; loyalty to his boss that he maintained throughout all the vicissitudes of the conquest and
colonization of New Castile.
Commissioned by Pizarro from Jauja, to establish a new capital of Peru on the Coast, it
was made in 1534, in the Valley of Pisco, laying out the city over the indigenous settlement of
Sangalla, whose remains are now known as "Old Lima", which it abandoned to
to concentrate the Spanish settlers with those from Pachacámac to found the City of
the Kings. He therefore attended this capital event of our history, being appointed
First Mayor of the Council that was installed on January 20, 1535, and who served four times.
more, came to perform from his residence in the Valley of Ica, for his loyalty
proven to the cause of the Founder of Lima and of Emperor Charles V. For such
merits, received from the Conquistador, from Jauja, on September 1, 1534, the very rich
encomienda of Lurin Ica, which included the Lower Valley, up to Ocucaje, where he established his
residence, in front of the ancient Tambo of the Incas, which was called 'La Venta de Chagua'
in whose domain he founded, in 1560, the first Parish of Santiago de Luren, to
to Christianize and subjugate the entrusted Indians, who often rebelled against him
to regain their freedom.
The eminent Peruvian historian Don José de la Riva Agüero y Osma, who was its last
direct descendant, in his work "Nicolás de Ribera and his posterity", notes four
rebellions of the Valleys of Chincha, Pisco, and Nacsa, led by the Curaca of Ica
no chieftains, as warned by the viceroys in their memoirs), until according to
he found in his research. Pizarro called the Cabildo of the Kings to Ribera and to
Curaca, and making him place his right hand on the cross of his sword, they celebrated
a peace alliance between Spaniards and indigenous people, solemnly promising the
Encomendero, which is confirmed in the following document, greater gentleness in the treatment and
leniency in the taxes, which the Curaca collected in spices to deliver to Ribera.
The moral nobility of this colonizer is enshrined in the founding letter and
provision of the first hospital for Indians that was built in Ica, in 1560, in which it
unusual facts stand out for their time and are clarified as follows: 1st That
although he was not present in the process of Atahualpa, whose death, therefore, did not
approved: “took part of the gold and silver from Cajamarca and from other spoils that they had in
the conquest”, but he returned them for being against his conscience; 2nd That he received and
he took the said Marquis Pizarro the Indians entrusted to him and had in the Valley of Ica,
which he received, charged, and carried out the work and personal services and others
benefits; but it also returns its value for the foundation of this work.
Pía; 3rd Denies the right of conquest, ratifying in his will that after
consult with theologians and jurists, do not believe it is 'just and unlawful to wage war on
the natives of this Kingdom for being unfaithful”, which in fact was fulfilled with this.
foundation.
The evident historical fact is that, as Riva Agüero demonstrated, the Encomienda
Spanish did not have feudal character, nor direct dominion or usufruct over the lands, and that
although according to the royal decree of 1533 published and commented on by Dr. Porras
Barrenechea, the distribution of Indians was perpetual, the encomiendas only lasted
two or three lives. Ribera returned the tributes of his entrusted people, who remained
owners of their properties and governed by their Curacas or principal Indians, due to which
that the town of Lurin Ica first preserved and regained its freedom.
Confusing the idea of their former nationality with that of religious affiliation, and
coinciding the parish jurisdiction with that of the Indigenous Peoples, at the limit of the
Spanish City organized civilly and religiously in a Public Square for each
Rama, the Temple and Parish House, the Chapter and Public Jail, and even the Notary of
Cabildo for its civil acts. This ethnic and social organization was maintained during the
Viceroyalty, and the indigenous races represented and defended by them survived.
Councils of Indigenous people who rose up as protectors of their communities, rebelling
against the excesses of colonial power, preserving their small private properties
and communal, incorporating their factions into the liberating armies, in the
fight for emancipation until achieving the abolition of the last vestiges of
colonial servitude.
To test this rare fact in Hispanic America, of the survival of the Cabildos
Indigenous people in the city of Ica until after the battles of Junín and Ayacucho,
we present an authentic copy of a family document, which is the Memorial
presented to the Liberator Don Simón Bolívar, as he passed through Ica, in the year 1825, that
it begins like this:

Excellency Sir - The Municipalities of the Indigenous towns of this City, whose
Presidents subscribe to this resource, with their highest performance before Your Excellency we seem and

We say: that presenting the most fortunate day to these Corporations by the Sovereign
presence of the Genius who has recovered the rights of the Indians, they do not want to lose such
precious moments without bringing to Your Excellency's supreme knowledge the painful situation
from the towns they preside over, and the cries with which their innocent inhabitants solicit
to be treated in the country, with the distinction proper to their civil liberty and to follow the high class
how justly they have been elevated by the Law dictated by Your Excellency about equality of the
Indigenous people, otherwise the recurring Councils will not fulfill the primary.
duty imposed by their representative character.
This memorial obtained a decree from the Liberator declaring civil and social equality of the
Indigenous people with all the free citizens of the Republic. Their date in Ica, April 23.
from 1825.
Having constituted the Councils as the basis for Independence, it is advisable to recommend
to the States of America organized by popular suffrage and strengthen the action of these
local powers, as a firm support of democracies and an effective school of civics
Hispano-American nationalities.
THE FOUNDER OF CITIES
DON JERONIMO LUIS DE CABRERA
The Spanish Captain Don Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera y Toledo was not among the first to
arrive at the conquest of Peru. It seems that he came on Alvarado's expedition, and well
soon gained prestige and the confidence of the Viceroys, starting his career of
colonizer when founding the Villa de Valverde de Ica.
Throughout past centuries, chroniclers and historians provided the most diverse
founders of the city of Ica, from the renowned Father Fray Vicente Valverde to the
supposed Captain Cristóbal de Valverde attributed by Mendiburo, just because the Villa
Spanish carried this name, which did not correspond to any surname, but to the village.
birthplace of the Count of Nieva, Viceroy who ordered the Spanish founding of Ica.
In 1919, Dr. Alberto Casavilca, exploring the Notarial Archive of Don José G.
Benavides, who had passed away, made the happy discovery of a file containing the
transfer of several royal provisions regarding the founding of the Villa de Valverde del
Ica Valley, some of which are transcribed to make the annotations, because the
The founding act has not been found so far.
Provision indicating terms to the Villa of Valverde de Ica
Don Diego López de Zúñiga y de Velasco, Count of Nieva, Viceroy, Governor and
Captain General of these Kingdoms and Provinces of Peru. Whereas in the foundation that
I commissioned the construction from the Villa de Valverde, which is in the Ica Valley, terms of this city.

from the Kings, there is a chapter of the following tenor:

And that Villa must have exclusive jurisdiction over this city of the Kings,
for which terms and jurisdiction will be indicated, having a more complete relationship of the
that valley, in which I command to understand later how it will be declared ahead, and when it
Having understood this, I will declare how jurisdiction is to be used in the said matter.
Villa for her justice and for that of this city of the Kings.
And now Don Jerónimo de Cabrera, to whom I entrusted the foundation of the said Villa so that
I did it with the agreement and opinion of Pedro de las Casas; he sent me a report with what was said.

I appeared in the manner of the said Valley, and I spoke with those people about the terms.
that would be good to be given to the said Villa of Valverde, and after having done it well
I understand and I thought that the Villa had as its boundaries everything that is populated.
to the present of the Indians of the said Valley of Ica up to where it borders with the
Distribution of the Sierra and valleys of Nasca and Pisco, including all that
they had and possessed for their lands, in the time of the specified Inca and no more.

Therefore, hereby in the name of His Majesty and by the virtue of his royal
powers, I point out in terms of the said Villa of Valverde; everything that is
Indian settlement of the said Valley of Ica up to where the boundary of the Sierra, Valley splits.
from Nasca and Pisco, including all that they had and owned for their lands at the time of
Inca pointing out, so that the said Villa has and possesses as its own the said things.
terms for now and henceforth, and in the meantime that something else is provided and sent,
and as such, I used the Royal jurisdiction for the Justice of the said Village of Valverde,
civilly and criminally; and no other justice of His Majesty except the supreme one,
I order that jurisdiction be exercised in said Villa and its terms.
and comply with the following citations and statements:
That the appeals made by the ordinary Mayors of the said Town shall be
come and come before the Corregidor of this city of the Kings; - That the Corregidor of
this said City must go in person each year to said Village to visit and take
residence and account of their own to the said Mayors and officials of Justice, for a time
of twenty days and no more, and for that purpose, a Notary can accompany him.
That the execution of Justice be with the Constable of the said Town, and being occupied
because of the residence, he can raise the Sheriff during that time. - That likewise the said
Corregidor and during those twenty days can hear and settle disputes, claims,
requests for parts and cannot make requests, I say perhaps, nor information
of office against the neighbors or any other person of the said Town, outside of the said view and
residence.–That they must be able to pass through the mentioned Town and its outskirts with a high staff of

Justices, the Sheriffs, and other Justices who would leave this city of the Kings to
any place it may be, as the one I will carry shall be provided by a competent judge.
With which said statements and with each of them, I command that the said Village
has exclusive jurisdiction over this city of the Kings and the other parts through which
part terms according to what has been declared above; and in the meantime that another
Whatever is provided and ordered, no Justice nor any other person shall break it.
jurisdiction, according to what disuse is declaring about the penalties that are imposed
those who attempt to use jurisdiction in a foreign jurisdiction, and
Additionally, a thousand pesos for the Chamber and His Majesty's Treasury.

Date in the city of the Kings, on the twenty-sixth day of the month of July of fifteen hundred
sixty-three. The Count of Nieva. By mandate of his Excellency: Francisco de Luna.
With the transcribed document, it was conclusively proven: 1st That the Viceroy Don Diego
López de Zúñiga was the one who ordered the foundation to be established on June 17 of the year 1563.

which was confirmed by the Viceroy Don Martín Enríquez, on May 31, 1582. 2nd It was
commissioner for the foundation of Don Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, who did so in accordance
with Pedro de las Casas. 3rd That the Viceroy himself designated as the boundaries of the Villa of

Valverde, the entire Valley of the Indian villages with the lands they owned since
Inca time.
This finding was corroborated by the eminent Argentine historian Dr. Roberto
Levillier, who in his work Governors of Peru, year 1921, reveals a letter from the Count
from Nieva to Philip II dated September 20, 1563, which states:
As Your Majesty and your royal council are better informed than one of the things
more important that should be done for the good of these kingdoms and for settling and peace
from them, is to provide that the most Spanish towns that could be founded,
still your Majesty has ordered that it be done. And having seen and
understood this, I have ordered that in the terms of this City of Kings, forty
leagues from them, in a Valley that is called Ica, a town with up to forty is to be built.
Spaniards, who have mostly served Your Majesty in this land, to whom
I called Valverde. And has made this population in such a way that not a penny has been spent on it.
only one maravedí from the royal treasury and for the Indians of that Valley it is not